نشریه مطالعات هنر اسلامی
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1400)

The village of Sarmashhad is located in the Dadin rural community of "Jarreh Baladeh" section of Kazerun city and 30km west of Baladeh city. There is a historical site in this village which is considered as one of the largest areas where the remaining artworks of the Sassanid period up to the 7th century AH can be perceived. This historical site is located seven kilometers from the village of Sarmashhad in a flat plain between two mountain ranges. Islamic geographers in their works have called this area "Barin" and "Ghandjan" plains. For the first time, Tabari (224-310 AH) introduces the Barin plain in "Ardeshir Khoreh" and attributes its history to the Sassanid era. A number of these sources have considered "Gandjan" in Ardeshir Khoreh furnace and others in "Shapur Khoreh" furnace and related to "Jarreh" region. This research has been done by descriptive and analytical methods by relying on library data and field observations. Findings of the study indicate that the study of the name of Gandjan and Barin plain in the texts of Islamic geographers and its adaptation to the historical site of Sarmashhad, provides valuable data on population dispersion, communication and trade, social relations and industrial centers and production. The method selected in this research is based on the study of historical geography and the study of archaeological and artistic evidence about the Barin and Gandjan plains and regional visits. According to this research, from the third century to the ninth century AH, ten Islamic geographers have mentioned the city of Gandijan and Dasht-e Barin in their works and provided several information about the city limits, water sources and the distance of this city to the surrounding homes. With regard to these descriptions, Gandjan Islamic texts are consistent with the historical site of Sarmashhad in the Fars province.

1. A study on the changes in the administrative geography of Gandjan in the form of Ardeshir Khoreh and Shapur Khoreh furnaces by studying the sources of Islamic geographers. 2. A revision of the historical and geographical area of ​​Sarmashhad.

Research questions

1. What are the reasons for the uncertainty of the historical and geographical background of the historical site of Sarmashhad? 2. What factors have played a role in the development and expansion of Gandjan city?

In Imami jurisprudence, purity has been considered as a means of dominating other people's property and is similar to intercession. Some consider it as a cause of falling obligations and others consider it as a sale and its rulings are attached to the rulings on the sale of faith to religion and guarantee. However, some have considered the use of purity instead of vengeance to be correct, because if the conditions of purity exist, each of the two religions will reject and abrogate each other. Imam Khomeini's view is also based on the fact that purity is one of the causes of falling commitment and is not considered as a guarantee. The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytical, and information is gathered by the study of books, articles, publications, reputable legal sites in main and secondary sources. The research findings indicate that due to the lack of differences in nature between contractual, judicial and statutory purifications, all of them eventually return to coercive purity. The final result of the research indicates that the jurists in their interpretations have often described purity by force. Therefore, from Imam Khomeini's point of view, purity is also coercive, and in the presentation of works of art and products, this act becomes elementary, and finally, there is a difference between purity and retribution.

Examining the theories of jurists and judges with emphasis on the view of Imam Khomeini on the issue of purity with emphasis on the supply and sale of works of art. Creating insight, awareness and enlightenment of public opinion, as well as with the aim of examining the views of jurists and jurists about purity as one of the causes of falling obligations.

Research questions:

How is the truth of purity and its types analyzed from the point of view of jurisprudence and law with emphasis on the opinion of Imam Khomeini? What effect do the views of jurists and jurists have on the supply and sale of works of art, with a special emphasis on Imam Khomeini's view on purity?

Inlaid art has undergone alternations from the beginning of its existence in Iran until the present era. Companionship in inlaid art can be examined from several perspectives; the first is the association of this art with the nature of its raw materials, which takes on a diverse shape and form due to the characteristics of these materials; second, the role of wood art accompaniment as an art complement to inlaid art from the point of view of technique and procedure, however, the most significant of these are the effects of traditional patterns on inlaid art in terms of design and the developments that occur in the field of contemporary inlay and so far comprehensively has not been purposefully studied. This research is accomplished via a descriptive and analytical methods by the means of library data. The findings of the research indicate that these accompaniments have always been associated with remarkable innovations and developments in contemporary inlaid art, and this research focuses on the analysis of traditional motifs in contemporary inlays in order to achieve changes in the inlaid art by relying on the contemporary artworks of Tehran; in such a way that the influence of traditional motifs in achieving luxurious formulations can be achieved. It is certain that inlaid art, due to the inherent need for role and design, has continuously benefited from the combination of beautiful and executable designs and designs in each period throughout history, and in the contemporary period with artistic developments in Tehran and the presence of prominent artists in the capital. Art has also manifested itself with new, valuable and glorious innovations and formulations that are unprecedented in the history of Iranian inlay.

1. A study of traditional motifs in Iranian inlaid art. 2. An overview on the widespread effects of designs on contemporary Iranian inlay.

Research questions:

1. What is the role of traditional patterns in the "design" of the magnificent works of contemporary inlay? 2. How are the bases for using traditional motifs in contemporary inlay formed?

