فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 37 (پاییز 1400)

One of the essential dimensions of improving the quality and desirability of living spaces is the sense of place, directly related to satisfaction with living space. However, in many buildings, streets, and neighborhoods, the lack of a sense of place is palpable. Because with the beginning of the Pahlavi government and the construction of modern buildings in imitation of Europe, the pace of typomorphological changes at different environmental scales has begun and continued. This article investigates the transformation of Pahlavi houses in Mashhad and introduces and evaluates nine types of residential models.

The present research is a descriptive-analytical study in a survey context. The theoretical model of the research is based on ten main components derived from the dimensions of the sense of place. Then, using the MAUT method, the statistical population was selected. Using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests, the evaluation and ranking of the influential factors on their location were performed. Furthermore, the significance level of the relationship between sense of place and species evolution was measured using the Pearson correlation test.

The results show that residents' sense of place is negatively related to typomorphological changes over time. Neighborhood, building, and street index with impact coefficients of 0.588, 0.383, and 0.310, respectively, influence residents' sense of place.

The proposed solutions derived from connection with nature and social interactions are always fruitful on the sense of place in all types. Also, the research shows that social factors have a more significant impact on housing satisfaction than individual and cultural factors that in environmental planning need to be more careful to meet individuals' personal needs.

Understanding the representation components of the historical buildings in cyberspace and their impact on the mental image of the tourists is a significant fact in tourism recognition and management. A part of this subject is the impact of place representation on the destination image of the tourist. In this research, the destination is traditional accommodations that attract tourists' attention. The current research aims to study the effect of historical buildings' representation in cyberspace on tourists' destination image. This research is one of the first studies in architectural tourism that has made traditional accommodations the subject and destination of tourists.

The content analysis method was applied in this qualitative research. Qualitative research approaches are commonly used when there is little current understanding of a complex phenomenon. Content analysis is one of the many methods used in qualitative research. The main advantages of content analysis are that it is content-sensitive, can be applied in highly flexible research designs, and is used to analyze many types of qualitative data. The participants were 18 domestic tourists and seven foreign tourists who found one of Kashan's traditional accommodations in cyberspace for the first time and selected that as their settlement. Data collection was done via semi-structured interviews and continued until reaching saturation.

Four main categories were obtained from data analysis: 1) architectural representation, 2) representation of the semantic attributes, 3) representation of the activities and events, 4) representation method. The results of this study disclosed that place-based representation and highlighting the representation of physical components define different dimensions of human-environment interaction at semantic levels. Place-based representation plays a vital role in how the monument is presented and the audience understands it. The study has revealed that the representation of the physical features of the environment effectively creates a sense of place and the formation of the desired destination image. The concept of place-based representation pays attention to the effects of buildings, humans, and time on each other. It stresses that the human narrative is not far from the architectural narrative.

T The results of this study can contribute to the experts and tourism managers in improving the content production and marketing of the settlements in cyberspace and architects in the representation of the historical buildings to understand better the tourists' mental image from the traditional accommodations via cyberspace. Therefore, the improvement of architectural tourism knowledge will be provided. Paying attention to the dimensions of the concept of place-based representation as one of the most significant concepts and practical issues in promoting environmental perception and environmental psychology will be effective and can be used to understand the environment in cyberspace better. The meanings and concepts that the person decodes after perceiving the place in cyberspace due to the place-oriented representation are among the factors that create levels of sense of place.

 Studies show that the concept of urban self-organization can pave the way for researchers to achieve actual citizen participation. Despite the importance of this issue, there is a significant cognitive gap in this field in Iran. Due to the contextual nature of urban self-organization, to use this concept in the development of the country's neighborhoods, one must first understand the specific concepts and elements of this phenomenon inside. This study aims to identify the concepts and categories of urban self-organization in the neighborhoods of Sabzevar and investigate the relationship between these concepts and categories. 

 the research uses the multi grounded theory. The existing theoretical texts were reviewed during a round-trip process, and 18 activists of urban self-organization processes in Sabzevar, officials, and experts on urban issues were interviewed. A combination of purposeful judgment methods and snowballs, non-probabilistic methods, has been used to select the statistical population. Adequacy of sampling has also been achieved by the theoretical sampling method. 

