مجله زیست شناسی جانوری
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پاییز 1400)

Epilepsy is the most common disorders of the nervous system. The side effects of some drugs and their resistance to them have been considered by plants for identifying drugs with minimal side effects. This study investigated the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of E. campestre on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in male mice. In the present experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing 25-30 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8): saline, three epileptic groups treated with doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of E. campestre extract and positive control group treated with 1 mg/kg diazepam. In order to create a model of epilepsy, Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was injected with dose of 85 mg/kg. The effect of different doses of extract and drug on the severity of seizures was evaluated by measuring the duration of different seizure behavioral states in the animal. All prescriptions were given intraperitoneally (ip). The groups treated with different doses of E. campestre extract as well as the diazepam treated group showed a significant increase in delayed onset of seizure, tonic duration, clonic duration, and tonic-clonic duration, and length Seizure time and survival rate were significantly higher in the saline group. The results of this study showed that E. campestre extract increase delayed onset of seizure and reduced mortality due to seizure in mice.

Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant cancers worldwide, which due to the difficulty of early diagnosis, most affected people die within a year after diagnosis. Non-coding RNAs are a group of RNAs acting as post-transcriptional regulators and can play an essential role in cancer diagnosis. This study was aimed at investigating the expression level of miR-1193 in glioblastoma multiform and normal tissue samples and their correlation with the grade, age, and sex parameters. In this study, the expression level of miR-1193 was quantified in 50 glioblastoma multiform tissues (at different stages of disease), and 50 normal ones using the Real-Time PCR technique. GraphPad Prism 8 software was used for statistical analysis. The results of this study revealed down-regulation of the miR-1193 glioblastoma multiform samples compared to normal ones. The expression of miR-1193 was not significantly correlated with grade, age, and sex parameters. Finally, increased expression of miR-1193 could play an essential role in glioblastoma multiform. Moreover, according to Roc curve analysis and determining the cut-off value for this biomarker, it was found that the off-cut value was equal to 5.141 for miR-1193, which can detect patients with specificity of 1 and sensitivity of 0.78. However, due to its relatively low sensitivity, more research should be conducted.

Obesity is one of the causes of cardiovascular disease and exercise can play a role in modulating this risk. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the effect of 12 weeks of circuit resistance training with three different intensities of equal volume on some hemodynamic factors on obese men. Forty four obese men aged 23 to 33 years (BMI≥30, (WHtR)> 0.5) in four control groups: low-intensity circuit resistance training (40% Rm1), medium (60% Rm1) and high (Rm1) 80% (11 = number in each group) with equal volume. Before and after 12 weeks of resting heart rate training, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pressure product rate were measured. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to examine the intragroup changes using t-test and comparison of groups (P≤0.05). It seems that 12 weeks of circuit resistance training has a positive effect on lowering blood pressure and pressure product rate besides improving indicators related to heart function. High-intensity exercise is likely to have a greater effect on resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and double heart rate.

Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A Reductase inhibitor widely used in lowering cholesterol levels.This study was aimed at assessing the effect of simvastatin on the activity of nitric oxide synthase in the vascular endothelial cell line HUVEC. MTT method was used to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on HUVEC vascular endothelial cell line. The effect of simvastatin on iNOS gene expression in HUVEC vascular endothelial cell line was investigated using real-time PCR technique. The effect of Simvastatin on the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was investigated using grease colorimetry. With increasing Simvastatin concentration, the survival of HUVEC vascular endothelial cells decreased compared to the control group (P≤0.05). In addition, the expression of INOS enzyme gene in the group receiving 55 µl/ml of simvastatin was significantly different and increased compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Simvastatin at concentrations higher than 125 µl/ml simvastatin was not significantly different from the control group. However, at lower concentrations (62, 31, and 16 µl/ml), a significant difference was observed and increased compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Considering the decrease in the level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and its effects on human diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, the use of simvastatin can be helpful in patients exposed to disease due to endothelial nitric oxide dysfunction..