Embodied cultural capital is in the form of long-term mental and physical skills and characteristics and is part of the knowledge and ability of individuals. Cultural tendencies and propensities are one of the main factors in measuring the amount of embodied cultural assets. Kelileh and Demneh, which is considered one of the most significant objects of objectified cultural assets, is a rich treasure trove of embodied cultural assets. It is considered as one of the most enduring objective works of written cultural heritage among the nations of India, Iran and Arabia, as well as world literature. In the present study, based on the theoretical approach of Pierre Bourdieu's cultural capital, the main cultural tendencies in this book have been studied. In terms of methodology, information collection is library method, the technique of its study is qualitative studies and content analysis. Findings show that the characteristic of the tendency to acquire wisdom and knowledge in Kelileh and Demneh has a distinct prominence. The interaction of the Indian vote with the Brahman's base on various cultural issues, which is done with the aim of expanding wisdom and generalizing knowledge of the issues raised, is one of the best embodied manifestations of cultural capital. The search for knowledge and fascination of Anushirvan, the educated Sassanid king with knowledge, the search for wisdom by Borzoyeh and Ibn Muqaffa, who sometimes created important scientific and cultural movements in their time and the excessive interest of Amir Nasr ibn Ahmad Samani, Bahram Shah of Ghaznavi and Abu Ja'far Mansour ibn Abbas (founder of the Abbasid Caliphate) and some other rulers and scholars in science and culture are manifestations of cultural capital that are embodied in Kelileh and Demneh.

1. Examining the cultural preferences of the identities and people in Kelileh and Demneh. 2. Explaining the manifestations of cultural capital embodied in the following components of the tendency to acquire wisdom and knowledge.

Research questions

1. What are the components of the cultural preferences of the identities and people in Kelileh and Demneh? 2. What are the manifestations of cultural capital embodied in Kelileh and Demneh in terms of interest in acquiring wisdom and knowledge?

Despite the development and progress in contemporary housing, up till the present time, this issue bestows fundamental problems and weaknesses in the society of contemporary Iran. One of the most significant explanations for this is the disregard of the structures of Iranian residential architecture towards identity in the previous periods, which is somehow attached to the Iranian human identity. Perhaps returning to the basic principles of Iranian housing and recognizing and applying the correct principles of their construction is the main solution to the complications that have plagued contemporary Iranian housing as traditional houses in all historical times and periods have best encountered the needs of their residents and users. Considering that one of the ways to detect the identity of the structures of traditional Iranian housing is to study the identity related elements in their architecture. By using a descriptive-analytical method and through the study of various library and documentary sources along with their content, this research has been able to identify and extract indicators and sub-indicators related to such factors. The results of the research indicate that with the correct knowledge of the elements and characteristics of the identity of the architecture of traditional Iranian houses and their optimal and principled use in contemporary housing, the current complications of users living in such spaces can be raised considerably. Of course, this does not mean that these factors and elements were used in contemporary residential architecture in the same way as in the past, nevertheless, it is compulsory to harmonize them with the innovative residential architecture.

1. Recognizing the identity of traditional Iranian houses. 2. Familiarity with the physical, cultural and social elements of identity in Iranian households.

Research questions: 

1. What are the characteristics of traditional Iranian houses? 2. How can the pattern of traditional Iranian houses be applied in the present era?

Arts as centers of concentration of artistic activities in the contemporary period became one of the significant institutions in disseminating ideological developments. Meanwhile, the leftist discourse in the Pahlavi period became one of the most imperative discourses in the political and social atmosphere of Iranian society. The issue that can be raised here is how the left discourse approaches the fields of arts. The research method of the present study, based on the purpose of the research, it is divided into basic and applied methods. The present study is applied in terms of purpose; likewise, according to the main purpose of the inquiry in terms of the relationship between variables, this study is descriptive with an analytical approach. In other words, this study examines the current situation and systematically and methodically describes its current situation and studies its features and characteristics and, if necessary, examines the effect of variables on each other. The research findings indicate that the theoretical and ideological foundations in the artistic and political fields attempt to gain their political legitimacy. Political activists and members of the bureaucracy and individuals affiliated with the governing body and the left discourse beheld features and characteristics that were partly the product of the political system. In other words, a particular type of "political culture" in the ruling class of the Pahlavi era existed that could explain part of the behavior of the rulers and the policies of the government of this historical period.

1. Scrutinizing the position of leftist discourse on traditional strategy in the field of arts. 2. Examining the situation of artistic fields in the Pahlavi period.

Research questions: 

1. What was the approach of the left discourse in the Pahlavi period towards the artistic fields? 2. What was the situation of artistic fields in the Pahlavi period?

