Journal of Chemical Health Risks
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Summer 2021

Celiac disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory disorder, is triggered by the ingestion of gluten peptide. Wheat gluten contains gliadins and glutenins fractions, where gliadin peptides are the main cause of CD and nonceliac gluten sensitivity development. Keeping a strictgluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for CD. In recent years, lactic acid bacterial and fungal prolyl endopeptidases (PEP) have been proposed as the sources of proteolytic enzymes for the complete elimination of gluten peptides, and have also proved as a potential common therapeutic agent for CD treatment. Considering these indications, a special focus was devoted to AN-PEP-secreted PEP. Herein, we review the proteolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms, especially by the fungal strain, Aspergillus niger (AN), and discuss its beneficial properties against toxic effects of α-gliadin digestion in affected patients. The present review reveals the importance of proteolytic proteases in industrial applications; from an economic perspective, AN-PEP protease is an appropriate choice for making high-quality gluten-free products.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women with the highest mortality rate in women. Oxidative stress characteristics play a large role in the risk factor of tumors. In this study, we measure the oxidative stress indices of malondialdehyde(MDA), Total antioxidant capacity(TAC) in women with breast cancer compared to healthy subjects.This case-control study was performed on 30 women with a definitive diagnosis of breast cancer and 30 healthy women. The subjects were matched in terms of age and sex and then blood samples were taken from them and collected in vials EDTA .Oxidative stress was measured by spectrophotometry. MDA level was significantly higher in cases (2.48± 0.73 ) compared to controls (1.4± 0.63 (. In contrast, there were lower TAC levels in cases compared to controls and was statistically significant . The data showed  that higher MDA levels in BC patients than in the control group. The results suggest that increased serum MDA and decreased TCA activity may be due to oxidative stress, which may play an important role in BC formation.

Prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia by granulocyte stimulatory factors (GCSFs) has a significant effect on reducing the complications of chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare effects of filgrastim and pegfilgrastim (two types of GCSFs) for neutropenia prevention in children with malignancies. This crossover study was carried out in children who were admitted to oncology ward of Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups each with 30 participants. Filgrastim (group A), pegfilgrastim (group B) were injected subcutaneously 10 µg/kg/day and 100 µg/kg as a single dose, respectively and patients in group C had no medical treatment. Washout period was 30 days. Cell blood were checked at beginning and at 3, 7, 14 days of the treatment. The mean age in group A was 6.4 ±3.5 years, the group B was 6.4 ± 3.5 and the group C was 6.2 ± 1.8. The mean Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) was similar in all three groups prior to chemotherapy. After receiving the last dose of chemotherapy, the mean ANC was not significantly different in 3 groups (p = 0.217), and only 2 cases of mild neutropenia were seen in group B. On the 14th day, the ratio of neutropenia was different in 3 groups, and this difference was significant (p = 0.000) but there was no significant difference between the ratio of neutropenia in group A and group B. (p = 0.524). 20% of cases in group C and then 16.7% in group B were treated due to delayed neutropenia and this difference was significant (p = 0.026). Pegfligrastim was associated with better clinical response and fewer side effects as compared to filgrastim in children with solid tumors. Due to efficacy and acceptable safety profile, pegfligrastim can be a better choice. There was no significant difference between the costs of the three groups (0.064)

Zinc is one of the main and essential elements in pregnancy that its deficiency in this period causes disorders of the maternal and fetal immune system and disorders of the metabolic systems in pregnant women, and its deficiency is often observed in pregnant women. In this study, the effect on pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GDM) compared to pregnant women without gestational diabetes (NGT) will be discussed.

In this study, fresh blood samples were taken from 50 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 50 pregnant women without gestational diabetes. Blood samples were taken from both groups in the third trimester of pregnancy and then the obtained values were analyzed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for Plasma zinc level (FAAS). Zinc levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes were higher in comparison with pregnant women with non-gestational diabetes (93.4±77.57µmol/dl vs 66.35±53.74 µmol/dl).

This study showed  No significant differences between GDM and NGTwomen in the serum zinc levels.

