فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 53 (پاییز 1400)

The new society is constantly changing and rapid changes are a feature of this society. These changes highlight the need for policy change and updating. Since the social and cultural context is changing rapidly in the new era, it is necessary for cultural and social policies to have the necessary adaptability to these changes. Therefore, the study is to investigate the differences between the three generations of the Islamic Revolution regarding social, economic and political values. The study is an applied research in terms of purpose, and is descriptive-survey in terms of method. After setting the goals and questions of the research, a questionnaire consisting of 61 questions was prepared and distributed among the statistical population. In compiling the questionnaire questions, items were used that, while covering the theoretical foundations of the research, correspond to the general atmosphere of the subject under study. Content validity method was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to calculate the reliability and the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated as very desirable. The statistical population of the study was all Tehran citizens belonging to three generations of the revolution in 1399. Sampling method in this study was simple random sampling. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the scales designed based on the calculations, the questionnaires were distributed in a sample of 450 people for each generation of 150 questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed at both descriptive and inferential levels. One-way analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses. The software used was SPSS version 25. The results showed that economic, social and political values and demands have a significant difference between the three generations. The third generation is different in economic values from the second and first generations. The third generation and the second generation are different from the first generation in social values. Cultural values differ significantly between the three generations.

Transition to organic communities is an inevitable necessity for contemporary societies. NGOs have been considered as facilitators of this transition in theoretical models of democracy. In this study, in connection with these theoretical models, from a problematic approach, the relationship between social capital and tolerance is investigated. The statistical population included all non-governmental organizations registered in the General Directorate of Sports and Youth of Shiraz.  The data required for this research have been collected using social survey method and questionnaire tools.   The results of data analysis clearly showed that the amount of social capital and tolerance in all dimensions are lower than the theoretical average. Also, the relationship between social capital and tolerance was not statistically confirmed. These findings remind the social policymakers and the scientific, cultural and political community of the need for qualitative research in connection with the exploratory explanation or description of such findings.

The institution of the family is the cornerstone of a society and the decision to marry is one of the most crucial decisions that a person faces in life. The study is to investigate the social construction of the reality of the decision to marry and how girls and boys in Tehran decide to get married, what are the causal, contextual and structural conditions influencing the decision, what strategies are used, and what are the consequences of this decision. This research is a qualitative study with grounded theory method. The statistical population was married men and women living in Tehran in 1399 who were purposefully selected. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. The findings suggested that the romantic experience and decision to marry is not merely an individual matter but affected by the social reality. The "challenge of the politics of confrontation on the playground" has been chosen as a central phenomenon because in that arena, structures challenge individual's agency and influence their decisions, although actors are not considered as puppets. Girls face more restrictions on the playground than boys, however, compared to the past, they have more power of choice.

The study is to present the productivity model of specialized women's sports programs in the Iranian sports channel with the data theory approach of the foundation. The method of the study was qualitative and exploratory. The statistical population was a group of media professionals with academic teaching experience or activists in the field of sports and media, sports promotion specialists in the media and familiar with it, sports experts and officials, sports programmers, policy makers and sports consultants of the Seda. The sampling method was non-probabilistic sampling, with purposeful selection and with maximum variety or heterogeneity. The sample size in this study was 16 people. The interview measurement tool was open and was analyzed based on three stages of open, axial and selective coding.
 Based on the data analysis, 114 basic concepts (open source), 25 core code and 5 selective code were identified. Finally, it can be said that the proposed model, which has been developed according to the opinion of experts and experts can have positive effects on the productivity of women's sports programs.

This research is to develope a model of factors affecting the behavioral intentions of Premier League Football fans. So, this research has been done through qualitative method and using the Grounded Theory. Targeted sampling was performed with 20 sports management professors, marketing experts and athletes and to the extent of theoretical saturation. The analysis of the data from the interviews was coded in three stages in accordance with the research strategy. Content analysis, coding, and Delphi technique were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the proposed model and model of research on the factors affecting the behavioral intentions of Premier League Football fans consists of 38 pivotal categories, which is a combination of about 218 basic concepts. Using the Delphi technique, the indicators were screened and 34 indicators were obtained. Accordingly, the behavioral intentions of fans in football as a central category were based on the 5 causal conditions of fan communication management, support conditions, club conditions, stadium conditions and security factors and through management strategies, fans' currency, periodic and continuous fan support, adaptation of watches and training with fan demands

