مجله تاریخ ایران
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 88، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Addressing grievances in order to establish justice in society was one of the most important tasks of governments in many parts of the world, including Iran. Since the government was in charge of dealing with grievances and the most important feature of Safavid Iran was the strengthening of the government by all possible means, this study intends to take a descriptive-analytical approach based on historical methods and use of resources Libraries and documents, to answer the question, what was the process of dealing with grievances in Safavid Iran and what changes took place during the life of this government? The answer to this question is directly related to the establishment and gradual consolidation of this government. It seems that the treatment of grievances in the Safavid era was initially small, fragmented and less structured due to the general instability of the government structure. In the period of Shah Abbas I, this institution took the path of consolidation and in the period of his successors, it was stabilized in a way and crystallized in the form of " Divan-e Edalatbonyan".

Political marriage was a prudential connection between ruling families and was regarded as an effective method to achieve important governmental goals. This type of marriage became more popular from the fourth century AH onwards, simultaneously with the formation and development of semi-independent governments in Iran. Needed to establish the peaceful relations and to take advantage of the opportunities ahead, the rulers used them to solve the complex and political equations. About the role of political marriages in regulating the relations of governments from the 4th to the 7th century AH, so far has not been conducted any coherent and thematic research, especially based on public histories. The Findings of this research show that some of the Abbasid caliphs, the semi-independent governments of Al-Buwayhids ,Ghaznawids, Seljuks, Qarakhanids and some local governments have benefited the most from it. The results show that governments usually established marital ties to maintain position, confronting the enemy, deepening the friendship, the peace and security, expanding the territory, and rarely threatening and humiliating. The main function of these marriages was to facilitate, guarantee and complete the agreements and sometimes was the only solution of it. The present article will explain the evidences of political marriage in regulation of the relations of governments with a descriptive-analytical method.

Georgia was a Christian land that was of special interest to the kings of this dynasty during the Safavid period. Most of the Safavid attacks on Georgia took place during the reign of Shah Tahmasb, which were carried out to achieve the two goals of jihad in the way of God and gaining booty. The type and manner of reflection of these attacks in Safavid historiography is a topic that this study seeks to address. The presupposition of the research is based on the fact that due to the religious nature of the Safavid rule and in general the religious worldview prevailing in that period, historiography in that period is also subject to the conditions and Shah Tahmaseb's attacks on Georgia as O religious narrated. The present study has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on the method of collecting information from historical sources.Findings show that Safavid historians have followed two methods in narrating the attacks of Shah Tahmaseb on Georgia: First; To magnify Shah Tahmaseb's successes was to turn to the use of epic expressions in the narrative of Tahmaseb's attacks on Georgia. Second; Justification for the killings and looting that took place in these attacks, using arguments such as: - Introducing the Georgians as polytheists and infidels, whose killing and looting was naturally legitimate in such a situation - Defending the Safavid king from the borders of Islam and Promoting Islam, which is the duty of every Muslim ruler - destiny in the sense that

Analysis of the roots of Manichaean Beliefs, one of obscure and archaic religion, is the one of most important topics that has always been studied by scholars of religion. In fact, on the one hand, Major Part of the ambiguity in the nature and origin of aspects of the Manichaean religion was due to the lack of Primary documents and Resources of this religion that with the discovery of numerous Primary Resources of Manichaean texts from different parts of the world opened new fenestra on ambiguous aspects of this religion and revealed unique aspect of human thought. on the other hand, the ambiguity and complexity of Manichaean myths due to the combined nature of this religion prevented the understand of the nature and roots of this religion. One of the most ambiguous aspects of this cult was the roots of the eschatological beliefs which in this subject much research had been done but its ambiguous dimensions were still unknown. This research with an analytical and descriptive approach based on Primary Resources concludes that the eschatological beliefs of the Manichaean religion are influenced and formed by the ideas of Iranian, gnostic beliefs. In fact, Mani's intellectual themes in constructing the eschatological beliefs of his religion have been inspired by his intellectual growing among the Gnostic and Iranian Cults.