The study attempts at examining the impact of controlled food habit and regular physical exercise on type II diabetic hypertensive patients who were on medications for hyperglycemia and hypertension. A cross-sectional study was demonstrated, and 244 participants were selected from Khulna city of Bangladesh to meet the objective of the study. All the biochemical parameters such as blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were taken from the blood test reports tested by the hospital. Among all the participants 46.7% were male, 53.3% were female and 61.1% were from urban community whilst 38.9% were from rural community, 29.92% were on medications with regular physical exercise and restricted diet jointly (M+E+F), 45.90% were dependent only on medications (M) and rest 24.18% were on medications with either regular exercise or food habit (M+E/F) for controlling diabetes. Chi-square and logistic regression analysis were used to portray the necessary associations. Chi-square values show significant association for fasting blood sugar (FBS) (p <0.001), blood sugar 2hr after breakfast (p <0.001), HbA1c (p <0.001), TG (p <0.02), TC (p <0.01) but insignificant for diastolic blood pressure (p=0.522), systolic blood pressure (p=0.598), HDL (p=0.764) and LDL (p=0.213) in respect of regular physical exercise and controlled food habit of the respondents. Logistic regression shows physical exercise and food habit are important determinants to control diabetes. Females are more prone to uncontrolled diabetes. Obesity and with increase in age, diabetes is hard to control. However, uncontrolled diabetes indulges dyslipidemia. This may be concluded from the conducted study that beside medication, regular physical exercise and controlled food habit help to control diabetes.

Antioxidants are substances that are available in various natural food products, which play a vital role in reducing body cell damage caused by free radical formation. An imbalance between antioxidants and free radicals contributes to an oxidative stress in the human body. The electron acceptability of O2 produced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The imbalance equilibrium between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the purification supports a rise in the ROS levels, which is the key cause of disrupted cellular activity. A recent review of excessively mild antioxidants, processes of movement, and their role in many human illnesses.

Diabetes mellitus and obesity are a growing overall medical issues, particularly in developed nations. Vitamin D deficiency is pandemic that has been involved in a different kind of disease. This study was intended to detect the effect of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients through induction of obesity. 80 Egyptians T2DM patients and 20 non diabetic subjects were included in our research. Diabetic cases were categorized into two subgroups according to diabetic complications. PCR-RFLP for vit D receptor polymorphisms and vit D level were assessed to all subjects. The deficiency of vitamin D was more prevalent in diabetic cases than in control cases. There was significant difference between control and diabetic patients in genotyping of FokI (VDR 2228570 C) and TaqI (VDR rs731236 T) polymorphisms. The results of our study revealed that vitamin D deficiency could be a contributing factor for T2DM rising among Egyptian patients. Additionally, there was a genetic variation in the VDR genes FokI and TaqI related to diabetic mellitus in Egyptian patients.

The current study aims to know the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) on several variables, as well as its role in diagnosing some diseases by observing its metabolism processes in many diseases affecting humans and the imbalance, is significant in the level of this lipoprotein, which constitutes an essential factor of Risk factors for developing many diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. The present study aims at assessing the oxidized LDL role in pathogenesis.

Thyroid hormones (THs) have different effects on the heart and peripheral vascular system. Several changes occur across different status of thyroid dysfunctions. Overt hyperthyroidism (OHyper) induces significant changes in cardiac functions. Untreated OHyper is a cause of heart failure (HF). B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) synthesized primarily in the myocardium. Thus, it is recommended as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for patients with HF. The present study was conducted to measure the effects of OHyper on the BNP level. A case-control study was conducted at a private clinic; Mosul Daily Surgical Clinic, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq. From 1st Oct., 2020 to 1st Mar., 2021. Thirty (30) apparently healthy subjects with normal thyroid functions; Euthyroid (EU) subjects regarded as control group. Another newly diagnosed thirty (30) OHyper patients were enrolled in this study after exclusion of any facts that affect BNP level as cardiac disease, hypertension, patient taking angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, and pregnant ladies. They were diagnosed on the basis of thyroid function tests (TFTs); Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) and Free Thyroxine (FT4). Plasma level of BNP were measured in OHyper and EU subjects’ group. Plasma BNP level is higher in patients with OHyper than EU individuals with mean values of 27.40± 35.59 and 21.68± 28.57 pg ml-1, (p>0.05) respectively. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between plasma BNP and serum FT4 level in EU (r=0.31, p=0.01) and in OHyper patients (r=0.57, P=0.001). OHyper affect plasma BNP level possibly influencing the secretion of this peptide. Therefore, thyroid functions have to be considered when evaluating any high plasma BNP level.