The study is to present a qualitative model for self-efficacy of top sports managers. This study was a qualitative one which was conducted using Grounded Theory with the approach of Charmaz. The statistical population was composed of experts aware of the field of research who were sampled purposefully and by snowball method. In this study, the data reached the stage of theoretical saturation after conducting 13 interviews. The data were analyzed at three stages: open, axial and selective coding using MAXQDA software. After discovering the open codes at the first stage, 14 axial codes were provided and entitled as organizational factors, organizational performance, thinking style, job solution, trust, persuasion, individual performance, professional development, emotional intelligence, learning, group performance, experiences, and collective and individual self-efficacy.  Based on the combination of the layers extracted from the theoretical coding stage (components of self-efficacy, effective factors (circumstances) and desired outcomes), the research theory and final model were created. According to the research results, studying and strengthening the components affecting self-efficacy can affect the self-efficacy of sports managers at the individual and collective level and ultimately lead to performance improvement at different levels in the organization.

The study is to develop a strategic model for the development of Iranian championship sports bases. The statistical population of the research consisted of managers and experts of 31 Championship Sport Bases in the country, physical education professors and sport experts about 154 persons. 20 elite sport experts were chosen to qualitative samples purposefully and 134 persons to quantitative sample by counting method. The data collecting method was combined. The Delphi technique was used to identify the SWOT Championship Sport Bases at first. Then self- made questionnaires likert 5-point range was designed. Its face validity was confirmed by 5 professors of sports management.   The validity of the content was evaluated by the method of relative content validity coefficient (CVR) and its construct validity was studied using confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained through Cronbach's alpha test of 0/88. While using descriptive statistics, in inferential statistics section, SWOT analysis was used to determine the status of centers and one-sample T-test was used to analyze the data. The Friedman test method was used to rank the factors of the strategic plan and the Analytical Hierarchy Process was used to prioritize the strategies (with AHP MASTER and SPSS softwares).  Findings showed that according to the identification of environmental factors and strategic analysis of SWOT, the country's championship sports bases are located in the ST strategy position and it would be used a diversity and competitive strategy in its development. Therefore, formulating and implementing a strategic plan, implementing a comprehensive talent identification system, empowering the private sector and equipping and standardizing the bases are the most important strategies proposed in this study.

The study is to design a model of the position of women in sports to improve development indicators in Iran. The research method is qualitative and exploratory. Statistical population included university professors, experts and experts. Degrees and academic work related to the subject, having managerial positions and executive experience in the field of sports management and experts in the field of women sports were among the indicators to select the top list of experts. The sampling method was non-probability sampling with purposeful selection with maximum diversity or heterogeneity. The sample size in this study was 16 persons based on theoretical saturation index. The interviewing tool was open-ended and analyzed based on three open, axial and selective coding steps using Maxqda version 12 software. Based on the data analysis, 89 primary concepts, 13 main categories and 3 core concepts were identified. Then three theoretical theories based on the paradigm model of the triaxial model for designing a model of the position of women's sport in improving the development indicators in Iran were presented. Therefore, it can be deduced that designing a model of women's sport status does not succeed in improving development indicators in Iran, but is a purposeful process that is rooted in many features and modes.

The research is to identify the factors affecting the sustainable development of sport events in Iran using thematic analysis. So, a qualitative research among the research community that included key players in sport and the environment was formed through Purposeful sampling and a deep interview was conducted with 18 experts from the country's sports and environmental management. Based on the research method, a collection of initial codes and concepts was extracted. Then, through thematic analysis of these codes and concepts, the causal, subjective and interventive final themes and categories were formed. The findings were divided into three categories of causative factors including environmental authenticity and existing environmental status, the requirements and interaction of sport and the environment and the nature of the development of sports events. The underlying factors included the green infrastructure and the host environment, the requirements and system of the environmental system of sport, the governing body, the share of sport in the development of the country, the cultural and organizational attachment, the management plan and Finally, interventional factors include the nature of the event and the environment, environmental and financial factors, internal and external resources, monitoring, law enforcement and lobbying, and the structure of the country's sports industry. By examining the results and benefiting from identified factors, we can take more effective steps through strategic planning and implementation of appropriate strategies for sustainable environmental development of sport events and ultimately for sustainable development of the country's sports industry.