Historical tourism is known as one of the most primitive types of tourism in the world, which is rooted in human nature since human beings are continuously interested in knowing innovative matters and recognition of accurate knowledge of the past and history of their ancestors and others. Unfortunately, this is much less important in contemporary Iran despite its numerous historical monuments and attractions, than in other developed countries. One of the ways to develop heritage tourism is to restore the lost urban life in places that have been remembered for us in the past, which is possible through the correct application and claim of vitality indicators. In fact, the present study has been conducted with the aim of recognizing the criteria and indicators of vitality in historical sites in order to develop the level of heritage tourism. This research is descriptive-analytical according to the type of purpose and also developmental-applicational according to the method and its data collection has been based on the study of library resources and content analysis. After analyzing and reviewing the opinions of recent experts on the components of vitality, the most significant criteria for promoting vitality in public urban areas as well as historical contexts were identified, including 1. People's presence, 2. Diversity and attractiveness, 3. Comfort and tranquility, 4. Permeability, 5. Flexibility, 6. Security, 7. Transparency, 8. Readability, 9. Beauty, 10. Activity and diversity, Access, comfort, safety and security. Considering that the physical characteristics of historical places are different from the historical areas and textures of the city, therefore, among all the proposed indicators, six main indicators, including (1. Diversity and Attractiveness, 2. Flexibility, 3. Beauty, 4. Accessibility, 5. Comfort 6. Security) were explained as criteria for promoting vitality in historical places.

1. Recognition of the vitality criteria in historical contexts. 2. Recognition of the possibility of developing heritage tourism according to the knowledge of vitality criteria.

Research questions: 

1. What are the criteria for reviving historical textures? 2. What connection can be made between vitality in historical contexts and heritage tourism?

The emergence of innovation and the gradual entry of modernization in Iran during the Qajar period was influential on various aspects of the Iranian society. One of such influential areas was architecture. During this period, the achievements of Western modernity entered the body and soul of the architecture of the city, including its buildings and mansions. The issue raised here is the scope and dimensions of the impact of modernism on the architecture of residential houses of the Qajar epoch. The present study seeks to prioritize such features in addition to identifying the aspects affecting the architecture of late Qajar residential buildings in the city of Mashhad. The present study is an applied research study in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection is library and documentary purpose accomplished via a questionnaire distributed among experts; furthermore, Delphi method was also used to regulate the importance of the components and indicators. Findings of the research indicate that based on the analysis obtained from available sources and surveys, a model with 5 components and 20 indicators is compiled and the value of each category and the order of importance of the index were determined. Thus, the components of "plan", "construction elements" and "decorations" as well as the three indicators of "staircase axis", "balcony" and "sloping roof and santouri" gained the first to third ranks. The effects of modernism are seen in various forms in the plan, facade, entrances, interiors and, as an indicator, to the elements and components of architecture.

Study and analysis of the impact of modernism on architecture of the Qajar period.Investigation on the effect of modernism on the houses of the late Qajar period in Mashhad.

Research questions:

What changes did modernism bring to the architecture of the Qajar period? What effect did modernism have on the houses of the aristocracy in the late Qajar period in the city of Mashhad?

Painting is one of the attractive and symbolic arts in Iran and the study of paintings confirms the transfer of significant individual and social concepts of such aforementioned works. Persian poetry and literature are one of the literary artworks that bestows an imperative value in conveying essential human concepts. One of Rumi's main concerns is anthropology and according to him the Quran is considered as the most influential book; the reflection of good and evil is one of such impacts represented in the Quran and on the verses of the Masnavi. This research has been done by "comparative-analytical" method. The research findings indicate that many of the models presented in Masnavi are consistent with Quranic models; the furthermost of these role models are either divine prophets or saints including: divine prophets such as: Adam, Ibrahim, Noah, David, Solomon, Saleh, Younis, Moses, Yusuf, Jesus and Muhammad (PBUH); and divine saints such as: Bayazid Bastami, Mansour Hallaj, Fazil Ayyaz and Shaqiq Balkhi among other figures. In addition; a number of human manifestations in the abyss of the oppressors of history are tyrannical kings and bloodthirsty rulers; including: Cain, Pharaoh, Nimrod, Qarun, Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, and Hajjaj Yusuf. Rumi has applied such human patterns through symbols and signs and has often made mystical interpretations regarding the figures and events related to their lives; in this regard, his objective was to display what moral virtues or vices each of these patterns partake. In the remaining paintings from the Safavid period, concepts and themes beholding the virtue and significance of human beings can be deliberated upon.

1. Scrutinizing the human face in Masnavi and its comparison with the Holy Quran. 2. Examining the pinnacle and depth of the human face in Safavid paintings.

Research questions:

 1. What is the pinnacle and depth of man from the point of view of Masnavi and Quran? 2. What is the reflection of the human face in Safavid paintings?