Diabetes is one of the common metabolic disorders whose complications have many health problems for society. This study has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of cedar (Ziziphus spina-christi)on blood glucose, urea, and total cholesterol in the Wistar race of diabetic rats. Forty rats in the weighting range of 300 to 350 were selected as sample and were classified into four groups: control, control of cedar, diabetic, and diabetic of cedar and after bloodletting from rats, data were analyzed by SPSS23 software. Results showed that at the significance level of p < 0.05, consumption the hydroalcoholic extract of cedar leaf can be effective in reducing blood glucose, urea and total cholesterol. After four weeks with consumption of cedar, blood glucose in the diabetic group reduced from 214 mg.dl-1 to 174 mg.dl-1. After four weeks with consumption of cedar extract, blood urea in the diabetic group reduced from 9.4 mg.dl-1 to 5.3 mg.dl-1. After four weeks with consumption of cedar extract, the total cholesterol in the diabetic reduced from 66.3 mg.dl-1 to 60.5 mg/dl. The results of this research indicate the effects of the cedar leaf extract on blood glucose, urea, and total cholesterol.

Functional constipation is a prevalent problem in children. This study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of molasses with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in childhood constipation. This randomized single-center trial was conducted in Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Semnan, Iran. 110 constipated children aged from 2 to 8 years were randomly assigned to 2 g/kg PEG or 2 ccs/kg molasses. Children were treated for 1 month, and frequency of defecation, frequency of encopresis, abdominal pain, appetite, fecaloma, and pain at defecation were compared. The safety of both treatments was also studied. After 1 month of treatment, both drugs had an equal effect on the frequency of defecation and the frequency of encopresis per week (P <0.05). Both drugs were effective in relieving defecation pain to some extent. Molasses had a better effect on appetite status (P <0.05). Molasses caused a lower rate of side effects; diarrhea (P <0.01), nausea (P <0.05), and vomit. Our study showed that red sugar was as effective as PEG 3350 for treating childhood functional constipation.

This study was aimed to investigating the antioxidant and cellular toxicity of Symphytum kurdicum. The methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the plant were prepared through soaking and non-polar to polar cutting of the extract by the liquid-liquid cutting method. The antioxidant effect of the samples was specified by the methods of determining the free radical scanenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and the total phenolic content by folin ciocalteu method. Cellular toxicity of the samples on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was performed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) and 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The results indicated that ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions with IC50 equal to 33.67 and 29.43 μg/ml, respectively, showed the highest ability in DPPH free radicals Scavenging. Moreover, in the study of ferric iron regeneration, the ethyl acetate fraction with a capability of 280.985± 14.007 mM/mg dry weight of sample showed the best regenerative effect against trolox control. The aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions had the highest total phenolic content with 150.765 ± 0.035 and 130.570 ± 0.056 (Gallic acid milligrams/ gram dry weight of sample), respectively. The results of MTT test revealed that all fractions at a concentration much higher than the effective antioxidant concentrations lacked cellular toxicity, too. Given the role of oxidative stress as a predisposing factor in diseases like diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions are likely to be introduced as pharmacological supplements.