Entrepreneurship and the use of entrepreneurial capacities meet the economic needs by creating thousands of new businesses. The study is to develop an entrepreneurial capacity model in the Iranian sports industry with a combined design approach. The research method was a two-step exploratory combination of instrument making. The qualitative research method, qualitative case study, and potential participants included 14 professors. The sampling approach was targeted and the sampling method was key. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part, the research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population was included all managers of Kerman province (200 people). The instrument used in the quantitative section was the researcher-made scale based on the qualitative data foundation network. For the study of formal validity, the opinions of ten professors of sports management were used and for the content validity of the questionnaire questions, the carcass model was used (cvr = 0/81) and the content validity was confirmed. Convergent validity, hybrid reliability, and Cronbach's alpha were also confirmed. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the suitability of the research model. The results showed that the T value of causal conditions were of meaningful effect on entrepreneurial capacity of 0/64, contextual conditions on strategies 0/47, intervening conditions on strategies 0/40, entrepreneurial capacity on strategies 0/56 and strategies on the effects of 0/71. Therefore, it is suggested that new businesses be set up by creating the necessary platform for training sports entrepreneurs and providing low-interest loans and long-term repayments.

The talent identification program is to identify and develop talented athletes to reach the highest level of sport in the world. The study is to identify the factors affecting the development of talent in Iranian volleyball. This research was qualitative and exploratory in nature, which is considered as an applied research. The population was all volleyball experts including the coaches of the national volleyball teams of Iran, senior managers and directors of the Talent Search Committee of the Ministry of Sports and Youth and the Volleyball Federation, and the members of the faculty of sports management. The sampling method was purposive and snowballing, which was followed by 17 in-depth interviews. The responses were analyzed using the MAXQDA software version 18. From the analysis of the interviews, 15 factors were identified that they were national stars and heroes, training principles and design, education, inter-organizational communication in government institutions, human resource activities, motivational factors, intellectual and psychological factors, anthropometric characteristics, academies, volleyball federation, Higher education, legal factors, family support, value and attitude factors, facilities and equipment. Among these dimensions, the Volleyball Federation factor, academies, anthropometric characteristics, education and training principles and design played the most important role in talent development. In general, the results showed that various factors affect the development of talent management in volleyball in the country. So, it is suggested that research findings be at the forefront of talent search activities in volleyball-affiliated organizations, especially the country's volleyball federation and its affiliates. In addition, research results play a significant role in completing the theoretical foundations of sports management.

This study is to design a model of a comprehensive system of club football in Iran. Accordingly, this research has been done through qualitative method and using data theory. Purposive sampling was performed with 25 sport management professors, experts and athletes and theoretical saturation. The data analysis of the interviews was coded in accordance with the research strategy in three stages. NVIVO software was used in coding. The results showed that the proposed model and model of research in the framework of the football club system in the country, consisting of 14 core categories of destructive defects, attention to infrastructure, leadership, privatization, human resources development, legal and regulatory aspects, tax system, club ownership, understanding of the environment, education, ethics and culture, sponsorship, television broadcasting and stock exchange have been achieved through a combination of approximately 77 basic concepts.  Accordingly, a comprehensive system of club football in football as a core issue based on causal management, financial, environmental and legal conditions and through club ownership and management strategies, formulation and monitoring system, club business registration, management Media, marketing and recruiting of skilled and specialized human resources is achieved through the privatization of clubs and realizing financial consequences such as increased income and employment, sense of belonging to the club, consolidation of management plans, limiting political interference and raising professional standards.

The study is to test the model of job characteristics and work-leisure conflicts with physical activity leisure time attitudes in staff of Youth and Sport Ministry. The study was a descriptive study of structural equation modeling and is considered as an applied research in terms of purpose. The statistical population was consisted of the staff of Ministry of Sports and Youth (890 people). The minimum statistical sample was selected based on Cochran's formula of 268 people using simple random sampling method. In this study, the standard questionnaires of work-leisure conflicts with leisure time, job strain, segmentation culture and leisure behavioral attitude were used.  The results of structural equation modeling showed that work stress and fatigue-based conflict are of no significant effect on attitudes toward leisure with an emphasis on physical activity. However, the effect of segmentation culture on leisure attitude with significant emphasis on positive physical activity and time-based conflict on leisure attitude with emphasis on negative physical activity was significant. In order to improve the attitude towards leisure time, it is suggested that the managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth to emphasize on physical activity among the employees and hold sports and entertainment programs during the week and in various sports as conferences and family events.

