Journal of Research and Health
Volume:9 Issue: 7, Nov-Dec 2019

Researches on attachment theory shows that attachment styles influence marital adjustment. However, some psychological factors moderate this correlation. The present study was aimed to examine the moderating role of defense mechanisms in the association between attachment styles and levels of marital adjustment.

This descriptive-correlational study collected data from a convenience sample of 300 married individuals (150 men, 150 women) using the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS) and Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ).

The results showed that the secure attachment style   and mature defense mechanisms   were significantly correlated with marital adjustment. Avoidant   and ambivalent   attachment styles and immature defense mechanisms   were negatively correlated with marital adjustment. The neurotic defense mechanism was not significantly correlated with marital adjustment. The results showed that mature and immature defense mechanisms   acts as a moderator in the association between secure attachment style and marital adjustment. Besides, mature defense mechanisms moderated the association between avoidant attachment style and marital adjustment. Furthermore, immature defense mechanisms  had moderated the association between ambivalent attachment style and marital  adjustment (p<0.001).

Therefore, based on the results, the attachment styles and defense mechanisms would predict marital adjustment.

Performing regular exercise training and taking inflammation-reducing supplements can be efficient in lowering atherosclerosis risk. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of resistance training (RT) conducted with or without Omega3-6-9 (Omega 3) supplementation in ascending pyramid (AP) or circuit (CR) on plasma levels of E-Selectin and ICAM-1 adhesive molecules in young overweight males.

Sixty healthy overweight men (18-26 years of age) were recruited and randomly allocated to either receive Omega 3 supplement (SU, 2.4 g/d) or placebo (PL, 2% dextrose) for 12 weeks. Topics of SU and PL divided into groups of AP, CR, RT, and Control (C). Levels of plasma E-selectin and ICAM-1 were evaluated and compared before and after the practice training period.ICAM-1 Levels did not change significantly after exercise in any of the groups.

E-selectin levels decreased significantly in CR plus SU (P=0.014) and AP plus SU (P=0.012). ICAM-1 did not change significantly in any of the groups.

Based on the results of this research, RE plus Omega3-6-9 supplement is efficient in decreasing the amount of E-selectin, but not ICAM-1, regardless of the type of exercise.

Creating the best state of social participation is one of the most important goals of rehabilitation for older people. This study has investigated the social participation of older people in Tehran to provide a basis for effective interventions in the treatment of these people.

This descriptive/analytical cross-sectional study used a non-probability sampling method to target 150 older adults who had referred to local community centers across Tehran.  The Assessment of life habits (LIFE-H) was used to examine issues related to social participation. The data were analyzed by implementing the Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation test.

There was a significant difference between the mean scores of social participation in the age groups (P = 0.016) and place of residence (P = 0.001), but there was no significant difference in different genders (P = 0.097).

The results show that creating appropriate conditions and reducing age and gender-related risk factors can lead to an increase in the health of older adults and eventually the health of society as a whole.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has been characterized by mental preoccupation about an imagined or exaggerated physical deficit, which includes any part of the body. The purpose of the current research was to identify the early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles in the prediction of thoughtful rumination in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder.

The research design is post-event research and descriptive-correlation type. The research sample includes all of women clients at Cosmetic Surgery clinics of Isfahan city in 2016. 70 individuals were selected by purposive sampling, who obtains a score more than the cut point in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. The participants filled the questionnaires of the Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, Collins & Readchr('39')s Adult Attachment Scale, and the Rumination Response Scale (RRS). The data were analyzed by the SPSS-23 software version.

The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed a positive and significant relation between maladaptive schemas and thought rumination in the clients and the anxious/ambivalent attachment style had a significant relationship with thoughtful rumination (R= 0.44). Stepwise regression analysis showed that in the early maladaptive schemas variable, the vigilance and maladaptive schema of flaw/shame, and in attachment styles, the anxious/ambivalent attachment style are better predictors of thoughtful rumination in clients.

The conclusions reveal that in the treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorders, it’s important to pay attention to think contents and attachment styles in clients, and using schema therapy technics to help patients to free from unnecessary and ruminative thoughts.

