Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume:9 Issue: 4, Fall 2021

Education in diabetes is a fundamental and important issue in achieving the desired quality of life. One of the most effective factors in the quality of education is choosing the right education. Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is a key component of diabetes care. On the other hand, the high rate of patientsnon-acceptance or adherence to the treatment regimen indicates that educating the patient to achieve self-management has shortcomings. The aim of this study was to help identify barriers to the effectiveness of DSME. Numerous factors affect a patientchievement of self-management. A review of the present study reveals the fact that various factors, from the effect of age and sex and beliefs of the patient to the attitude, knowledge, skills, and performance of the caregiver, can positively and negatively affect the effectiveness of DSME. Awareness of these factors means that educators, on the one hand, must consider the limitations and potential and actual capabilities of the patient in planning. It should be noted that DSME is based on group and individual education. The choice of educating form is suggested according to the benefits of the education form and the target of the program by examining the selected items.

This study aimed to determine the effect of counseling on the health-promoting lifestyle and among mastectomised women.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 76 mastectomised women visiting the Association for the Support of Patients with Breast Cancer and Shahid Ghazi Tabatabai Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. The eligible women were assigned into intervention and control groups by randomized block design. The intervention group received six 45-90-min counseling sessions on the health-promoting lifestyle and QoL. The health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP-II) and Quality of Life Questionnaire-Cancer 30 (QLQ – C30) were completed through interview with participants before and 4 and 8 weeks after intervention. The data were analyzed using the independent t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and the Mann-Whitney U test.

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and baseline scores of health-promoting lifestyle and QoL. The repeated measure ANOVA indicated that the mean score of the health-promoting lifestyle (adjusted mean difference: 0.50; CI95%: 0.39 to 0.62; P<0.001) and QoL (p<0.001) was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to control group after the intervention. In addition, the mean score of all subscales of the health-promoting lifestyle and emotional performance, social performance, role-playing, and cognitive performance subscales of QoL in the intervention group was significantly higher than in the control group.

The findings suggested that counseling could encourage mastectomised women to choose a health-promoting lifestyle and improve their QoL.

The Aim is to study the psycho-emotional state of the population in connection with changes in the social situation of the country. Methods used in this study are analysis, synthesis, and comparison. Findings of this study are clearly demonstrated how destructive social changes are in the sustainable life of the population, in particular, there is a clear increase in the level of physical and verbal aggression, anger and hostility. Emotional fluctuations affect both professional activity and interpersonal interaction, leading to negative consequences, so there is a need to maintain onechr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s psychological state. In conclusion, analysis of the theoretical basis of the study makes it possible to see the relationship between changes in the social situation and changes in the emotional sphere of the individual. The research materials will be useful for specialists in the field of psychology, sociology, and political science since the presented materials provide an opportunity for further more detailed practical study of this issue and in the development of methods for preventing negative states in crisis situations.

The purpose of the study is to find a link between the health status of the population and the social development of the Arctic regions in the Russian Federation.

Methods that used in this study are analysis, comparison, physiological method etc.

Socio-demographic characteristics of the social health of the Russian population shown that there is a negative trend in the growth of crime and drug addiction in the country, which is an important factor in the social health of society. Empirical study determined the specifics of the value of health in a healthy lifestyle.

Special attention should be paid to the importance of individual human behaviour in determining social health. Each person has their own unique health factors, depending on age, gender, social status, and financial situation. Lifestyle plays an important role in a healthy lifestyle.

The relevance of the study is primarily due to the fact that deviant behaviour of a large proportion of todaychr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s youth is a serious problem for modern society. The present study, therefore, aims to examine the causes and consequences of deviant behaviour and to identify the main strategies for overcoming the problem.

The research methods used included theoretical analysis, a literature review and quantitative empirical research methods. The leading approach (or method) to investigating this problem is the phenomenological approach, which allows us to consider the individual experiences of each participant in our study in a comprehensive way, for the phenomenological approach completely rejects pre-formulated hypotheses and concepts, which in the natural sciences are a necessary auxiliary tool for understanding reality.

The article presents the most common forms and causes of deviant behaviour among the students of Engels Technological Institute (branch) of the Saratov State Technical University named after Gagarin Yu. A., reveals and analyses the correlation between self-esteem, susceptibility to negative peer influence and deviant behaviour of adolescents, reveals a linear trend in deviant behaviour, justifies the possibility of reducing the causes of deviant behaviour to the features of personality, social environment conditions.