Due to the scarcity of sweet water resources in the aquaculture industry to increase production, quality parameters of growth and reproduction are among the measures a farmer can take. Using diets and magnetizing fish water will result in shorter market weight and lower production cost. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of magnetization with different cell types on the physiology of the effective factors of fish Koi. In this study, the experiment was conducted in four groups and each group with three replications for 90 days using three different strains (0.015, 0.025, and 0.045) and 72 fish of different sexes. During the experimental period of 12 h light and 12 h dark feeding, every 12 h was fed a pellet feed containing 30% protein of 3% fish weight. Repeated effect of magnetic field on water of tanks was performed once every 48 h. No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of cholesterol analysis and repeated weight changes. The sex hormone parameters and liver enzymes and tissues of liver, kidney, and sexual organs were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The hepatic enzymes SGOT and LDH were highest in the control group (0.025 Tesla) and SGPT and ALP in the control group. The cortisol hormone in the group (0.025 Tesla) and progesterone and testosterone in the group (0.015 Tesla) were significantly different from the other groups and the group (0.045 Tesla) had the least amount of parameters. According to the best results of performance given the magnetism and high quality of food in the experimental groups, it can be concluded that due to cell membrane structures and cell tolerance threshold, the highest tissue degradation was observed in group C that received the highest magnetization (0.045 Tesla). It can be concluded that the effect of different fields on the fish body was confirmed by the results of different fields on the physiology of the fishes tested. Determining the most appropriate field intensity for use in the aquaculture industry that can both increase and reduce aquaculture costs and have no detrimental effect on aquatic physiological factors and factors will require further research and testing..

Diabetes increases the risk of central nervous system disorders such as stroke, seizures, dementia, and cognitive impairment. The herniarin has a phenolic compound and it is a powerful antioxidant whose efficacy has been reported in neurodegenerative disorders in recent studies. Moreover, it has been shown that hyperglycemia induces spontaneous oxidation of glucose through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, leading to oxidative stress by stimulating the production of active oxygen and nitrogen components. In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic treated with 150 and 300 mg/kg hernia. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 60 mg/kg. One week after streptozotocin injection, treatment with herniarin at 300 and 150 mg/kg was performed orally for two weeks. Blood glucose was measured after STZ injection by blood sampling from the caudal vein. Lipid peroxidation, thiol levels, and glutathione peroxidase activity were measured as indicators of oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Finally, the data of the groups were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. After induction of diabetes, an increase in lipid peroxidation, a decrease in thiol, and a decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity was observed in the hippocampus of diabetic rats compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Daily doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg Herniarin improved oxidative stress in the brains of diabetic rats. The present study showed that treatment with herniarin significantly reduced oxidative stress in the hippocampus of STZ diabetic rats.

Understanding the evolution of life history requires analyzing the balance between the energy devoted to growth, development, and reproduction activities and how to adjust this balance to maximize lifetime reproductive success. On the other hand, advertisement calls play an essential role in the characteristics of life history, having a direct relationship with the activities of production and finally the success of the reproductive organ. Considering the effective role of environment on characteristics of amphibians, the main purpose of our study was to study the environmental variations of acoustic traits and reproductive investment in male populations of H. savignyi tree frog in central and western Iran. For investigating the production investment, testicular weight, and size along with body weight and length (SVL) traits in all populations of H. savignyi were studied at altitude range of 1000-2117 m. Moreover, for acoustic studies, five standard acoustic traits Call duration (CD), Inter-call interval (IC), Note duration (ND), Inter-note interval (IN), and Number of note per call (N/C) of this species were studied in different populations and temperature ranges. The study of quantitative testicular traits and traits related to body features (SVL and weight) showed a significant negative relationship in testicular weight and size with increasing altitude, while this relationship followed the opposite result for both SVL and weight, indicating a balance between growth and reproductive activities in this species. The results of comparison of advertisement calls showed that H. savignyi calls have a common structure in all populations. Moreover, the effect of temperature on acoustic parameters significantly (P≤0.05) reflected the determining role of temperature on all the studied acoustic characteristics..