Epilepsy is a neurological disease that is associated with recurrent seizures that can be caused by abnormal brain activity. Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES)have psychological bases and their clinical behavior is similar to epileptic attacks. Both patients with seizure and PNES often suffer from psychiatric problems. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life among patients with epilepsy and PNES.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 epileptic patients and 30 PNES patients who referred to Namazi and Imam Reza Hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between 2014 - 2015 and were selected based on convenient sampling method. The quality of life was measured by the demographic questionnaire and Short Form (36) Health Survey. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS  Software.

The mean score of physical functioning, role physical, vitality, the mental component in the epilepsy group was higher. Moreover, the physical pain score was higher in the PNES group.

This study showed that the quality of life in patients with PNES is lower than that in patients with epilepsy.

Today, one of the most important public health problems in the world is the unpleasant consequence of substance abuse disorders. This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on carving and relapse among addicts with HIV in the Kermanshah city.

The research design was quasi-experimental with the control group and post-test pretest. The statistical population was the addicts with positive HIV in Kermanshah City and 20 people were selected using the J Power sampling method based on the sample size formulation and were divided into experimental group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The experimental group received 10 sessions of cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Pretest and post-test of Wrightchr('39')s Relapse Prevention Scale (RPS) (1991) were used. Data were analyzed by using the covariance method with SPSS-23.

The results showed cognitive-behavioral therapy reduced the desire and risk of recurrence in the experimental group compared to the control group at the level p <0.001.

The results showed the importance of cognitive-behavioral group therapy to reduce craving and relapse addicts with HIV. Therefore, depending on the importance of complementary aspects of drug therapy, psychological therapy may enhance addiction psychological problems.

Meta-cognition refers to self-knowledge, control and monitoring of one’s thinking and emotional processes, such a meta-cognition, and meta-emotion which is consisted of: a) confidence in extinguishing perseverative thoughts and emotions; b) confidence in interpreting own emotions as cues, restraining from immediate reaction and mind-setting for problem-solving; c) confidence in setting flexible and feasible hierarchies of goals. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Positive Metacognitions and Positive Meta-Emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ) in athletes.

The sample consisted of 307 men and women athletes of 8 sport clubs in Jahrom city which were selected by cluster random sampling. The factor analyses showed the presence of a three-dimensional structure of PMCEQ which determine 47.24% of total variance explained of metacognition.

The positive meta-cognition differences were found based on gender, age, duration, and types of physical activities. There were significant correlations between PMCEQ and Metacognition Questionnaire-30, Sport Self-regulation, and Goal Orientation Questionnaires. Data were indicative of the acceptable level of Cronbach’s alpha (.83) and split-half (.86) reliability coefficients of positive meta-cognition and meta-emotion questionnaire totally.

The results of the present study indicated substantial adequacy of this questionnaire to measure positive meta-cognition and meta-emotion in the domain of sport and physical activities.

Fertility is one of the important subjects in public health and demographic studies which affects population growth. The main objective of this paper was to introduce and apply a tree model to classify the ideal number of children and children ever born in the study of "Marriage and Fertility Attitudes of Married 15-49 Years Old Women in Semnan Province in Iran, 2012".

Classification trees are data mining methods designed for categorical dependent variables, with prediction error measured in terms of misclassification cost to determine the form of the relationship between the response and predictor variables in different field of studies.

We applied the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) algorithm to present the merits of this algorithm to accurately classify the ideal number of children and children ever born of 405, 15-49-year-old married women in Semnan providence, Iran, according to some important predictor variables. Semnan is a province that is taking efficient steps toward development and modernization. Nowadays, it is considered as one of the developed provinces in Iran. In this province, changes in fertility attitudes and beliefs expected to be affected by modernization, industrialization, and urbanization.

As a result, the women’s children ever born in the younger birth cohorts and the ideal number of children in the older birth cohorts are much more similar. Women’s job status and age at first marriage are the two most important factors which have had significant effects on the desired and actual number of children in different birth cohorts.

Infertility is one of the major problems in reproductive health. This research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between infertility, attachment, identity, sexual function, and sexual self-esteem in married women.

In this causal-comparative and correlational study, 300 voluntary married women (fertile=150, infertile=150) in Mashhad were selected through random sampling in 2019. Collins and Read’s Revised Adult Attachment Scale, Identity Style Inventory, Female Sexual Function Index, and Sexual Self-Esteem Index for Women-Short Form were used to gather data. Data were analyzed using a t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression analysis with SPSS-24 software(p<0.05).