 During the research process, 423 initial codes, 68 concepts, and 22 categories were identified. Among the obtained categories, "constant energy flow" was introduced as a core category. "motivating factors", "Structural forces and capacities of the local community", "Transparency and accessibility of information", "Socio-psychological characteristics of key people", "Spatial-social proximity" and "Determination of managers" "Were identified as causal conditions. Strategies resulting from a core category in the model include "negotiations and agreements", "multi-sectoral funding methods", "creating common interests" and "collective learning". On the one hand, in this model, the categories of "technical capacity, knowledge, and awareness of citizens", "capacity of local scientific societies", "capacities and physical assets of the neighborhood", "recognition of self-organized groups" and "independence of Self-organized groups" is introduced as the context conditions. On the other hand, "institutional rules and forces" are the intervening conditions in the mentioned model.

 The flow of communication, interactions, and exchange of ideas, experiences, and information among the various actors of urban self-organization processes, including citizens, key individuals, and Responsible official bodies, form the basis of urban self-organization processes. Therefore, efforts to establish and increase this flow can provide the necessary conditions for forming urban self-organization processes. According to the research findings, structural and legal reforms in urban management processes are inevitable to achieve real and self-organized participation. Changes to multi-level management systems, the development of flexible rules that are adaptable to local conditions, and the elimination of cumbersome administrative procedures are among the most essential measures that should be considered in this regard. Finally, the proposed model promotes functional, semantic, and environmental dimensions and brings "economic achievements" and "social and behavior-oriented interventions".

In each educational system, different factors are placed in interaction to achieve learners' teaching and learning process. Introduction physical characteristics of schools are essential topics in improving the quality of education and learning. Considering these components in design not only to improve the quality of the environment can be helpful, but because of the mental scale of the child, it can affect the mental image of the environment, and it can influence the formation of behavioral concepts such as legibility and attachment to the environment. This study aims to identify and investigate the physical factors affecting children's mental image of educational environments.

Methodology of this study is applied in terms of practical purpose, nature: descriptive-analytical, strategy: survey, research method qualitative and quantitative as mixed. The method of extracting the mental images of children in this study is a "Sketch map" and analysis using the MAXQDA version of version 2020. Also, to rank the exploratory factors, the factor analysis method and SPSS version 22 are used. The study's statistical population is secondary schools in the Rasht city of Rasht, 120 of which were selected from the available sampling.

The results of the first step of the study showed that, through the physical spaces of schools, there is an incredible number in drawing up the physical elements of the school, classes (32 %), yard and field (28 %), and the minimum reference to the school water (8 %).

The physical spaces where students are constantly engaged in school are visible in their mental image of the school. In the second step of the study, four factors, "geometry and space syntax", " open and semi-open spaces "," connecting spaces, "and" signs, "were identified as contributing factors to children's mental images. Among these factors, "geometry and space syntax" had the greatest effect on children's mental images in the studied samples. The effect of "open and semi-open spaces" was evident in children's painting and mental images. "connecting spaces" was another important factor that was sometimes seen in children's mental pictures of their educational environment. Regarding the fourth factor, the "signs" of the school were the most frequent in the painting of children and the shops of schools in most of the paintings. However, the dominant element of children's pictures of the class board and the school steps in schools were only the collection elements of children's painting.

 As an integral part of man's spiritual beliefs, religion has always played an essential role in his life. The relationship between religion and art is such that in most cases, by looking at a work of art and analyzing the visual elements used in it, one can understand the beliefs of the creator of the work or in other words, the work of art is a reflection of an artist's beliefs. The topics and concepts of interest and emphasis of the Shiite religion Important and symbolic events from the Shiite point of view are part of the spatial theme of the religious holy buildings in different periods.

 This research has various study dimensions, so, different research methods are needed, like the Library method, Field method, and comparative-comparative method. The text content interprets through systematic coding and theme-building processes. Finally, the conclusion of the research subject was discussed in detail according to the codes extracted using ATLASti software from existing documents and information collected from decorative designs related to the mosques of Imam and Sheikh Lotfollah in Isfahan.

 All plant motifs are designed according to a basic principle and have their own rules, but the reason for their great variety is the placement of petals of different sizes and shapes. In some cases, even combining several flowers leads to the creation of a new design.Geometric patterns have been appropriate in the principles of systematic lines. In the case of the qibla wall, its ratio is close to square, as well as the use of one-second ratio to determine the height of the altar and the intersection of one-second diameter and rectangular lines for the upper surface and the division of lateral spaces into two-height frames are common principles.In the field of using hot and cold colors, the designers of the dome of Imam Mosque have generally used a ratio of close to 0.57 (cold to hot), while this amount reaches 0.25 in the dome of Sheikh Lotfollah. In the art of drawing and writing letters and words in Islam, the focus is on the vertical direction because it refers to the higher world and the oneness of God. In the art of architecture, this category has received special attention. Meanwhile, the letters "A" and "Lam", which symbolically refer to God and His greatness, are more prominent as an indicator of visual movement.

