Iranian Journal of Comparative Education
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Summer 2021

Due to the vital role of entrepreneurship, many efforts have been made to improve and promote it, the most important of which is the provision of entrepreneurship education programs in universities and educational institutions in different countries of the world. By studying the experiences of other countries, a proposed model for entrepreneurship education in Iran can be reached. The purpose of this research was to study of entrepreneurship education in higher education in selected countries comparatively. The research questions edited to considering types entrepreneurship education in terms of location, structure and trainers of entrepreneurship education. The method of the present study was a qualitative adaptation based on the use of a four-stage Bereday’s approach. The statistical population included different countries of the world and statistical sample consisted of several countries such as United States, Germany, Netherland, Philippine & Australia that were selected through purposive sampling. The method of data collection was documented and the validity of documents was assessed through internal evaluation (content accuracy) and external evaluation (document accuracy). Qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that entrepreneurship education in all five countries studied is done more in the educational environment than in the workplace. In terms of types of educators (field specialists, entrepreneurship specialists and in combination), the highest similarity was between the United States, Philippine and Germany, and the Netherland and Australia were different from the other three countries. In terms of structure (single course, course and certification), the similarities were more in the form of single course and course. According to the findings, the appropriate model of entrepreneurship education in higher education in Iran can be used as a model for compiling courses (in the form of discipline, orientation, interdisciplinary and integrated) in all educational fields (Humanities, Engineering, Basic Sciences, Art and Medicine) or be formulated as an entrepreneurial university.

The purpose of study was to analyze the discourse-ideology of the State of War (with a traditional left orientation) and State of Reform (with a modern left orientation) in order to represent their discourses through the educational system of Iran. Research method was qualitatively comparative using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method for describing, interpreting and explaining the nature and discourse aspects of education in both States. Findings reveal that both States have tried to control, monitor and intervening Iran’s educational system through influencing the law-making process as well as producing and modifying the content of school textbooks to change the cultural-educational discourse and represent the dominant discourse. Research findings indicated that in the value system of both discourses, Islamic ideology has had a high position. Also, religious modernism, school-oriented approach and fostering of democratic citizens in the modern left discourse and traditionalism, centralism and training of committed and revolutionary citizens in the traditional left discourse are the main differences between these two States in the Iran’s education system.

Due to the shortage of manpower, many non-governmental schools in Iran have been forced to enter into educational contracts with various individuals - as temporary workers. While contracts are mostly short-lived, many employers take advantage of employees' effective and creative unilateral will by setting imposed terms. Given the importance of this issue from a legal perspective, the purpose of study is a comparative study of educational contracts with regard to the role of effective and creative unilateral will of one of the parties to the contract in the legal system of Iran and France. The method of the present study is qualitatively comparative and the documentary method was used to collect data. Findings show that in both legal systems, the creative and effective will of the parties to the contract is acceptable. Also, in France, this will is subject to the contract and consent, while in Iran, the contract is sufficient for a judge to vote. Another finding of the research reveals that when there is a dispute between the parties to the contract, in both countries, the main emphasis of the judge is to make a decision to refer to the inner will of the individual. However, in France, the obligor has the right to cancel unilateral obligations based on his creative and effective will during the term of the contract, while in the Iran’s legal system this is not possible. According these findings, it seems that the Iran legal system mainly votes in favor of educational employers. Therefore, it is suggested that the Iranian legislators - according to the economic conditions of the society and experiences of the French legal system - to amend the laws related to unilateral obligations in relationship between the employer and the educational staff.