Gamma-factor progesterone proliferation activating receptors are a ligand-activated transcription factor playing an important role in lipid metabolism. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of eight weeks of aerobic-resistance training on the expression of gamma progesterone proliferator-activating receptor gene in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting. The research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test. The statistical population included all patients with coronary artery bypass grafting in Mashhad (Iran). Height 1.58 ± 0.03 (m), weight 68.11 ± 5.54 (kg), body mass index (BMI) 27.18 ± 2.47 (2 kg / m2) and disease history 75 8.75 ± 25/20 (month) were formed after coronary artery bypass surgery. According to the inclusion criteria, they were divided into experimental (14) and control (12) groups. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and paired t-test at the significance level of P≥0.05 and SPSS software version 21. The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic-resistance training increased the expression of PPARɣ gene in the combined training group compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Moreover, the results of the correlation test showed that the increase in PPAR gene expression in the combined training group had a significant increase in the post-test compared to the pre-test (P = 0.001), not significant in the control group (p = 0.081). The data of the present study showed that aerobic- resistance training with increasing PPARɣ gene expression could be effective in fat metabolism and related processes in patients with coronary artery bypass grafting.

Considering the role of oxidants in the pathogenesis of this disease, in this study, the effect of pycnogenol as an antioxidant on the improvement of motor function and anxiety behavior in the experimental model of Parkinson’s disease were assessed. Forty male NMRI mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=8 in each group): The control (saline) unilaterally received 3 μl of normal saline solution containing 0.1% ascorbic acid, as a solvent of 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA), into the left strianum. The treatment group received 6-OHDA toxin containing 1% ascorbic acid at a rate of 3 µg/µl in the left striatum and then received the distilled water, as pycnogenol solvent, via gavage for 7 days (the lesion group). The pycnogenol-treated groups received pycnogenol at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg via gavage for 7 days. The animals were stereotaxically operated to inject 6-OHDA toxin into the left striatum. Seven days after induction of Parkinson’s model, apomorphine was intraperitoneally used at dose of 0.5 mg/kg and the number of rotation of the animals was measured to confirm the damage to neurons in the striatum. Besides, the catalepsy or muscle stiffness by the bar test and the anxiety behavior by the plus maze test (EPM) were measured. The total number of rotations in apomorphine test showed a significant decrease in the groups receiving pycnogenol. Moreover, administration of pycnogenol significantly reduced catalepsy in pycnogenol-treated groups. The result of the anxiety behavior test demonstrated that the percentage of open arm time (OAT) and the number of open and close arm entries, as an indicator of the animal’s locomotor activity, significantly increased in the pycnogenol-treated groups. Pycnogenol with its antioxidant effect ameliorates movement deficit and reduces anxiety behavior in animal model of Parkinson’s disease..

In this study, the effect of ovo injection of silver nanoparticles on the immune system response of broilers was studied. In this regard, 560 eggs were randomly divided into four groups with four replications. Experimental groups included: 1) positive control (injection of 1 mL of physiological serum on the seventh day of incubation), 2) negative control (no injection of physiological serum), 3) injection of 20 mg silver nanoparticles, and 4) injection of 40 mg silver nanoparticles per it was an egg. The injection of silver nanoparticles and the control group was performed on day 7 of the incubation period. At the end of the incubation period, the chicks were counted to check the percentage of hatchability and after weighting, they were slaughtered to check the parameters of the immune system. There was a significant difference in hatching percentage in experimental groups (p <0.05) so that the negative control group showed the highest percentage of hatching chickens. Silver nanoparticles improved the growth of chickens during the incubation period (p <0.05) so that the group receiving 20 mg of silver nanoparticles showed the highest body weight. Silver nanoparticles significantly increased the relative weight of liver and spleen (p <0.05). Immunoglobulin G (IgG, M (IgM) concentration, total white blood cell count, and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio did not show significant differences (p >0.05). Hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expression Interleukin (6) (IL-, beta-modifying growth factor (TGF-β)) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) showed significant differences in the experimental groups (p <0.05). The group receiving 20 mg of silver nanoparticles showed the highest level of gene expression. In general, the results of this study showed that ovo injection of silver nanoparticles strengthens the immune system of broilers.