The existing structures in society are interrelated. Ritual art is the objective manifestation of culture, religious ideologies and popular beliefs of the social activist. Takaya architecture is a mirror of the Shiite artist's traditions of thought, speech and action in relation to "time and place". Ritual architecture is an art mixed with culture, hence, the art of Takaya is a native architecture and the manifestation of history, race, art, climate, Shiite religion, tradition, identity and culture of the people of Mazandaran. Analyzing the criteria of culture and the importance of ritual art, in addition to expressing the values ​​of Takaya architecture, can provide design guidelines for designers to create a higher quality space. Using the richness of ecology and cultural geography of Mazandaran, the present study has dealt with the interaction of ritual culture and art to narrate the sufferings of Imam Hussein (PBUH), his family, his companions and the mourning rituals of Ashura in the Takaya architecture. This research is of qualitative type which has been accomplished by the means of a historical-interpretive method and information is gathered in the form of documents and field analysis; moreover descriptive-analytical and comparative methods have been used in data analysis. The statistical population of the study is a number of nine participants from Amol city. The results show that the criteria of culture (power structure, social status, kinship edifice, endowment, vows, age and gender of the user of space) and the local rituals of the people of Mazandaran (Divan, paddy field, Zan Shahi, Barf Chal, Vavarun, Shilan) and artistic ceremonies that include ritual painting (Saqanfar paintings), ritual architecture (Takaya) and ritual representation (Taziyeh) have had a reciprocal effect on reviving, perpetuating, adapting and promoting each other. Culture has had a great impact on architecture and in return, architecture has been one of the influential factors on culture.

1. Recognition of ritual art and cultural standards in the native architecture of Takaya Mazandaran. 2. Investigation of the effect of ritual culture and art on the arrangement of elements of Takaya ritual architecture.

Research questions: 

1. What are the effective criteria of culture on the architecture of Takaya Mazandaran? 2. What is the relationship between ritual culture and architecture, ceremonial representation and ritual painting?

Sanai is the first poet to entirely introduce Sufism, asceticism and mysticism into Persian poetry hence mystical issues have played an effective role in the development of his worldview. The reflection of Sanai’s mystical worldview in the form of monotheistic discussions and elements such as praise of the prophets and pious men, expressing the highlights of the life of the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the great commonalities of fighting the soul, curbing greed, abandoning the world, rejecting selfishness, promoting decent behavior, endorsing faith and love and many more features are present in the Hadiqah al-Haqiqah, one of his most significant achievements. The message and purpose of Sanai in this work is based on the monotheism of asceticism and love which can be achieved under the protection of Sharia and through introspection and abandonment of appearances. The issue that can be raised here is the epistemological barriers in the Sana'i Hadith and the nature of its reflection in the art of revelation. Findings showed that the anthropological type of Islamic mystics, especially Sanai, has greatly influenced his anthropological thought, so the study of the foundations of Sanai anthropology and humanism is of great help in understanding the ideal man. The ideal human being, who is introduced in the framework of the word of God and the tradition of the Holy Prophet, is a person who achieves a stage of growth and excellence in at least one of the mystical, religious and moral fields and acquires basic characteristics and components and is effectively adorned by such features; moreover, the mentioned subject is reflected in the art of revelation in the form of the application of Quranic verses.

1. Analyzing the obstacles of knowledge and perfection in the Hadith of Sanai. 2. Examining the reflection of the hindrances of knowledge and perfection in the art of revelation.

Research questions:

1. In his Hadith al-Haqiqah, what issues has Sana'i raised as obstacles to knowledge and perfection? 2. What is the reflection of the problems of knowledge and perfection for human beings in the art of revelation?

The creation of artworks by individuals depends on various individual and social factors. In this regard, due to the close relationship between artistic creation and physical and spiritual ability, issues regarding the possibility and how to create a work of art by people with disabilities are raised. Deleuze's philosophy affirms that the creation of a work of art does not require a special organization nor does it necessitate the physical development of mankind; hence, it is possible to create a work of art without an organized body and a disabled person can easily create a magnificent artwork through the power of his senses. This research follows a qualitative method and by the aid of library studies it seeks to study of the effects of photography of disabled photographers who describe the philosophy of the body without any parts as the main component of the art of photography to transfer the power of art, creation and scrutiny in photography. In this study, the works of Pete Eckert and Ahmad Zorkarnian as artists with disabilities are examined. The findings of the study indicate that people with disabilities can also create a fragmented but perfect artistic creation based on the view of Deleuze's body, which is based on emotion and senses. Relying on the philosophy of the body, physical disability does not prevent the creation of a work of art in photography; therefore, by understanding the concept of existence and sensation in art, people with disabilities can create works of art that are alive and spectacular.

To investigate the possibility of eliminating physical disability in photography based on Deleuze's body philosophy.To recognize the effect of physical and mental factors in creating a work of art.

Research questions

What is the role of senses in the works of art of the photographer according to Deleuze's body philosophy?What physical and mental factors play a role in the artist's creation of his works of art?