 An important and prominent feature of Shiite art is Shiite religious themes and symbols in works of art. During the Safavid period, the formalization of the Shiite religion allowed Shiite architects to propagate their ideas more freely and reveal the Shiite worldview by creating religious spaces. It is the spirit and nature of Shiism.

 In this regard, one of the priorities of urban planning is improving citizen security. According to fast urbanism development, one of the managers and urban planners' concerns is increasing citizen sense. Sometimes physical proceedings such as protection, guarding, control are planned in urban spaces to achieve and intensification urban security, whereas increasing citizens' security sense is more important in terms of using physical-spatial planning tools. The research target is to Survey the Impact of physical- physical-spatial planning tools.

 spatial criteria in creating security sense for residents and studying the role of physical-spatial factors in increasing citizen security sense with applied approach and descriptive-analytical method. Case samples have been selected based on physical-spatial features cognition, including Administrative, decayed, and historical zone in three Regions of Tehran metropolitan. In the following, using ten influential physical-spatial factors obtained from experts and researchers' theories in the urban security field, by questionnaire with the validity and reliability of statistical items, level of citizens security in regions 6, 10, and 12 has been monitored and analyzed. In the research process have been used interpretive, survey, field methods, and Vikor method for comparative studies in mentioned areas

 One of the essential physical features of District 6 is its location in the center of Tehran on the one hand and the establishment of the most essential administrative-service uses with trans-regional, urban, and even national functional scale in it on the other hand. District 10 is one of the urban areas of Tehran, which is located in the center of the city, and District 12 is considered one of the old districts of Tehran and has most of the old neighborhoods of Tehran. has taken. Indicate that in region 10, there is the highest security from citizens' view and environmental order role as the most critical criterion. The residents of region 12 feel the least security due to the abandoned spaces.

 Findings from the Shannon entropy method, according to the opinion of experts and specialists in the field of geography and urban planning, urban design, and urban planning, show the sense of belonging to space and attention to open and abandoned spaces with a weight of 0.1768 and 0.1740, respectively. They play spatial-physical and, according to the analysis of the questionnaires completed by the citizens using the Vikor method in District 10, District 6, District 12 of Tehran, respectively, has the highest to the lowest physical-spatial security. Paying attention to the sense of belonging and creating social connections and more presence of residents in public spaces is the most important in creating a sense of security and we should try to create spaces in urban areas with public participation to improve residents' interactions to promote a sense of security in urban areas

 Urban space production is a multifaceted concept that can be considered a set of processes and individual and group human actions such as decision making, participation in urban control and ownership, and participation in the production of physical space. The emphasis of different thinkers reveals the importance of power in creating urban spaces. Today, our urban spaces face many problems due to monopolies, planning for one or more specific groups, lack of participation and expression for space users, and lack of attention to public interests. During the production and reproduction of urban space, several actors each have different powers and influence by accessing different power sources. Abbas-Abad lands of Tehran are one of the valuable areas and have unique potentials. How it is produced, reproduced, and exploited in recent decades by various strata has been thought-provoking. It seems that political trends have changed this valuable space from the ideal "city for all citizens" to the state of "every part of the city has become for a specific class".

 Therefore, this study sought to identify influential actors in Abbas-Abad space production and examine the power relations. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews by snowball sampling method, document review, field observation, and Mic-Mac software was used for analysis.

 The findings of this study show that the government and the government, as two interdependent and sometimes contradictory institutions, have directed and controlled the production of Abbas-Abad space. There is no independent private sector in this process and what is called the private sector. They are affiliated and operate under the control and will of the government and the government. The power relations between the actors in Abbas-Abad are in no way focused on citizens and non-governmental organizations.

The challenges in Abbas-Abad decreased the potential of this ample urban space in reproduction to meet the needs of different segments of citizens. The level of power of each actor in the production of urban spaces is highly dependent on his source of power. Therefore, to balance the power of actors, it is essential to balance their source of power. This issue requires changes and reforms in the structural and functional field in urban space production.