Inflammation is a physiological process begining with tissue damage in the presence of various infectious agents, and men with symptoms of chronic inflammation in their noncancerous prostate tissue are about twice as likely as other men to develop advanced prostate cancer. Considering the importance of inflammatory factors in the invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer cells, we decided to evaluate the effect of the anti-inflammatory drug M2000 on two inflammatory genes involved in the invasion of cancer cells. PC3 cells were first cultured using RPMI medium with 10% FBS and 1% PenStrep. The cells were then treated with M2000 at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml and after 24 hours the expression of il-8 and NF-κB were examined using real-time RT-PCR. NF-κB was assessed using real-time RT-PCR. In this study, NF-κB gene expression decreased in all treatments in RT-PCR. While the il-8 decreases in expression at a concentration of 50 μg/ml. The results of the present study showed that M2000 can reduce the expression of il-8 and NF-κB genes involved in tumorigenesis and invasion of prostate cancer cells, which could pave the way for future studies to better control prostate cancer.

common microbial pathogens with antibiotic resistance in causing respiratory infections in patients admitted to the ICU. Making a vaccine can be one of the effective ways to combat this infection. This study was performed to evaluate the protective effects of PLGA nanoparticles containing detoxified lipopolysaccharide (D-LPS) of Acinetobacter baumannii as a vaccine in mouse lung infection. Müller Hinton Broth culture medium was used for mass propagation of bacteria. Bacterial LPS was extracted by hot water-phenol method and detoxified with 0.2M NaOH. Encapsulation of detoxified LPS in PLGA particles was performed by Double emulsion solvent evaporation (Water/Oil/Water emulsion). The prepared particles were between 150 and 200 nm in diameter with a negative surface charge. Forty Balb/C mice were randomly divided into four groups of 10 (control, PLGA-receiving group, D-LPS-receiving group, and PLGA-D-LPS-receiving group). All groups were vaccinated three times at intervals of 14 days. On day 35, live bacteria were delivered to the groups through the lungs, and after 48 hours, the mice’s lungs were removed for bacteriological and histopathological studies. Culture of homogenized extract of lung tissue showed a significant difference between group 4 and other groups. (P <0.05) Histological study also showed the protective effect of PLGA nanoparticles containing detoxified LPS. This study showed that PLGA particles containing detoxified LPS of Acinetobacter baumannii were successful in stimulating the immune system of mice and could be used as a vaccine..

Right now, one of the most common liver disorders is fatty liver, on the rise in the world today due to the poor lifestyle of those suffering from it. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the active ingredient of Peganum harmala, harmaline, on serum levels of liver index enzymes in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver. In this study, 40 adult male NMRI mice were divided into five groups of 8, including control, HFD, sham (HFD received distilled water, a harmaline solvent.), harmaline receiving 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Harmaline was injected intraperitoneally for four weeks. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lipid profile (cholesterol, LDL, and HDL) were measured to assess liver function. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue were evaluated. Histological studies were performed using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining in liver tissue. Serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, cholesterol, LDL were significantly decreased in the groups treated with harmaline and the levels of antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and SOD were significantly increased in the treated groups. HDL levels increased significantly in harmaline-treated groups. The results indicated the antioxidant properties of harmaline, one of the most important alkaloids of Peganum harmala..

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy with the highest mortality worldwide. LncRNAs play complex roles in the initiation and progression of lung cancer, thereby affecting the prognosis of patients. In this study, the expression changes of CCAT1, CCHE1, ANRIL, BANCR, and PICART1 lncRNAs in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues adjacent to the tumor were investigated and their potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer was evaluated. In order to conduct this case-control study, 30 samples of lung cancer tissue and 30 samples of adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCTs) were collected and after total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression levels of target lncRNAs and β2M reference gene was measured using SYBR Green real-time PCR assay. The statistical analysis of Real-time PCR data showed no significant difference between the expression of these lncRNAs in tumor tissue and normal tissue adjacent to the tumor (P> 0.05). Furthermore, no significant association was observed between the expression level of these lncRNAs and any of the demographic and pathological characteristics of patients (P> 0.05). Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that these lncRNAs play no role in lung cancer in Iranian patients. However, to confirm our results, it is necessary to evaluate the expression of these lncRNAs in a larger number of samples..