The national railway of Iran was built during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi. The launch of this huge project brought with it consequences; Part of these consequences is related to the presence of engineers, carpenters and foreign buildings for many years, and the other part is the result of the formation and operation of railway organizations. During the construction of the railway, several hundred engineers, builders, carpenters, etc. came to Iran from Europe and lived in Iran for several years. The remains of the church, the workers 'mausoleum, the telephone exchange and the engineers' residence building are part of the legacy of the founding of the railroad, in which European footprints can be seen. On the other hand, the changes that the construction of the railway made in the population and residential centers of northern Iran and caused the formation of cities and settlements. In addition, part of the railway structure, such as the Versailles Bridge, the Three Gold Lines and the Gaduk Tunnel, are so unique that today they can be considered as historical monuments. The purpose of this study is to look at the deteriorating condition of historical monuments left by the national railway of Iran. The method of this research is library reviews, archival documents, press reports and oral history. The research question is what are the remnants of the construction of the national railway of Iran that have heritage and historical value and what is their current situation.

From the second half of the nineteenth century, Iranians' awareness of the United States and its developments in various fields expanded. This awareness was the result of news and information that was mostly published in the press inside and outside the country. One of the fields that attracted the attention of the Qajar press was the American agricultural economy and its emulation with the aim of compensating for Iran's backwardness in this field. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method, relying on the press and unpublished documents, to explain the reasons for the Qajar press to pay attention to the American agricultural economy and answer the question of What was the reaction of the Iranian government to the American agricultural developments and what impact did these developments have on the Iranian economy? The research findings indicate that the rapid development of American agriculture was the basis of Iranian progressives' attention to this important field. The present study also shows that the Qajar rulers sought to emulate the changes made in the agricultural structure of that countryIn this regard, concluding agreements with the United States for the development of Iran's agriculture, sending students to that country to study agriculture and welfare, as well as hiring specialists and advisers, importing agricultural tools and machinery, and various seeds and plants from that country, Actions were taken.

The pishkari or pishkar post found its roots in the early Iranian bureaucracy. It was revived in the Qajar era and acquired, at least in certain periods, an important and efficient position in the Iranian administrative structure. We know that the Qajar organized a vast bureaucracy as well as reviving inveterate administrative posts and jobs. And as necessary, they also created new jobs. Due to the structure of the central bureaucracy system in Tehran, it was formed large and small administrative offices in different states and provinces.After Tehran, the most important and most extensive administrative and bureaucratic organizations among the states and provinces of the Qajar era, emerged in Darolsaltaneh of Tabriz. The pishkari was one of the premier positions of the Qajar bureaucracy in Tabriz that sometimes confronted the Crown Prince’s authority and other posts. The officiates of this post have been regarded as Qajar’s political and military authority figures. This article, in addition to the genealogical and historical tracing studies of the pishkari post at the bureaucratic system of Azerbaijan during the Qajar period; with the help of reliable sources, based on the descriptive-explanatory theory, has a look at the state and alterations of this important post and the administrative duties of it.

The aim of AJĀʾEB AL-MAḴLŪQĀT(The marvels of created things)written in Fourth to eighth centuries has been cosmology and showing the power of God in the creation of the world. There are two types of cosmology in AJĀʾEB AL-MAḴLŪQĀT; philosophical and mythological. Existence of the magical powers in the world is the basis of mythological cosmology. Astrological recognition related to mythological cosmology believes in magical powers in celestial bodies.the main question of this article is that how the astrological beliefs affect the formation of the mythological cosmology.In this study the historical method has been used to describe and analyze the data.The evidence of this article shows that according to AJĀʾEB AL-MAḴLŪQĀT the effects of the stars on shaping people's life events under the GOD's will is something acceptableIn this study the historical method has been used to describe and analyze the data.the main question of this article is that how the astrological beliefs affect the formation of the mythological cosmology.