 Land use mixing is one of the essential components of the urban landscape in the sustainable development of urban areas and diversity of land uses. The location of urban land-uses has a significant impact on the quality of life and efficiency of services related to different land uses. Mixed land use enables residential, work, shopping, and public services adjacent to each other and promotes non-motorized transportation modes (public transportation, walking, and cycling) in neighborhoods. Also, it can address energy and transportation problems in urban environments. The purpose of this study is to investigate promoting sustainability via mixed land use.

  In this study, entropy, access, and focal statistics at the scale of urban blocks were calculated and evaluated the land-use mix of Ardabil city using the capability of spatial analysis in the GIS. Also, the degree of correlation between different land-use mixing indices was calculated using the Pearson coefficient, and finally, by calculating the Moran index, the correlation of neighborhoods in terms of urban land use mixing was investigated from a spatial perspective. 

 The results of this study show that user mixing based on focal statistics index is low. According to the index of residential user access to other uses, the distance between the number of domains in Ardabil is not considerable and is balanced. Also, the desired value of the distance is low, and user mixing based on entropy index shows a significant difference in uniformity and weakness in land use distribution.

 The results of this study show that land-use mixing based on the focal statistics index is low, and land-use mixing is based on the index of residential access to other uses. The distance between the number of domains in Ardabil is not considerable and is balanced. However, the desired value of the distance is low, and land-use mixing based on entropy index shows a significant difference in uniformity and weakness in the distribution of land-uses. Based on the linear regression test, the distance from the city center reduces the mixing of land uses.

 Environmental psychology is an empirical science; the foundation of this science is based on research in which hypotheses are tested through empirical observations. Research studies on environmental psychology are modeled on a variety of research questions. Literature review indicates that the need for comprehensive research in the field of introduction and analysis of the leading research plans and methods is felt.

 In the present study, the "research method" used is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection based on analytical-explanatory methodology examines, analyzes, and explains specialized texts of environmental psychology in research methods in the context of library studies.

 The results of the analysis of specialized texts, the three main types of research projects in the field of environmental psychology are described as "experimental (laboratory), semi-experimental (quasi-laboratory) studies, correlation" and comprehensive research methods in environmental psychology, including "questionnaire" research. "Laboratory experiments", "simulated studies", "field studies", and "case studies".

 Since the 1960s, several names have been proposed for the field, including "Environment and Behavior," "Psychology of Nature," and "Psychology of Environmental Protection." The term "architectural psychology" was used in the first conferences on the subject in the mid-1960s. However, those concerned quickly realized that the discipline included questions and answers beyond and into the building. The purpose of various research in environmental psychology is to understand "environmental behaviors" and change them. To do this, the main criteria for measuring these behaviors should be considered according to the developed criteria in measuring environmental behaviors so that practical, methodological, and theoretical applications can be achieved about them. Research findings related to research methods in environmental psychology will play an increasing role in guiding researchers, designers, and managers of natural and artificial environments. Research and Research Criteria Due to the emphasis on knowledge of environmental psychology, it provides the most appropriate ground for reducing the instability of research because it has compensated for the lack of specialized strategies, methods, and measures.

 Sustainable neighborhood development is a perspective that believes that solving the current problems of cities depends on returning to the concept of neighborhood. The neighborhood is the most fundamental unit of urban development, and the minor scale of attention to various aspects of sustainability as an urban unit with greater control over the city and as a good level for testing new ideas and ways to achieve sustainable urban development has received increasing attention. However, no extensive studies have been conducted on this concept on a micro-scale, and its implementation and quantifying the relationships between the various components of sustainability is also an important issue that has been neglected. 

 The present study aims to assess the impact of physical - spatial, economic, socio-cultural, transportation and communications, environmental, governance - management on the sustainability of neighborhoods in Javadiyeh Neighbourhood District 16 of Tehran sample was formed. Accordingly, after reviewing the literature related to the issue of sustainability, a conceptual model of the research was formed. Then a questionnaire was surveyed from the residents of the study neighborhood. It should be noted that according to the Cochrane formula, the statistical population includes 381 people. In this study, data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling method and Smartpls software. 

 The results showed that the three paths "governance-management →economic → socio-cultural", "governance-management → economic → sustainability of neighborhoods" and "economic → socio-cultural → environment" With the coefficients of 4/898, 3/208, and 1/988, respectively, were the essential paths influencing citizens' perception of sustainability of neighborhoods and in general, the governance-management component was recognized as the most effective component in determining the sustainability of neighborhoods.

 To improve sustainability in different areas, we can emphasize the need to use a strategic plan for sustainable urban development in which special attention is paid to the impact of different components of sustainability on each other.