The performance of Pacific white shrimp broodstocks is affected by several factors including different environmental conditions, feeding type, size, and the cultivation site. In the present study, two different reproduction systems were used to investigate the reproductive performance of Pacific white shrimp broodstocks: conventional (water exchange) and limited water exchange Female broodstocks having an average weight of 38.6 ± 6.8g were obtained from Chabahar Reproduction Center located in Konarak and experimented in 2000-liter tanks. Two treatments in three replications in a completely randomized design were considered for the current research, including: control group (conventional rearing system) in which 90% of the water was replaced and limited water exchange treatment in which 2 to 3% of the water was exchanged daily. The results of this study showed no significant difference in the growth performance of broodstocks between two cultivation systems (p > 0.05), but the survival rate in the limited water exchange system were measured higher (97.57%). Moreover, the number of eggs in each spawning stage for shrimps under conventional farming system and limited water exchange 47,500 and 60,800 were obtained, respectively, a significant difference (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of shrimp eggs in each spawning stage varied significantly in the conventional system and in the limited water exchange treatment, with 49,300 and 60,800 eggs, respectively (p <0.05). A higher number of eggs converted to nauplius by the limited water exchange system than by the conventional system. In general, this study found that the reproductive performance of Pacific white shrimp broodstocks in the system with limited exchange of water is better than the conventional system.

Cryptosporidium is a small coccidian parasite invaded and replicated within the epithelial cell lining of digestive, respiratory, and conjunctiva organs of vertebrates. Cryptosporidium is an intracellular and exocytoplasmic organism. It has been shown to be an important cause of enterocolitis and self-limited diarrhea in numbers of animals with defect in their immunity system. In this survey, we examined 419 fecal samples including sheep and goats population of Mahabad city, Iran. Forty nine samples of this examined animals (17 samples of sheep and goats are under 1 year old, 11 samples of sheep and goats between 1 and 2 years, 9 samples of sheep and goats between 2 and 3 years, 8 samples between 3 and 4 years old, and 4 samples of sheep and goats are over 4 years) are positive with a view of shedding of oocyst. There was significant statistical relationship between infection rate and sex P<0.05. There was significant statistical relationship between infection rate and age P<0.05. There was significant statistical relationship between infection rate and seasons of the year P<0.05 and there was no significant statistical relationship between sheep population and goat population in Mahabad city (P>0.05).