Vosough od-Dowleh was a pro-constitutionalist and one of the figures who, perplexed by Constitutionalism's failure, considered it effective to establish an active/powerful government in order to deal with Iran's chaotic situation at that time. Many find his tendency towards relationships with Russia and Britain, as well as his conclusion of the 1919 Agreement as black marks that hide his constitutionalist deeds and defame him as a traitor. This study aims to investigate .He views on and actions for the establishment of Constitutionalism and an active government based on his record. He is one of the figures who made corrective suggestions for the constitutionalists' modus operandi for the establishment of a powerful government or, in his own words, an active government. Conducted as secondary historical research, the present study looked at the reformist ideas of him to analyze his work towards enabling a constitutional system and an active government. The study found that Vossug ed-Dowleh, seeing the chaotic and intertwined consequences of early Iranian constitutionalism, worked to realize the movement’s goals by not only stopping the interference of the public and political parties in the affairs of the constitutionalists, but also by seeking to expand the scope of the constitutional government’s authority. He also sought to bring about a localized brand of constitutionalist change in Iran that did not necessarily follow European ways of progress. Finally, he found it acceptable for Iran to rely on a developed foreign power to restore the authority of the central government and resolve domestic issues.

Eldiguzids (541-622 A.H /1146-1225 A.G) was one of the local Atabegs governments in Seljuk period which played an important role in political changes of Iraqi Seljuk in its late decades. This local government was an obedient of Iraqi Seljuk had some narrow relationship with Iraqi Seljuk (541-556 A.H /1146-1160 A.G). This government managed to give sultanate to the prince who was under its supervision in 556 A.H/ 1160 A.G. This period continued until collapse of Iraqi Seljuk in 590 A.H/ 1194 while Eldiguzids governed as Atabegs Sultan and their relationship with central government became more important and gradually increased. The present study with its historical method tends to identify the effective factors behind such a relationship. The findings show that the factors such as protection of Eldiguzids from Seljuk, Abbasids Caliphate, the interventionist and expansionist strategy of Khwarazmian, invasions Georgian to Aran and Azerbaijan and the increasing greeds of Eldiguzids and their attempts to seize the Seljuk monarchy led to the formation of relations between Iraqi Seljuk and Eldiguzids. These factors, in accordance with their nature and the general atmosphere of the relationship between Iraqi Seljuk and Eldiguzids in two periods have caused changes in these relations from the stage of friendship to enmity.

In the historical documents of the Qajar period and some of the new researches, there is a fleeting news about the aggressive actions of the Ottoman government regarding the port of Khorramshahr and the Iranian islands southwest of Khuzestan. However, there is no coherent narrative about the factors and how this is done. This article seeks to explain this issue with a historical approach and by describing and analyzing the sources and documents of the Qajar period, in the form of the narrative of the Ottoman "strategic expansionist policy". The findings of this study are as follows: First, the strategic location of Khorramshahr and the islands of the region allowed the Ottoman rivals to dominate Basra, Mesopotamia, and the trade and military routes leading to the crucial Persian Gulf waterway, which was sensitive and threatening for this government. Second, the possible domination of the fertile areas of Khorramshahr and Abadan could have yielded considerable wealth from the sale of agricultural products and tax revenues to the Ottoman government and the pasha of Baghdad. Third, the entanglement of the political, social, and economic geography of the Khorramshahr region with the Basra and Baghdad basins had increased the security sensitivities and economic importance of this important region for the Ottoman government. Hence, the Ottoman government pursued a policy of expansionism, using opaque treaties and not definitively defining the boundaries between them; The changes that the Arvand River brought to the borders, and the intertwined political, social, and economic geography of these areas with the Mesopotamian region, led to repeated occupations in these areas; And during the negotiations with the Qajar government, he insisted on his totalitarian claims. However, due to the correct politicking of the diplomats of the Qajar government, it failed to achieve its goals.

Prior to land reform in 1962, Kadkhoda played a pivotal role in rural management after the owner. Although Kadkhodai is a structure in rural society, since the Pahlavi period and the formation of the modern government in Iran, changes in the duties, structure and function of Kadkhoda's position have been made as the government seeks to influence rural society. The purpose of this article is to explain the function of Kadkhoda position with the approach of natural crisis management in the villages of Isfahan province in the Pahlavi period.The main question of the research is Kadkhoda's action in dealing with natural crises in the villages of Isfahan province. What was the Pahlavi period like? The study is descriptive and analytical and is based on collecting information from library and documentary sources. The findings show that throughout the Pahlavi period, the Kadkhodas did not have an active, effective and positive function in managing natural crises. In addition, factors such as lack of scientific knowledge, expertise, succumbing to natural disasters, lack of decision-making power and initiative due to the.