Bergson and Tabataba'i are among the philosophers who have paid more attention to ethics. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the convergence and non-convergence of their views about ethics philosophical foundations. The research is qualitatively comparative with inferential approach using Bereday’s method for analysis of data. The findings show that both philosophers are similar in their belief in God, but Bergson sees God constantly changing and evolving whereas Tabataba'i considers it pure of any change. Also in philosophical foundations, the emphasis of both philosophers is on intuition, will, freedom, and a transformational view about world and human. In addition, Bergson emphasizes on authority and continuity in ethics, but Tabataba'i view it based on innate nature. In terms of educational goals, principles and methods, both philosophers emphasize adherence to moral values, reason and individual ethics along with social ethics and internalization of values. Bergson considers the ultimate goal of education to be the development of rational-intuitive human beings, while from Tabataba'i viewpoint the main goal of education to be the realization of human welfare and nearness to God. Study of the views of the two philosophers can comparatively contain clear implications for the philosophical foundations of ethics in the educational system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to the findings, it is suggested that the views of non-Muslim philosophers such as Bergson be considered by policymakers in the upstream documents of the Iran educational system.

The French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre may have inadvertently bridged the gap between the philosophy of literature and education to show Existentialism does not follow the insipid method of other philosophical schools in presenting its basic ideas and concepts. The social consequences of World War II and the expectations of the young generation after the war in Europe also paved the way for the entry of the philosophical views of existentialist philosophers into literature and education. On the other hand, authors became interested in philosophical topics and subconsciously incorporated them into their stories. In the meantime, the educational implications of existentialist ideas drew the attention of educational philosophers to both the fields of philosophy and literature. Accordingly, the aim of the present researcher is to study and compare the concept of existence in the works of the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the American writer Ernest Hemingway with emphasis on the educational views of the school of existentialism. The method of the present study is a qualitatively comparative with the philosophical approach. The research population includes all the works of two selected authors along with books, articles and related works. The research sample was purposefully selected and the data analysis method is thematic content analysis. The research findings show that there are similarities between Sartre and Hemingway's works in terms of attention to issues such as the concept of existence, choice and responsibility, human freedom, and mental illnesses like anxiety and depression. The findings also show that from an educational perspective, Sartre's view is based on pessimism and Hemingway's view is based on optimism.

Many organizations face the challenge of having employees with low sense of job belonging. The aim of this study was to compare employee’s belongingness models with emphasis on human resources in Iranian organizations. The method of research is qualitative comparative using content-oriented analysis approach. The statistical population includes all models of employee’s job belonging using purposeful sampling method for selection of samples. The method of data collection is documentary and method of data analysis was deductive content analysis. Findings show that the highest degree of similarity among employee’s job belongingness models is on emotional belonging, work quality, possibility of progressiveness and reward and benefits components. Also, out of the 14 selected models, about one third emphasize on role of effective leadership, customer orientation, and productivity dimensions to increase employee’s job belonging. Another finding of the study is lack of attention of all models to the role of components such as social and organizational cultures. According to the research findings, it is suggested to human resources policymakers in governmental and non-governmental organizations of Iran to pay more attention to components such as role of social culture and organizational culture to design a new model for their organizations.

Despite the importance of cooperative learning in university classrooms, few studies have been conducted as a comparative form in terms of field of study and gender. Therefore, the present study seeks to study the perception of students of Educational sciences and Counselling from cooperative learning in university classrooms in terms of disciplines and gender. In this study two classes in the field of Educational sciences and Counseling at the University of Tehran were selected. Qualitative data were collected through unstructured interviews and data were analysed using Atlas-ti Software. The analysis of students’ descriptions of implementing cooperative learning in classroom environment showed four categories including quality of learning, life skills, classroom environment, and opportunities for improvement. Findings indicated that female students paid more attention to the quality of learning and male students paid more attention to opportunities for improvement. However, the percentage of participants' attention to the quality of learning in the cooperative learning class was more than the other three categories. University instructors can turn challenges into an opportunity to improvement by proper implementation of cooperative learning in university classrooms. Also Counselling students paid more attention to opportunities for improvement than Educational sciences students.  Findings of this study have important applications in improving the quality of teaching methods of faculty members. The results, while encouraging instructors to learn more about cooperative learning, provide new insights for them about students' interests and concerns. The findings of the study encourage faculty members to turn the challenges into an opportunity for their teaching improvemen