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most important neurodegenerative diseases occurring after the production of free radicals and inflammatory factors. Geraniol, which is a natural monoterpene, contains antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Geraniol and exercise on memory and learning, SOD activity and MDA serum level, neurogenesis and amyloid plaque count in Alzheimer’s Wistar rats. To create the Alzheimer's disease model, Aβ 1-42 was injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of male rats. Grouping included control (-), control (+), exercise, Alzheimer, Alzheimer + exercise, Alzheimer + Geraniol, and Alzheimer + Geraniol + exercise. The results showed that SOD activity and MDA serum level were significantly increased in the Alzheimer + Geraniol, Alzheimer + exercise, and Alzheimer + Geraniol + exercise groups compared to other groups (P<0.001). In addition, shuttle box behavioral test demonstrated that the entry time to the dark box was notably increased in Alzheimer + Geraniol and Alzheimer + Geraniol + exercise groups compared to Alzheimer and Alzheimer + exercise groups (P<0.001). Moreover, neurogenesis was remarkably increased in Alzheimer + Geraniol and Alzheimer + Geraniol + exercise groups compared to Alzheimer and Alzheimer + exercise groups (P<0.001). Besides, the number of amyloid plaques was decreased Alzheimer + Geraniol and Alzheimer + Geraniol + exercise groups compared to other groups (P<0.001). Based on the results of this study, it seems that this compound along with exercise is notably capable of improving complications in memory, SOD activity, MDA serum level, and neurogenesis as well as amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and accompanied by some abnormalities in pancreatic and hepatic tissue. Previous studies approved some chemicals damaging the pancreatic tissue and disturbing insulin release such as alloxan and streptozocin, besides creating diabetic signs like hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Moreover, its possible natural compounds used traditionally as antioxidant or anti-obesity have antidiabetic effects. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of oral administration of saponin and β-carotene on biochemical, immunological, and histological properties of pancreas related to alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results confirmed hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia imposed by alloxan accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation and controlled by phytochemical treatment. Overall phytochemicals improved inflammation imposed by oxidative stress in alloxan-treated rats and decreased degeneration in pancreatic tissue leading to improved Langerhans islet and causing regular and normal release of insulin. Insulin triggers glucose and lipids absorbance and relives lipoprotein profile disruption seen in diabetic rats. By considering similarity between alloxan-induced diabetes in rats and diabetic patients, saponin and β-carotene or related chemically modified compounds could be used in lowering diabetes risk and treatment of patients suffering from diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Gourami is an important freshwater ornamental fish remarkable to fish lovers due to its variety of colors and high compatibility in the aquarium environment as well as its special beauty. The gourami is a member of the order Suffolk and is a suborder of labyrinthine fish. It is an herbivorous fish, but in artificial aquarium conditions, it also eats live foods such as Artemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using estradiol on reproductive characteristics of golden gourami fish. This experiment was aimed at prematurely maturing and producing more fish in a shorter time and at a lower cost in ornamental fish breeding workshops. In this study, 150 golden gourami fish in five groups of 10 (including one control group and four treatment groups, each with three replications) were studied for two months with diets containing different concentrations of estradiol (5.5. 0, 1, 1.5, 2 mg/kg dry diet). Biometrics of samples including standard length and total weight were performed every two weeks and fish reproduction indices were calculated at the end of the period. The results showed that the higher the dose of estradiol, the higher the reproductive index. Since one of the goals of experts is to increase the fertility of fish, according to the results of this study, the use of estradiol is recommended to improve the growth status of fish.

Increased oxidative stress causes neuronal damage and incidence of chronic pains in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of endurance exercises in positive (PST) and negative (NST) slope with royal jelly (RJ) on the hippocampal concentration of protein-carbonyl (PC) and pain tolerance threshold (PT) of Alzheimer’s rats with trimethyltin (TMT). In this experimental study, 49 Alzheimer’s rats with intraperitoneal injection of 8 mg/kg neurotoxin TMT were randomly divided into seven groups :(1) AD, (2) sham (normal saline) (Sh), (3) PST, (4) NST, (5) PST + RJ, (6) NST + RJ, and (7) RJ. To investigate the effect of Alzheimer’s disease on research variables, seven rats were included in the healthy control group (C). PST (with the speed of 16 m/min at positive slope (+15%)) and NST (with the speed of 16 m/min at negative slope (-15%)) interventions were carried out for eight weeks, five sessions per week and 60 minutes per session. RJ (dissolved in normal saline) was intraperitoneally consumed for eight weeks at 100 mg/kg /day. One-way ANOVA test along with Tukey post-hoc test were used in SPSS 22 software to investigate the intergroup difference (P ≤0.05). NST caused to decrease hippocampal level of PC (P = 0.001) and PT, as well as PST caused to decrease PT (P = 0.001). NST + RJ caused to decrease the hippocampal levels of PC (P = 0.001) and PT (P = 0.001) in rats with Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, PT significantly reduced in the PST + RJ group (P = 0.001). PC hippocampal levels in the NST + RJ group were lower than in the PST + RJ group (P = 0.001). It seems that NST alone and with RJ have analgesic (anti-pain) and oxidative stress reduce effects. Although the interaction of PST and RJ had analgesic effects, the need of more studies on oxidative stress reducing effects is felt following PST and RJ consumption.