Critically ill patients are at risk for development of stress-related mucosal damage (SRMD). Proton Pump Inhibiros (PPIs) like pantoprazole are extensively used to prevent SRMD in ICU settings. It is not known with certainty that either oral or intravenous pantoprazole is associated with a better response. Our goal was to compare effects of intravenous pantoprazole with oral pantoprazole on gastric pH in children admitted to PICU. In this blinded trial, 80 patients were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in in the first group received oral pantoprazole (1 mg/kg/day/divided) and patients in the second received IV pantoprazole (1 mg/kg/day/divided). The gastric pH was measured 48 hours after pantoprazole administration using litmus paper. The mean age was 990 days. After 48 hours, the gastric pH was 4.46 ± 1.48 in patients received pantoprazole orally and it was 4.85 ± 1.52 in patients received pantoprazole intravenously. There was no significant difference between two study groups (P= 0.252).  Besides, no significant differences were noted in rate of diarrhea and nosocomial pneumonia between 2 study groups (P > 0.05). This study showed that both intravenous and oral pantoprazole had similar effects on gastric acid of children hospitalized in PICU. It seems reasonable to use oral pantoprazole to reduce the costs of treatment.

Many people in agricultural industry are nowadays struggling with protecting their products utilizing pesticides. Pesticides, such as organophosphate (OPE) insecticides, may remain on agricultural products as pesticide residues. Malathion (MTN) is an OPE widely used around the world. Some OPEs, such as parathion (PTN), are more toxic pesticides and have been restricted. Carvacrol (CRL) is a major component of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil, whichexerted protective effects against toxicity of chemicals. OPEs can alter lipid profile. In addition, lipid profile may alter due to certain disorders, such as nephrotic syndrome. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of coadministration of CRL and the effect of these two pesticides on serum acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and lipid profile in male wistar rat. Coadministration of CRL and PTN, but not MTN, significantly decreased serum AchE activity in comparison with the group receiving OPE. Serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride were analyzed after 10 days of administration of the chemicals. Malathion and PTN significantly increased cholesterol and triglyceride. However, administration of CRL modified lipid profile (P < 0.05). It was concluded that CRL could be considered as a drug to treat lipid profile alteration and owing to the beneficial effects as well as inhibition of acetylcholine, it could be considered as a component of OPE pesticide.

Interleukin plays six major roles in various types of host defense mechanisms, including immune reactions and acute phase reactions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the short-term effects of aerobic exercise and high-fat diet and curcumin extract on the expression of interleukin-six gene in muscle tissues in male Wistar rats. For this purpose, 50 two-month-old male rats were prepared and divided into five groups: control group, high-fat diet, curcumin and high-fat diet, exercise and high-fat diet, curcumin + exercise + high-fat diet. Data analysis was compared using analysis test of one-way variance. Bonferroni supplementary test was used to accurately determine the differences between groups. The mean of group differences were also compared using one-sample t-test. The results showed that the mean expression of interleukin gene of 6 subjects showed a significant difference between the 5 groups. The results of Bonferroni post hoc test also showed a significant difference between the control group and other groups. Also, the gene expression of interleukin 6 in the two groups of high-fat diet and high-fat diet + curcumin increased compared to the control group. But in the two groups of high-fat diet + exercise and the group of high-fat diet + exercise + curcumin decreased, which was significant at the error level of 0.05.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases in the body’s endocrine system. This disease is caused due to lack of cellular uptake of blood glucose due to a decrease of insulin secretion and insulin resistance in the body cells. Besides the development of diabetes, the more common underlying medical condition, such as foot deformities, foot ulcers, and infection, spreads. Wheat, with the scientific name “Triticum sativum”, is a multiple therapeutic effect, including amplifiers, healer of wounds, stimulating and antiseptic, decreasing blood sugar and pressure, which can be beneficial in balancing sugar and insulin in the blood. Therefore, in this study, the effect of this plant was investigated on skin wound healing in diabetic rats. 48 male rats under the name of Wistar race weighing 200 to 220 grams were categorized into 4 groups and each group has 12 rats in the four categories: control group (without diabetes and treatment), sham (diabetic, treatment with Eucerin), experimental group 1 (diabetic without treatment), and experimental group 2 (diabetic and treatment with Triticum sativum ointment). Some scars were created with a length of 3 cm on the skin of the dorsal lumbar region in the rats of each group, and daily wound healing on these rats was observed. The results indicate that experimental group 2, compared to the rest of the other groups, has the best effect on wound healing. Based on the results of this study, probably, the extract of Triticum sativum, due to anti-steroid and anti-inflammatory attributes, can lead to improvement and decrease the length of the wound in the animal, after 21 days.