 There was a significant difference between sexual function and sexual self-esteem of the fertile and infertile women (P=0.000). Also, the results demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between a sexual function with attachment styles and identity status in women. There was a significant relationship between sexual self-esteem and the status of identity (all p<0.05).

It can be concluded that infertility can have a significant impact on sexual function. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between attachment and identity styles with sexual function and sexual self-esteem.

Infertility is one of the most difficult and debilitating conditions that, besides having unfavorable effects on the life quality of infertile couples, it can lead to many problems. The aim of this study is to explain effective factors for life quality in infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive techniques in a qualitative manner.

In this qualitative study which was performed using a conventional content analysis method, 20 infertile couples who were referred to IVF Center, were interviewed in-depth. Sampling was purposive sampling and the interviews were continued until data saturation and the obtained data were analyzed using the constant comparative method.

Five major themes including infertility and emotional relation, relatives and infertile couples, sexual relation and infertility, mental disturbances, and cost of infertility treatment were extracted by analyzing the data.

The findings suggested that infertility is not merely a physical disease that just requires medical and surgical interventions; consequently, its mental and sexual aspects should also be considered and life quality of the involved people needs to be increased using effective interventions.

Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling mental disorders, in which important functional activities such as independent life, production, and occupational activities, and social interactions of affected patients are damaged. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of "Open the Doors" program education on meta-cognitive beliefs, self-care activities, and activities of everyday life in patients with schizophrenia.

This semi-experimental study was conducted using a pretest-posttest. The statistical population of the research included all patients with schizophrenia hospitalized in Rehabilitation Centers in Maragheh; among which 30 ones were selected using the available selection method. The patients were randomly categorized in experimental and control groups. Both groups completed Barthel Activities of daily living index, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, and Wales’s meta-cognitive beliefs questionnaire in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Patients with schizophrenia in the experimental group received "Open the Doors" program education for 3 months and patients in the control group received daily rehabilitation programs during this time.

Findings showed that the "Open the Doors" program, instrumental activities, and self-care activities of patients in the experimental group were significantly improved following the intervention; however, this program didn’t have any significant effect on the meta-cognitive beliefs of the experimental group.

"Open the Doors" program education improved the skills of everyday life of patients with schizophrenia and prepares them for living with family members.

The current study was aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and perfectionism among the high school students of Gonabad city.

This research used the correlation method and the data collection tool was questionnaire. The statistical population consisted ofall-female high school students in Gonabad city. The sample size was calculated through Morganchr('39')s table and 261 questionnaires were analyzed.  Psychological capital has four aspects: hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience.  Perfectionism has negative and positive dimensions. Its positive dimension includes personal standards and a tendency towards discipline. While its negative dimension has four aspects: individuals’ excessive worry about their mistakes, perception of parents’ expectations, perception of parents’criticsim, and tendency to have doubt and hesitation.

The findings showed that all four aspects of psychological capital affect the negative perfectionism. The type of school was effective on both negative and positive perfectionism; however, the two variables of resilience and optimism did not affect the positive perfectionism. The results also showed that 23% of positive perfectionism changes and about 45% of negative perfectionism changes were justifiable by the mentioned variables.

Since the type of school was found to be an affecting factor on the mean score, specifically for the negative and positive perfectionism, it can be stated that one of the most effective solutions in this regard is implementing the educational activities at schools.

The aim of this study was The application of nutritional patterns for developing a model for mental health through resorting to spiritual well-being.

This was a correlational study and the statistical population of this study included all students of South Khorasan (studying at all branches of Islamic Azad University Birjand, Nehbandan, Ferdows, and Qachr('39')en) during the second semester of 2012-2013 and the appropriate sample size was considered 800 by Using stratified sampling method. Spiritual well-being questionnaire Paloutzian And Ellison, Mental Health Questionnaire, and food frequency questionnaire were completed by the students and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.

The fitted model showed that high-risk food patterns indirectly and with the mediation of spiritual well-being, increase mental health (anxiety, depression, social function, and psychosomatic symptoms), and low-risk food patterns by increasing spiritual well-being, decreased indicators mental health such as anxiety, depression, social function, and psychosomatic symptoms.