The architecture and construction of housing has long been one of the most significant human concerns and at the same time, it has been unswervingly associated with climatic conditions. Studying this architectural model along with its quantitative and qualitative features play a vital role in promoting sustainable architecture. Irreparable damages to the environment have been caused as the result of global warming and city pollution; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the use of fossil energy resources and the limitation of fossil fuel resources by emphasizing the principles of sustainable architecture and indigenous buildings and its use in solving this crisis. The present research is accomplished by a descriptive and analytical method in two parts based on a qualitative system and a descriptive method. The study and analysis of selected samples of arid climates is completed based on three criteria of physical fit, spatial organization and criteria related to environmental conditions. Findings indicate that indigenous architecture in hot and dry climates is closely related to climatic conditions and by designing and adopting the most appropriate strategies, sustainable architecture can be achieved in these areas.

1.Detecting the degree of adaptation of indigenous architecture in the climate of arid regions. 2. Developing appropriate instructions based on the indigenous architectural features of cold, hot and dry areas.

 Research questions

1. What is the impact of the architecture of arid areas on the receiving environment? 2. What are the similarities and contrasts between hot and dry climates and cold and dry climates?

Recognizing the importance of contributions in the Qur'an, hadiths and the role of Hazrat-e Khadijah (PBUH) on the eve of the advent of Islam is one of the imperative issues in recognizing the subject of aid in Islamic society since it has been considered as one of the positive approaches in the economic society in the Islamic world and has been reflected in the performance of governments and individuals in diverse periods of history. This research is accomplished via a library method in an analytical-descriptive framework. Khadijeh (PBUH) deposited all her wealth in the path of Islamic growth without relying on others and deposited the art of charity and self-sacrifice among the women builders of the Safavid era. The findings of the research indicate that Hazrat Khadijeh (PBUH) with her material and spiritual support of Muhammad (PBUH) played an important role in the establishment and advancement of Islam. For this reason, she is acknowledged as one of the most generous people of her time. She dedicated her house and properties to the poor and needy, and in the same path, a number of Safavid women by following her steps donated valuable buildings for the public good. Khadijah (PBUH) as the first Muslim woman gave all her vast and beautiful buildings along with her wealth for God and by this act, she preached the act of giving and benevolence to women of all ages and her generosity lasted throughout history. In this research, the generosity of Hazrat-e Khadija and its impact on women constructers of the Safavid period is studied.

1. Recognizing the issue of charity in the generous acts of Hazrat-e Khadijeh (PBUH). 2. Investigating the issue of almsgiving in the performance of Safavid women in building makings.

Research questions: 

1. What effect did the approach of Hazrat Khadijeh (PBUH) have on the importance of the issue of charity in the Islamic society? 2. What was the performance of women in the Safavid period in housing?

The art of painting is the manifestation of national and religious ideas. Muslim artists in diverse lands have reflected many common moral and religious themes; in the interim, due to cultural, religious ties and wars between nations that led to the conquest of lands, the paintings and illustrations of the Safavid and Ottoman illustrated manuscripts of the fifteenth to seventeenth /ninth to eleventh centuries highly influenced each other and many common concepts including religious, literary, mystical and historical themes are found in their illustrated versions. Therefore, considering the characteristics of the paintings of the Safavid and Ottoman periods, the hypothesis of this research is that despite the relationship between cultures and the common political and social changes of both empires, significant effects are considered. The present research is a qualitative content analysis and the method of data collection is accomplished via the library method.   The findings of this research display that the paintings of the Safavid and Ottoman empires are similar in a number of features, however they are diverse in terms of method, style and context. In addition, the prominent visual features in the paintings of each era were influenced by the culture and religion of the society of that time and reflect the cultural and religious situation of that period despite their variances.

1. A study on the characteristics of the paintings in the Safavid and Ottoman periods. 2. An analysis of the paintings with similar themes in Safavid and Ottoman paintings.

Research questions: 

1. What themes and stories have been used in Safavid and Ottoman paintings? 2. How are common themes and stories depicted in Safavid and Ottoman paintings?

Postmodern war stories have their own characteristics that distinguish them from other stories; This distinction is both in form and content. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and thought of sacred defense stories with a look at the works and novels of Hassan Bani Amiri. In reviewing these works, two of his outstanding literary works entitled "Sparrows Understand Paradise" and "Do Not Breathe, Laugh, Say Hello" were examined. This research has been done by descriptive and analytical methods by depending on library data. Findings show that the novel "Sparrows Understand Paradise" has obvious postmodernist elements; components such as breaking time and place, entering fictional characters into the realm of narrative view point, quarreling with the author, changing the angle of view, introducing meta-fictional features and blurring the line between reality and fantasy. The author has dealt with issues such as the courage of warriors, adherence to sacred things, as well as paying attention to symbols such as the number seven, water, horse, etc. The novel "Do not breathe, laugh, say hello" also partakes postmodernist features and components such as non-linear narrative, change of perspective, metanarrative, humor, incomplete sentence, lack of authority of the author and rebellion of personality. In the intellectual analysis of this novel, attention to the sacred defense, the prominent role of women, and attention to symbols and sometimes attention to the sacred such as quoting verses and hadiths is obvious.