The article is of practical value, as the results of the research undertaken provide a set of recommendations for adolescents with deviant behaviour and their parents to help them adapt to society.

Regarding the importance of family management in childhood chronic diseases and the lack of sufficient assessment of psychometric properties of the family management measurement (FaMM) in Iran, this study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of this tool.

This study was carried out with a methodologic research approach involving 300 mothers of children with chronic diseases. The convergent validity was assessed and the confirmatory factor analysis was perfumed for construct validity. The internal consistency of the tool was assessed by calculating Cronbachalpha coefficient. Corrected Item Total Correlation of items was calculated.

The results showed that the model of the 6 scales had a relatively good index. The correlation between the FaMM scales and The General Functioning Scale of in the convergent validity was significant and in the predicted directions (r = -0.293, -0.379, -0.621, 0.255, 0.401, 0.358). The Cronbach alpha values for the scales were between 0.78 and 0.94 and the corrected item-total correlation was above 0.30.

According to the results of the study, the Persian version of FaMM has acceptable validity and reliability. Therefore, this tool can evaluate the management of families with a child with a chronic disease.

One of the crucial issues of the health system in developing countries is the unequal distribution of health, which leads to inequality in social status and living conditions. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women aged 20 to 39 in developing countries. However, its social determinants are not yet fully understood. The present systematic review was conducted to collect the social determinants of health in cervical cancer that have been identified so far.

This systematic review was conducted from December 2020 to April 2021 by reviewing Persian and English articles published in journals on social determinants of cervical cancer by the PRISMA method. First, the scientific databases were searched in the period 2000-2020 using "Social Determinants of Health", "Human Papillomavirus", and "Cervical Cancer" keywords (2333 English articles and 63 Persian articles were found). After evaluation, 20 articles (18 English articles and 2 Persian articles) were included in the study. The PRISMA (Preferred) checklist (Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) was used to extract data from selected articles.

articles were reviewed, and social determinants of health in cervical cancer were presented in two general categories: structural (education, income, and race and ethnicity) and intermediate (access to services, behavioral factors, environmental-living conditions, and psychosocial factors).

The social determinants of health in the structural and intermediate sectors and their interaction affect cervical cancer. All aspects of cervical cancer are affected by prevention, screening, early detection, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Obesity is one of the most serious health issues in the world. Various factors such as shift work are known as potential risk factors for obesity. Thus this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the associations between shift work and Mean Body Mass Index (BMI).

In October 2020, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Barakat, IranDoc, and Civilica databases were searched for observational studies in which the relations between the styles of shift works and obesity were investigated. The random-effect model was used to derive the BMI. Subgroup meta-analyses for the study design, particular forms of obesity, and shift work pattern characteristics were performed.

The search resulted in 580 documents, of which 217 articles were identified as eligible papers for the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled Standard Mean Difference (SMD) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for shift work rather than day work was 0.082 (ranging from 0.047 to 0.116). Moreover, the results showed that the mean BMI of all of the styles of shift works (Rotation Shift, SMD (95% CI): 0.099 (0.058, 0.141), Night Shift, SMD (95% CI): 0.079 (0.047, 0.11)), except for evening Shift (SMD (95% CI): 0.041 (-0.061 to 0.142)), are higher than day work.

To minimize the harm, companies should provide shift workers with some advice on an appropriate and healthy diet and lifestyle. Companies that provide meals for their employees should consider a different meal plan for shift workers.

The Aim of the paper is the analysis of water – the only tool for monitoring its condition and properties. Methods. During the experiment, a team of researchers took samples of drinking water from the water supply network in various districts of the Norilsk industrial region (NIR) (without preliminary draining and after 5 minutes of draining), studied the dependence of the quality characteristics of water on the location and sampling method. Findings of this study are clearly demonstrated the quality of water in Norilsk. During the experiment, the authors found that in terms of organoleptic indicators, drinking water in all areas of the NIR meets the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations and GOST. Taking samples at three control points of the Norilsk industrial region, it has been proven that the water is soft and its salt content is mainly due to the presence of hardness salts. In conclusion, the authors found that the presence of microorganisms in the water supply network of the NIR is not significant, the permanganate oxidisability indicator does not exceed the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations.