Therefore, according to the results, the correction of high-risk food patterns is associated with an increase in spiritual well-being and, as a result, affects mental health.

Marital satisfaction is the correspondence between the expectations a person has of marital life and what one might experience in his life.  The present study seeks to compare the marital satisfaction, marital intimacy, sexual satisfaction, and marital adjustment of married persons (various age difference) with age and duration of marriage control.

It is a causal-comparative design and the research population consists of all married students at Ahwaz Islamic Azad University in 2016 - 2017.  This sample size consists of 276 subjects who were selected by convenience sampling method. A sample size of at least 30 people per group is recommended in a casual comparative study. Data have been collected via questionnaires. The data have been analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and Levene’s Test, MANOVA, MANCOVA tests.

The results show that there is no significant difference between marital satisfaction, marital intimacy, sexual satisfaction, and marital adjustment in married people with various age differences (p˃0/05). Furthermore, the results also show that there is no significant difference between marital satisfaction, marital intimacy, sexual satisfaction, and marital adjustment in married people (various age differences) with age and duration of marriage control (p˃0/05).

 It should not be assumed that any marriage with the age difference is at risk. The common interests and aspirations, high education, and other similar issues will have such an impact on other changes in many cases that will make the marriage very comfortable.

HIV Positive or AIDS is a complex disease that weakens the immune system and causes infection. Moreover, since in most societies it is known as a social taboo, all aspects of a patientchr('39')s life being particularly affected with HIV. Also, AIDS is not only a health issue but also a social problem as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of spiritual treatment on quality of life and life satisfaction in patients with AIDS.

This semi-experimental study performed by using the pretest - posttest, and control group. 30 AIDS patients who were referred to the DIC center in Kerman were selected with sampling methods and were assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. After completing the test, the experimental group received 12 sessions of group spiritual therapy. Measuring instruments include quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS software.

The results showed that the mean scores of the experimental group scores on quality of life and life satisfaction had a significant increase compared to the previous studies and control group.

Based on these results, we can infer that the spiritual sense is effective on the quality of life and life satisfaction in patients with AIDS. Also, spiritual group therapy can be used as a useful method of intervention to enhance the quality of life and life satisfaction of patients with AIDS.

Unlike other hazards,  impersonal work environments, insecurity is one of the dangers of personal nature. Employed females have always been exposed to sexual harassment, but most sexual harassment study focuses on the features of those who commit sexual harassment and less on those who have been sexually abused and their mental health effect. Therefore, the  research was aimed to use a single case model to assess the efficacy of meta-cognitive treatment on psychological disorders in sexual harassment.

A multi-base multi-drug therapy method on a topic was performed in single-case research. The Coprasmit self-esteem questionnaire, Bartchr('39')s Impact Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beckchr('39')s Anxiety Scale, the Weiss and Margaret Impact Assessment Scale, and the Gharnovsky Cognitive Ordering Questionnaire were used to evaluate rehabilitation facilities, pretreatment, post-treatment, and 3-week follow-up.

The findings of this research demonstrated that this therapy decreased impulsiveness, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, rumination, or mental impotence. The therapy strategy based on the metacognitive model was efficient in treating post-traumatic stress disorder.

The results showed the efficacy of meta-cognitive treatment on sexual harassment, although this research was performed on one individual and without a control group, the research findings suggest that metacognition findings are generalized.

Unlike other workplace hazards that are impersonal in nature, sexual harassment is one of the dangers that have personal nature. Women have always been exposed to sexual harassment. Most researches in sexual harassment often were concentrated on the characteristics of those who commit sexual harassment and often less focused on the predictors of sexual harassment in the workplace.

The overall design of this study was cross-sectional. It deals with the relationship between demographic factors and the incidence of sexual harassment of working women. Participants of this study are working women between 21-40 years old who had been exposed to sexual harassment in the last 12 months in Tehran and the sample group was selected among 120 working women in this population by using purposive sampling. The subjects in this study completed the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ, Fitzgerald, 1988) and the multi-choice questionnaire for demographic factors and then regression analysis and f-test were used to evaluate the research hypotheses.