1. Recognizing the components of the Sacred Defense stories. 2. Understanding the structural knowledge and themes of Hassan Bani Ameri novels.

Research questions: 

1. What are the characteristics of Hassan Bi Ameri stories? 2. What are the similarities between the stories of Hassan Bani Ameri and the images of the wars of early Islam?

The uprising of Imam Hussein (PBUH) is one of the most important historical events in the first century AH and has had a tremendous impact on the formation of freedom-seeking and justice-seeking movements in the Islamic realm. Therefore, the event of Ashura has always been the focus of authors over the past centuries. One of the manifestations of the important event of Ashura was the extraordinary events that took place after the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (PBUH). The book Rawdah al-Shuhada by Mullah Hussein Kashefi is one of the works that deals with the event of Ashura. In his book, he deals with the nine and extraordinary natural events after Ashura. The issue here is the accuracy and significance of these events. The research follows a descriptive and analytical method based on library resources. In this research, an elaboration is accomplished based on the news, documents and narrations of the author of the Rawdah al-Shuhada as the extraordinary events post to Ashura have been spoken of in order to distinguish between the concurrent narrations and also those that have been narrated for special purposes. The findings of the research show that some of the items in this book cannot be verified and assigned to Shiites and are also widespread among Sunnis. On the other hand, a number of the narrations reported in this book have not been included in historical sources and are considered as forgeries that Kashfi has mentioned in his book.

1- A study of extraordinary natural events after the event of Ashura in the book Rawdah al-Shuhada by Mullah Hussein Kashefi and the extent of their conformity with authoritative Shiite and Sunni sources. 2- Investigating the importance of extraordinary events in the book of Rawdah al-Shuhada in Islamic sources.

Research questions:

To what extent does the extraordinary natural events after Ashura in the book Rawdah al-Shuhada by Mullah Hussein Kashefi correspond to authentic Shiite and traditional sources? 2- What is the reference in Islamic sources to the extraordinary natural events after the Ashura event?

The Ilkhanid era in Iranian-Islamic urban planning can be considered as a transition period from Razi style to Isfahani style. The status of this period in Iranian urban planning is due to the fact that on the one hand, following the special situation after the devastating Mongol invasion, it has maintained the evolution of Iranian urban planning and on the other hand, the necessary background for the formation of Isfahani style in the Safavid period is shaped (1135-907 AH). The present research is accomplished by a descriptive and analytical method by the means of library resource data. Research findings indicate that the urban planning and architecture features of the Ilkhanid era seeks to create glory and splendor in the form of tall porches, higher heights of domes and openings, large and long spaces, more accurate and proportionate dimensions in the architecture of large squares of urban complexes all within the form of a complete urbanization forms. In fact, the purely geometric shape of large-scale urban spaces in Ilkhanid urban planning is significantly dissimilar from the courtyards of earlier urban complexes and body-like squares within urban contexts. The destruction of the socio-economic-physical structures of cities by the Mongols at the beginning of the seventh century AH, led to the reinvention of the concept of the square in a higher structure at the end of this century that included a large-scale geometric structure that became global regarding the urban planning of the Safavid period.

1. Recognition of public space styles in chronology of architectural-urban planning styles in Iran. 2. Study of the characteristics of public spaces in the urban planning of the Ilkhanid period.

Research questions:

1. In architecture and urban planning in the history of Iran, what styles have existed in creating public spaces? 2. What are the characteristics of public spaces in the urban planning of the Ilkhanid period?

Assistance is one of the subcultures of the country and since it is considered as one of the categories of culture, it is of great position; moreover, this culture is more prevalent in rural areas. Since this symbolic system still exists in many villages of the country; considerate research is necessary to strengthen this subculture. Gilan Rural Heritage Museum is one of the natural museums that is a clear example of local and rural traditions in this region. The research method of this research is qualitative and, in this regard, the ethnographic method with a sociological approach has been used. The technique of data collection was interview, note-taking and observation (field research). In this regard, the study population in Gilan province included farmers from eleven villages. Based on this, the selected samples are as follows: 24 villagers participating in the interview were selected from Gilan province. In a sense, purposive sampling is used; the results are based on the findings in Gilan province, the consequences of cooperation with social capital indicators, such as participation, sense of commitment and friendship, based on the existence of social capital as a valuable asset in subcultural villages. Also, the results obtained from the findings regarding the category of exchange, show the existence of diversity and breadth of relationships among cooperative villagers and the use of emotional and economic benefits as a result of cooperation.

1. Examining the role of assistance and cooperation in the existence or absence of empathy in rural affairs and in other words its role in the cohesion and unity of the villagers. 2. Studying the symbolic system of cooperation in the Gilan Rural Heritage Museum. 

Research questions:

1. What is the role of helping in the presence or absence of empathy in rural affairs and in other words, its role in the cohesion and unity of the villagers? 2. What is the reflection of the symbolic assistance system in the Museum of Rural Heritage of Gilan Province?