Propolis has many potential effects on the immune response against P. aeruginosa both cellular and humoral immunity. Aim of this study is to verify the anti-Pseudomonas property of ethanol and water extracted propolis on PBMCs stimulated with P. aeruginosa Ag. In this study a total of (20) apparently healthy volunteers consist of (10) males and (10) females were included, their ages ranged from (20-40) years. Five mL of blood were taken from each included subject for evaluation of IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-23 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were isolated from blood using density gradient lymphoprep and stimulated with pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS in to four groups, LPS stimulated PBMCs, Ethanol extracted propolis EEP+LPS stimulated PBMCs, water extracted propolis WEP+LPS stimulated PBMCs and control (PBMCs) by ELISA technique after 48Hrs. The results showed that both the EEP and WEP could significantly inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines production by human PBMC after stimulation with pseudomonas Ag. Propolis exhibits an anti-pseudomonas aeruginosa with the same effect with ethanol and water extracts.

Complete or partial obstruction to the urine's flow can cause gradual and cumulative kidney damage, and this is what is known as obstructive uropathy (OU). The obstruction could be caused by a problem with one or both ureters, and it could occur close to or far from the bladder neck (such as in the urethra). Multiple research have sought to understand the origins and implications of obstructive uropathy, which is a primary cause of renal failure. Fibroblast growth factor23 (FGF23) Osteocytes and osteoblasts create this phosphaturic hormone, which binds to FGF receptors via the transmembrane protein Klotho. Specifically, FGF23 inhibits sodium/phosphate cotransporters NaPi2a and NaPi2c, which in turn inhibits renal phosphate reabsorption, by targeting the renal proximal tubule and decreasing calcitriol synthesis. FGF23 also inhibits the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormones by the parathyroid glands. Calcitriol, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone are all involved in the control of FGF23 at the cellular and molecular levels. More FGF23 is found in rare hereditary and acquired illnesses, but chronic kidney disease is also linked to an increase in FGF23 as a reaction to Hyperphosphatemia. However, Increased levels of FGF23 have been associated to deterioration of chronic kidney disease. Whether FGF23 is linked to renal impairment and an increased risk of death .The study's objective was to take measurements of serum level of Fibroblast growth factor- 23 (FGF-23) and phosphorus in people suffering from obstructive renal failure and healthy control subject and to assess the relation of each of them. The study involved collecting blood samples from 100 volunteers, 50 healthy subjects (38 men and 12 women), (34 men and 16 women) suffering from obstructive renal failure.age was (15 –65) years BMI with (18.5-24.9) Kg m-2. Patients were subjected to Kidney Surgery Department at Hillah Hospital from The period from1st of December, 2020 to 1 of June, 2021. The findings revealed statistically significant variations (P<0.0001) in the serum FGF23 level between obstructive renal failure group (501.3±230.89 Pg ml-1) compared with control group (119.63±29.8 Pg ml-1). P = <0.001 for Phosphorus obstructive renal failure group (2.01±0.76 mmol L-1) compared with control group (0.68±0.39 mmol L-1).The results of levels of Hemoglobin& GFR in the of people with obstructive renal disease were significantly lower than healthy people and significantly, as the value of P <0.05. The level of occurrence of The Fibroblast growth factore23 & phosphors is higher in patient with obstructive renal failure than those healthy control, The FGF23 could be served as a diagnostic marker in obstructive renal failure patients to predict the possibility to develop chronic kidney disease, The occurrence of obstructive renal disease at a large rate in old age and in men more than women.