Health promoting behaviors (HPB) are considered as the most basic health criteria for the elderly. This study aimed to identify the correlation between e-health literacy (EHL) and health-promoting behaviors among the elderly referred to the Tehran retirement center in 2018. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 subjects aged 60 years and older referred to Tehran retirement center. Convenient sampling was used for selecting the subjects. The data were collected by 52-item health-promoting questionnaire (HPLP-II) and 8-item E-health literacy questionnaire (E-heals). In order to survey the difference of categorical demographic variables, independent T test and ANOVA method were used for variables with two-and more than two categories, respectively.  We also computed Pearson correlation coefficient between continues variables such as continuous demographic variables, HPB components and EHL. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 19. The significance level was considered less than or equal to 0.05. The mean and standard deviation of HPB and EHL were 146.95±30.31 and 27.19±6.99. The subjects with higher literacy obtained higher scores in HPB and consequently in its component. Pearson correlation coefficient between HPB and EHL was positive and significant (r=0.4, P<0.001). Also, correlation between EHL and   health responsibility (r=0.408, P<0.001), nutrition (r=0.329, P<0.001) and interpersonal relationships (r=0.413, P<0.001) was positive and significant. E-health literacy has a moderate positive correlation with health-promoting behaviors and its components among the elderly. Therefore, improving e-health literacy should be considered as a necessary subject for promoting the health behaviors of the elderly.

This research aimed at designing and psychometric properties of a questionnaire for health-worker skills evaluation to obtain a self-care program for pre-diabetic patients.

The questionnaire items were first developed, utilizing reliable and specialized sources involving papers and scientific books and interviews with experts and specialists in diabetes and health education. The questionnaire psychometric properties were evaluated utilizing face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and stability. 

Due to the results of investigating the texts and interviews, the initial questionnaire, including 54 phrases, was presented. In the face validity section, eight expressions were removed quantitatively. Then, in identifying content validity, three other words were deleted, and the questionnaire was reduced to 43 phrases in general. This questionnaire exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors involving self-efficacy, attitude, reinforcing factors, and enabling factors. These four factors explained 57.51% of the total variance of the test. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the factors of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Cronbach alpha and intra-cluster correlation index for questionnaire structures ranged from 0.87-0.88 and 0.87-0.88, respectively.

The designed questionnaire has good validity and reliability. It can be said that this questionnaire is a suitable and usable tool for prediabetes in similar research to evaluate health worker skills in obtaining a self-care program for prediabetes.

The present study was examined the age-friendly city of Tehran based on who indicators from the elders perspective

The participants of this cross-sectional study included 418 elderly people in Tehran who were chosen based on Stratified Random Sampling in 2018. The data collection tool was the World Health Organization (WHO)’s questionnaire of age-friendly city indicators include of Social Participation, Civic-Participation and Employment, Respect and Social Inclusion, and the Communication and Information index. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18 on the collected data, assuming a significance level of <0.05.

The mean age of the elderly was 66.86 years with a standard deviation of 6.31 years. The results of comparing the means of the age-friendly city indicators revealed the Social Participation index mean of 35.0, the Civic Participation and Employment index mean of 18.9, Respect and Social Inclusion mean of 18.2, and the Communication and Information mean of 24.5.

According to the results, the mean of the indicators examined was lower than the mean. Therefore, in the current situation, Tehran metropolitan is only able to fulfill the basic needs of the elderly and is far from being the ideal situation and is not able to achieve active aging for its people.

Physical activity (PA), as a basic factor in a healthy lifestyle, is less than necessary in health system workers such as health workers. Explaining PA by successful perceptual frameworks such as developed theory of planned behavior (TPB) identifies the factors influencing this complex behavior to design effective educational interventions. This study aimed to assess path analyze of PA of health workers based on the developed TPB with planning.

This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 210 female health workers in Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Data were collected by a valid and reliable TPB-based questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS21 and Lisrel 8.8 software using maximum likelihood method and correlation matrix at a significance level of less than 5%.

A total of 210 female health workers with a mean age of 39.35±8.64 participated. The developed TPB model explained ‌62, 56, 37, and 58% of the variances of behavioral intention, action planning, coping planning, and PA behavior, respectively. The intention was predicted by perceived behavioral control (PBC). Behavior was explained by intention, PBC, and action planning, respectively. Fit indices showed that the developed model was fitted to the data ( =1.58, RMSEA: 0.05, CFI: 1, GFI: 0.98).

Intention, PBC, and action planning, based on the developed TPB, were the constructs influencing PA behavior. It is necessary to consider these structures and the relationships between them in designing educational interventions to promote PA in health workers as a key element in promoting community health.

The growing prevalence of fatty liver is a major threat to health. This study aimed to design and measure a psychometric scale on the fatty liver disease-related health beliefs in middle-aged Iranian people.