Architecture in commercial spaces plays an imperative role in potential success. Functional efficiency in the interior spaces of commercial centers is one of the most important criteria that guarantee the success of commercial complexes from an economic point of view. The distribution of interior spaces, taking into account the relationship between them, is one of the factors affecting the spatial configuration characteristics of commercial centers and their functional efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate how space organization of commercial centers, intermediate spaces can improve the functional efficiency of the complex. The statistical population in this study is three commercial centers in Qazvin, which have been studied based on two variables "location" and "occupancy rate" of mid-spaces. The measurement tool for analyzing the performance of commercial centers is the spatial syntax technique. In this field, spatial relations have been studied by using graphs, mathematical relations and space syntax software. The strategy used in the research will be quantitative. By evaluating the obtained information, a suitable model was obtained to determine the position of the mid-spaces in order to improve the functional efficiency of commercial centers and increase the social communication of users. Findings of the research indicate that the research can be an effective guide in the process of designing business centers and explain the effective factors in order to analyze the social logic governing these centers.

Reading the space organization of selected commercial centers based on the position of the mid-space in the city of Qazvin based on the space syntax technique. Explaining the optimal model in terms of how the mid-spaces in commercial centers are located in order to improve the functional efficiency of the complex.

Research questions:

How can the element of mid-space as one of the main elements in the physical-spatial structure of commercial centers affect the improvement of its functional efficiency? Considering the two indicators of "occupancy level" and "location" of mid-space in commercial centers, which mid-space pattern creates a more appropriate functional efficiency?

The art of painting in Iran during the Islamic period and literature have been closely related to each other. As great literary works have always been one of the most central manifestations of painting. The Safavid period (1355-907 AH) is one of the most brilliant periods of painting in Iran. One of the great literary works in Iran is the book of Saqi Nameh by Baqer Kashani since it contains interpretations and descriptions about Saghi (cupbearer), Badeh (drink), taverns, music and ‌ musical instruments and melodies (including daf, ney, tar, robab, chang, arghanun, rud, aud, soroud, pardeh, nava and magham) ‌and also pleasant theological concepts (Pir-e Moghan, Aref, Zahed etc.). A comparative study of Maulana Mohammad Baqer Kashani's with Safavid's Saqi Nameh and paintings, ‌ in terms of mutual concepts and themes and their historical course can be significant opinions in relation to the harmony and congruence of art and literature. This research has been completed by descriptive and analytical methods and relying on the data of library resources. Findings of the research indicate that considering a number of the themes and specific content of the Saqi Namehs and comparing those themes with the sachets of Baqir Kherdeh, ‌such as: description of the Saqi, ‌‌‌‌‌‌drink, ‌song, the presence of musical instruments, ‌ seizing the opportunity‌‌‌‌‌, ‌condemning the time and its people‌‌‌‌‌, ‌referring to the historical history‌‌‌‌‌, ‌ epic values‌‌‌‌‌,  romance and expression of mystical thoughts are sufficient in Saqi Nameh of Baqir and the poets of this era; moreover, similar concepts can be observed in the art of the Safavid era.

1. Recognition and importance of Maulana Mohammad Baqir Kherdeh's Saqi Nameh compared to Safavid Saqi Namehs. 2. A comparative study of the contents of the Saqi Nameh of Maulana Mohammad Baqir Kherdeh with Safavid paintings.

1. What are the common themes between Safavid period painting and Maulana Mohammad Baqir Kherdeh works? 2. What are the dimensions, components and commonalities of Baqir Kherdeh's Saqi Namehs with the Safavid Saqi Namehs?

The creation of profound changes in the present age has overshadowed all aspects of individual and social life. Population growth and the need to increase fame have led to the creation of new cities on the outskirts of large cities. These cities have special requirements in space and structure. This issue has a direct impact on subjects related to social life and has affected the identity of neighborhoods in individuals. The new city of Baharestan in Isfahan is one of such solemn cities. In the meantime, the study of socio-economic status and sense of neighborhood identity in the new city of Baharestan can pave the way for more detailed studies in the construction of new cities. A combined method, i.e. a combination of library and field methods, has been applied to collect information; in this sense, data is gathered via a questionnaire. The statistical population includes a population with more than 15 years of living in phases 1, 2 and 3 of Baharestan city (Isfahan) which includes a number of 61647 people. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 385 people. The sampling method is carried out via simple cluster and random.  Also, sampling is carried out by the means of multi-stage cluster. Findings indicate that there is no significant difference in terms of gender, age and marital status of the neighborhood; on the other hand, a significant relationship between the socio-economic status and the identity of the neighborhood in the new city of Baharestan is observable.

1. Studying the relationship between the sense of neighborhood identity and the space and architectural structure of new cities.2. Investigating the relationship between socio-economic status and sense of neighborhood identity in the new city of Baharestan.