Sepsis is a global health matter that provides a considerable danger of death. The main objective of this investigation was to assess the use of CD64 and IgG in the development of bacterial sepsis in patients infected with (Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumonia), Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the correlation of the marker (CD64) with bacterial sepsis. This study was carried out with a total (140) individual of both sex (100) suspected sepsis patients and (40) healthy group with age ranged (13-65) year enrolled in this study. The result of Microbiological tests was found 40 specimens contain bacterially isolated, was the frequency among 30 (75%) male and 10(25%) female and result revealed that 10 (25%) specimens as a Gram-positive isolate (S. aureus) and 30(75%) specimens as Gram-negative bacteria (S. typhi, K. pneumoniae) while 60 of the rest specimens did not show any growth. While the current study, 30 Gram-negative isolates appeared as a positive result for K. pneumoniae (6) and (24) for S. typhi isolates and represented a major cause for sepsis by using the VITEK system to confirm all bacterial isolates. This study concluded that the sepsis disease influences some risk factor such as age, sex, place of living and the type of bacteria, also affected on immune response represented by CD64.

Within extremely precise limitations, the management of blood glucose levels in healthy individuals can be achieved and maintained. The glucose level rises immediately after a meal is consumed. Incretin hormones, which are appeared in the digestive system, play an essential function in the order of glucose, the maintenance of energy balance, and the protection of Langerhans islets cells. They are involved in the regulation of glucose levels in the body, and if their secretion is hindered, they can be used to anticipate the development of diabetes as soon as possible.The overarching goal of the research "is to identify the relationship between the production of GLP-1 and the development of insulin resistance", which ultimately results in type 2 diabetes.The case-control portion of current investigationdepends"on a revision of medical records from patients at the Clinic for Endocrinology", Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases at the Clinical Center of Serbia, and computing the relevant parameters and doing statistical analysis.In terms of glucose profile, there was a substantial statistical divergence between the two groups that was found in the study. The relationship between Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was found to be negative and statistically considerable (p=0.045). There was a statistically considerable positive association between DPP-IV and HOMA-IR (p=0.05).Our finding displays that insulin resistance can result in the suppression of glucagon-like peptide 1 production in persons with diabetes. According to the information presented here, reduction of GLP-1 secretion "is detached and will not occur in all people with poor glucose metabolism". This is due to a condition known as prediabetes, which will be discussed further in this section.

Obesity is at epidemic proportions in the world. Evidence supports increased physical activity and exercise are efficacious in controlling obesity, in part due to altering select adipocytokine levels. The present study aimed to compare the effect of 12 weeks of three resistance training methods (traditional, circular and interval) on the levels of the adipocytokine asprosin and body composition in sedentary men with obesity. Forty-four sedentary men with obesity, who were randomly divided into the 4 equal groups: traditional, circular, and interval resistance training as well as a control group. Results showed that there was a significant interaction between the type of training used and time on asprosin levels (F (1,40)= 13353.03, P= 0.001, ES= 0.99). All types of resistance training decreased asprosin levels and improved body composition parameters in comparison to the control group (F (3, 40) = 34.60, P = 0.001, ES= 0.77). Interval resistance training had the greatest effect on reducing asprosin levels and improving body composition related outcomes (body mass: P=0.001, ES=0.633, body mass index: P=0.001, ES=0.632, percent body fat: P=0.001, ES=0.647, waist to hip ratio: P=0.001, ES=0.786). The results of the present study support the benefits of resistance training as a non-pharmacological approach in reducing asprosin levels and improving body composition in individuals with obesity.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) which is a type of photochemotherapy is a new method of treatment used in cases of erosive/atrophic oral lichen planus (OLP) to reduce symptoms of the disease. Assessment of the effect of PDT on pain scale in patients having erosive / atrophic oral lichen planus.30 patients having erosive/atrophic OLP were recruited in this study. The oral lesions were subjected to PDT twice per week for 2 months. Methylene blue (MB) oral gel was used as a photosensitizer applied to the oral lesions, then diode laser of 650 nm WL and 150 mW (milli Watts) powers was used in a non- contact mode for 2:30 minutes. Visual analogue scale (VAS); pain scale was used for clinical assessment. The results showed improvement in the severity of pain over the duration of treatment. There was a gradual decrease of the mean VAS score over 8 weeks duration from 8±1 to 4±2. The decrease was statistically significant in the mean VAS score in the first month from 7±2 to reach 5±2 by the end of the second month (p<0.001). The use of photodynamic therapy was found to be effective in management of erosive / atrophic OLP; it showed improvement in the subjective as well as objective signs and symptoms of the disease with no side effects.