This qualitative descriptive study was performed on middle-aged people referring to the Comprehensive Health Service Centers of Qorveh, Kurdistan Province, Iran, in 2020. An extensive literature review was performed, and interviews were done with people with fatty liver disease and experts in the field. The interviews were analyzed through a directed content analysis approach. The researchers applied an existing theory (health belief model) and designed and compiled 90 items.

Following evaluation of the face and content validity and obtaining item impact mora than 1.5, CVI more than 0.62, and validity mora than 0.79, a research scale with 57 items was designed. After exploratory factor analysis, 49 items with factor loading mora than 0.5 were confirmed, covering seven factors with a predictive power of 57.5. The reliability of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cue to internal action, cue to external action, and self-efficacy were 0.90, 0.89, 0.85, 0.81, 0.91, 0.86, and 0.88, respectively. The total reliability of the scale was also confirmed (Cronbach's alpha=0.92).

The designed scale has appropriate validity and reliability for measuring the health belief constructs associated with fatty liver in middle-aged people.

The qualities of nursing care and factors affecting it have always been a challenge in health care systems. Humanistic care is an approach in care delivery in the nursing profession. Participation of different parts, including patients, their families, and nurses, improves care satisfaction. This study aimed to promote humanistic care in an intensive care setting using technical action research.

This study was conducted as Technical Action Research based on the “unsparing response to situation” Model. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and field notes through purposive sampling were performed with quantitative and qualitative methods during four steps in the intensive care unit of Booali Sina Hospital from 2018 to 2020.

After four months of program implementation and changes due to the COVID-19 crisis in the final evaluation phase, data collection reflected "understanding of patient and family needs and concerns, empathy by nurses, mutual satisfactionˮ, "non-discrimination and replacement of ethical reasoning on the personal judgment”, “birth and germination of humanistic careˮ and "growing satisfaction from humanistic careˮ. Also, increasing the score of quality of nursing care, quality of work-life and Caring Nurse-Patient/Family Interactions after interventions indicated the promotion of humanistic care in the intensive care unit.

Humanistic values are intrinsic; they can be exteriorized in special sensitive circumstances and “education and learning professional values” and are not necessarily acquired. Covid-19 has acted as a facilitator, accelerating the conversion of non-humanistic to humanistic care. Knowing this, managers should properly understand and analyze the intervening variables based on the proposed care model, i.e., the “existence of care promotion elements” and “sensitivity of situations”.

Due to the high rate of repeat cesarean complications, the previous cesarean section mothers need to change their behavior on the mode of birth. Counseling can be effective in changing mothers' behavior. This study assesses the effect of individual counseling based on the Fogg model on this behavior.

In a randomized clinical trial, 62 pregnant cesarean section mothers in Mashhad Health Centers in 2020 were randomly entered into intervention and control groups. Two individual counseling based on Fogg's behavior model in 28-30 weeks of pregnancy for 45-60 minutes and one online session in Telegram channel in the intervention group were presented. The control group had routine care. Data were collected by personnel and obstetric questionnaire and Fogg's behavior model checklist to assess the intention to choose vaginal birth after cesarean at the beginning, two and four weeks after the end of the intervention. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests in SPSS 25.

There was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of Fogg's questionnaire between the two groups (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in choosing vaginal birth after cesarean in the counseling group before and after the intervention (p<0.05) and also the rate of intention to choose between two groups after the intervention (p<0.05).

The significant increase in planning to choose vaginal birth after cesarean section in the counseling group based on the Fogg model indicates this approach can be used in counseling to choose vaginal birth after cesarean section and other methods.

National sociological studies of the social health of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North have become especially relevant at the current stage of society's development. The purpose of the study is to consider and analyze the issue of the social health of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research was the works of Russian and foreign scientists devoted to the problems of socio-economic development of the territories of the North. As a methodological basis of the research, system analysis, synthesis, abstraction, analogy, generalization, and classification were used.

The study systematizes approaches to identifying the social health of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, gives its definition and identifies its analysis areas. It is argued that the material substrate of the influence mechanism of the social aspect of health on the representatives of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North is a social connection, and relationships that provide various support have a positive socio-regulating and mobilizing effect.

Several indicators adapted to the needs and peculiarities of the territories of the indigenous small-numbered peoples' residence were proposed, which allow assessing their social health and quality of life. The proposed materials of the paper can serve as a basis for the development of an indicative model of social health, which can be used as a diagnostic tool in pedagogical and social work.