Research questions:

1. What is the relationship between the sense of neighborhood identity in men and women and the architecture of new cities?2. What is the relationship between socio-economic status and sense of neighborhood identity in the new city of Baharestan?

To explain the symbols and signs in the field of linguistics, there is an approach called symbolism or semiotics. Ferdinand de Saussure, as one of the first pioneers in the field of linguistics, believed that each of the signs that exist in the structure of linguistics, constantly had a cause and a defect that granted them meaning; furthermore, this method includes other areas in addition to the linguistic structure. In the meantime, architecture has not been an exception to this rule due to its artistic structure, and throughout the history of world architecture, it has always been explored by architects in various architectural designs. Among the historical monuments in Iran, those related to the Qajar period, specifically located in the cities of northwestern Iran, namely Ardabil, Tabriz and Urmia are studied in this paper. In this study, which emphasizes both interpretive-historical events and the interpretation and meaning of symbols and signs in architecture based on Saussure theories, the functional and conceptual causes of residential spaces from Saussure's semantic perspective is studied in the mentioned cities of Ardebil, Tabriz and Urmia due to having residential houses rich in Qajar culture and architecture. The results indicate that the structures of each building are different in the formation of meaning and architectural concepts in that area, nonetheless, the principles of using the signs in each of the houses introduced in each city are similar.

Introducing the symbols and signs used in the historical houses of the Qajar period in the cities of Ardabil, Tabriz and Urmia and the visual and conceptual analogy of each of the signs in the structures used. Assessing the quantitative and qualitative status of historical spaces and houses in the cities of Ardabil, Tabriz and Urmia.

Research questions:

What are the symbols of the historical houses of the Qajar period in the cities of Ardabil, Tabriz and Urmia according to the semantic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure? What is the purpose of symbolism and marking in the historical houses of the Qajar period in the cities of Ardabil, Tabriz, Urmia?

The tomb complex and building known as the Kaaba of Zoroaster was built in Naqshe-e Rostam in the Achaemenid period. Naghsh-e-Rostam collection, especially the Kaaba of Zoroaster as the spiritual heritage of the Achaemenid kings, has continuously played a dynamic role in the religious, political and spiritual structure of the post-Achaemenid period, which is rooted in the ancient pre-Achaemenid traditions in the ancient Middle East particularly during the Elamite period. The closest interpretation of the function of this building in relation to the Achaemenid tombs and its connection with the Persepolis throne can be meaningful. Understanding the spatial relationship between Naqsh-e-Rostam and Persepolis is functionally significant. Persepolis was formed in the heart of a city and Achaemenid palaces were part of this city. This research, accomplished via a descriptive and analytical method and relying on library data, has sought to examine the environmental zone around Persepolis, known as the city of Parseh, and has made the hypothesis of reconstructing the historical city of Parseh within the range of the 1st degree of Persepolis more conceivable. The findings of the research indicate that according to the surviving works and inscriptions, the collection of works of Naghsh-e Rostam in the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sassanid periods has continually been applied and honored. In the Achaemenid period, the connection of Naghsh-e-Rostam tomb complex as a chief and functional part of Parseh city was related to Persepolis. The tradition of burying the deceased king was performed according to Zoroastrianism and after the burial of the king. the enthronement of the new king was performed in the monument and holy shrine of the Zoroastrian Kaaba.

1- An investigation of the location of Naqsh-e-Rostam and the Kaaba of Zoroaster and the reasons for its dependence on the city of Parseh based on geophysical studies.  2- A study on the function of the Kaaba of Zoroaster from the Achaemenid period to the end of the Sassanid period.

Research questions:

 1- What are the usages of the Kaaba of Zoroaster in diverse historical periods? 2. What information do geophysical studies provide about the location of the Kaaba of Zoroaster and its dependence on the city of Parseh?

One of the most significant artistic activities in Iran is the production of textiles, which flourished during the Safavid period. This art, like other arts, was influenced by many factors including the policies of the rulers and monarchs. Innovation and development in the production of textiles is one of the characteristics of this period that the course of its production and prosperity in Iranian society and art should be examined. Studying and inspecting the different angles of the Safavid textile production system has an important role in recognizing the status of this industry in rejecting this historical period. The present research is accomplished qualitatively (descriptive-analytical). The theoretical framework of the research is based on the approach of Howard Becker's art worlds. The research findings show that the social formation of Safavid Iran was based on providing services (political, social) and prominent designers and weavers worked in workshops that were directly supported by courtiers. Economic and political stability and the constant support of courtiers aided the textile production system to introduce a new generation of artists and textile designers to create eye-catching textiles at this time due to incentive systems and financial rewards.

Recognition of the artistic image and the guild system of designers and weavers in creating textile productions in Safavid art.Examining the factors of production in introducing Safavid court textiles as works of art.

Research questions:

Were the textiles of the Safavid era considered as a work of art?What are the factors that contribute to the Safavid textile production system?