Proponents of educational jurisprudence in Iran believe that the principles of jurisprudence can be used in various fields of educational sciences, including the process of childbirth. One of the new scientific phenomena and development is the birth of a simulated child and the explanation of behavioral and educational dimensions and challenges of this method of birth. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the perspectives of educational jurists and international law regarding the simulated child. The research method is a comparative qualitative using systematic review approach. The research population included all studies that were published in the period 2000-2020. Boolean strategy was used to select the research sample and systematic review method - Kitchenham & Charters approach - was used for data analysis. The first research finding reveals that there is a difference between the opinions of the two groups in eight components and similarities in five dimensions. The unpredictable consequences of human simulation, threat to the family system, attention to the rights of the simulated child, and the preference of therapeutic simulation over productive simulation form the common denominator of educational jurists with the laws of international organizations. Dimensions such as the ideological basis of human status, the origin of the right to human health, the ideological basis of human consent to participate in the simulation process or the religion of the simulated person are mainly indicative of theoretical differences between the two groups. The research findings also indicated that educational jurists in Iran are more controversial than the international community on issues such as attention to the role of parents, relationship with Mahrams or Non-mahrams, and the rights of the child simulated in terms of custody, inheritance and blood money. It seems that educational systems same as religious and legal systems, must inevitably prepare themselves for the reception of simulated children in educational settings.

Taqiyyah means expressing or concealing one's belief and action against one's heart to avoid religious or worldly harm is one of the jurisprudential issues that has educational consequences. The purpose of this study is to investigate Taqiyyah as a behavioral method in Islamic education by applying the pros and cons from both jurisprudential and educational aspects. The method of the present study is a qualitatively comparative with an analytical-inferential approach. Researchers have used the library method to collect data, including the study of primary and secondary sources. To analyze the data, the qualitative analysis method was used based on data recording and categorization of the "subject" unit. Findings of research in the field of jurisprudence show that Shiite jurists were mainly in favor of Taqiyyah and Sunni scholars were against it. From the educational point of view, Taqiyyah means positive in the sense of self-control and tolerance with people whose beliefs are not in line with one's beliefs. The main similarity between the proponents and opponents of Taqiyyah is the recourse of both groups to the verses of the Qur'an and the behavior of the Prophet Mohammad and his companions through the presentation of different interpretations. Another finding of the research shows that according to the proponents, in many matters of life, it is not necessary to refer to Taqiyyah and it cannot be referred to as a permanent behavioral principle. According to the opponents of Taqiyyah, in the contemporary world and due to the new developments based on the prevalence of legal mechanisms in society, resorting to Taqiyyah is not necessary. The similarity between the two groups of proponents and opponents of Taqiyyah is the attention to positive developments such as civil rights and negative developments such as the increase of religious extremism to accept or reject Taqiyyah.

Private and semi-public universities in Iran have faced several challenges in recent years. The purpose of study was to identify the factors affecting financial crisis in non-governmental universities and to develop a strategy to deal with it with emphasis on the situation of the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. The method of study was exploratory mixed method and data collection tools in the qualitative part was semi-structured interview and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population for the qualitative section included the president, vice chancellors and staff managers of the university (as an expert group) who were selected by targeted sampling method (12 people). In the quantitative part of the research, 350 faculty members and university students were selected through relative stratified sampling. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis tests were used for data analysis and causal diagrams for formulating strategy. The findings of the research based on two scenarios of “confrontation strategy" showed that if the retirement rate of university staff increased, the upward trend of university expenses will stop and then decrease. Also, by increasing the research budget, it is possible to improve university ranking and student enrollment rate. According to the findings, planners of private and non-governmental universities are recommended to increase the retirement rate of employees in a short period of time (5 years). It is also recommended to increase the relationship between the university and industry and commerce to increase research income.