 The results of the study showed that age (F= 2.29), income level (F= 1.219), occupational position (F= 0.59), work experience (F= 0.48), marital status (F= 0.68), and educational level (F= 0.39) form the variances associated with demographic data which all factors have a significant relationship with sexual harassment.

It seems that having specific demographic factors will provide the tendency of sexual harassment occurrence.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on the mental health of mothers of children with special needs (i.e. cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and autism).

This quasi-experimental study was a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. Study populations were the mothers of children admitted to the rehabilitation center of persons with physical and mental disabilities in Hamedan city who were diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and stress. A sample of 24 patients was selected randomly by acquiring one standard deviation above the mean in Lovibond and Lovibond’s (1995) Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Then, the participants were assigned into three groups; the dialectical therapy group, the cognitive behavioral therapy group, and the control group. Intervention groups were trained in eight 90 minuteschr('39') sessions, while the control group received no training. The participants of intervention groups were assessed by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (1988) in pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA.

Findings revealed that dialectical therapy was more effective in decreasing emotional disorders of mothers compared to cognitive behavior therapy. As well, both intervention groups were significantly more successful in decreasing emotional disorders than the control group.

It could be concluded that both interventions (dialectical and cognitive-behavioral therapies) are beneficial for mothers whose children’s disabilities, special needs, or disorders affect their mental health. Thus, the mentioned therapies are recommended for these mothers.

Given the importance of surgery due to its high rank in Iran and its exorbitant costs, this study aimed to examine the mental health and self-image among the applicants of cosmetic surgery.

The study sample consisted of 180 individuals (90 applicants and 90 non-applicants) by using simple random sampling. Research tools were SCL90, Beck’s self-image, and demographic questionnaires. Data were analyzed using simple correlation, χ2, and multivariate statistics.

Results indicated that there were significant differences in obsession-compulsion, sensitivity in interpersonal relationships, depression, physical attractiveness, and social skills between two groups (Sig <0.05). The scores of mental health and self-image among cosmetic surgery applicants were significantly lower than non-applicants.

Therefore, clinical interviews and psychological counselling by psychiatric and psychologists is recommended, especially before cosmetic surgery.

It is estimated that tobacco use, as the second leading cause of death, is responsible for one-tenth of all deaths worldwide. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of training based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on tobacco consumption patterns among students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences.

  This study was quasi-experimental that was performed on 65 students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences who were assigned by random sampling design with proportional allocation in the experimental and control groups. After collecting the baseline data, the researcher-made questionnaire was designed based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and tobacco consumption’s questions with acceptable validity and reliability of the training program in six sessions for the experimental group. Two months after the training, the same questionnaires were completed by both groups. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, Chi-squared test, and Fisherchr('39')s exact test with SPSS-20 at a significance level of P <0.05.

  The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants in the experimental and control groups was 21.46 (1.96) and 22.22 (3.02), respectively (P = 0.076). Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between demographic characteristics, pattern of tobacco consumption, and TPB model constructs. After the intervention, the mean score of the constructs of TPB, except for subjective norms, and knowledge of the intervention group increased (p<0.05). Besides, use of cigarette and hookah was significantly decreased in this group (P=0.003).

The results showed that training based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and providing preventive skills is a significant effect on consumption and refusal to use tobacco.

The present study has been done with the primary goal of investigating the role of personality traits in predicting hope in men with cardiovascular disease.

  The type of current research was correlation a land the study population consisted of 200 men with cardiovascular disease chosen by convenience sampling method from people referring to the medical centers in Tehran. For data collection, the short-form NEO five-factor personality questionnaire and the Snyder hope scale (SHS) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, univariate analysis of variance, and multiple regression (enter method).

  Life expectancy was positively related to extraversion and negatively related to neuroticism. The agency thinking was negatively correlated with neuroticism and openness to experience. The pathway thinking was positively related to extraversion and conscientiousness. Regression analysis showed that life expectancy was predicted by extraversion and neuroticism. Also, the effect of education levels on life expectancy was not significant in men with cardiovascular disease.

The results showed that the personality traits of men with cardiovascular disease were correlated with their life expectancy. Therefore, it is important to pay specific attention to personality traits and increase of life expectancy to prevent diseases and improve health in society.