The study is to evaluate the factors affecting organizational innovation in the Ministry of Sports and Youth in the current situation and desirable situation. The research is of applied-development one in the descriptive category of researches. The statistical community consists of 58 senior managers (managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, their deputies and provincial administrators of the Sports Youth Department) all of whom were selected as the whole sample. 50 people responded to the questionnaire and a sample of 50 people was considered. The research tool was Abbas Khamseh’s questionnaire (1392) about the innovation evaluation, which in total had a reliability coefficient of 0/99% with Cronbach’s alpha and its validity was confirmed by the judgment of 6 professors. The status of each of the factors was investigated by the use of dependent test. The result of the significant difference between the effective factors (organizational structure, organizational innovation management, organizational strategy and goals, education, organizational culture, employees, teamwork, rules, stakeholders, organizational capability and innovation system) on organizational innovation, based on the existing and desired status between senior managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth shows a significant level of P=0/0001. Among the evaluated components, organizational culture and teamwork are in a lower position than other components.

Designing green sports facilities is a unique measure to protect the environment. The  study is to identify developing strategies for green sports facilities and their infrastructure.  Considering the exploratory nature of the subject, the method of qualitative research and the strategy of the classical grounded theory were used. The sampling method was purposive. After collecting data from 15 in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts and knowledgeable people, theoretical saturation was obtained. Data analysis was performed by open, axial and selective three-step coding methods of Strauss and Corbin with MaxQda 10 software. The results showed a total of 84 open codes, 41 of which were related to strategies affecting the infrastructure of green sports venues with 9 categories and in selective coding, two theories were presented. Seven main strategies for development of green sports venues were identified: culture building strategies; specialized rules and regulations laws in design, construction and operation; management strategies; financial strategies; incentive and supportive strategies; punitive strategies and training strategies for professionals. Therefore, It is suggested that in order to protect the environment and commitment to social responsibility, the use of appropriate strategies from the point of view of experts for the development of green sports venues should be given special attention.

The importance and position of qualified human resources in organizational development has made clear the need of addressing the issue of surrogacy. Therefore, the study is to design a surrogacy model in the Ministry of Sport and Youth with a competency-based approach. The purpose of this study is practical and it was done through the mixed method. The statistical population in the qualitative section was consisted of senior managers of human resources of the Ministry of Sport and Youth and the experts in this field (n = 15) who were selected by purposeful snowball method. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included all ministry staff (N = 876) and the sample (n = 331) was selected randomly using Morgan table. In this section, while using a researcher-made surrogacy questionnaire, Griffin's (1994) competency questionnaire was used. The results of qualitative research indicated the identification of 27 items in 4 components of independence, empowerment, context and talent management and in the quantitative part, the results of the research presented the alternative structural equation modeling. It seems the Ministry of Youth and Sports to be able to cultivate suitable successors for the future of its organization using the above model.

Shooting with an Iranian national and religious sport bat, with an ancient history, is a requirement for this sport to be safe and observant. The study is to compare the safety and standard of shooting places of archery in Tehran with international standards. This descriptive study is applicable. The statistical population was all shooting places of archery in Tehran. Due to the small size of the statistical population, 16 samples were examined in total. The evaluation was carried out by a researcher-made checklist, prepared in accordance with the rules and standards of the relevant international federation. In this checklist, 27 indicators were evaluated. The validity of the checklist was confirmed by the professors and its reliability was above 0/9. Data collection lasted one month, which was suitable for this study. Data analysis was done by SPSS software and Friedman test. The theoretical mean of this research was evaluated by 3 and 27 indicators of identification.  The results of this study showed that among these 27 indicators, 19 are below the theoretical average and in a weak or very weak position, and 8 indicators are above the theoretical average and in a good or very good position. Also, sports venues in shooting places of Tehran is in a poor condition and far from the World Archery and JBRC Governorates. It is hoped that the checklist will be used to evaluate and standardize the sports venues of this field.

The study is to design neuromarketing model in sport of Iran. This study is applied based on research entity; qualitative based on methodology; inductive based on research approach; interpretive based on paradigm, grounded theory based on research strategy, and data collection, including the study of theoretical foundations and interview. Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted until saturation was reached. Acceptability, transfer and approval were used to assess validity and retest method (91/11%) was used to assess reliability. The data analysis was through three coding levels including open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The results showed that 362 final codes were re-extracted and in the axial coding stage, 67 codes in six sub-categories including adherence to new marketing methods, unconscious cognition, customer relationship management, use of various sciences in the market, productivity in production and improvement of business operations in casual conditions. In axial coding, there were 47 codes including six subcomponents; 41 codes including six subcomponents in limiting conditions; 27 codes including six subcomponents in facilitating conditions; 77 codes including eight subcomponents strategy conditions, and 103 outcome codes in ten. The designed model is expected to be used by managers of sports organizations, heads of federations, managers of sports venues and events, managers and marketers of manufacturers of sports products.