فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 45 (پاییز 1399)

Māhī Darham (Twisted Fish) pattern is one of the oldest carpet designs in Iran, which had been woven and presented in most of Iran’s schools and centers of carpet weaving for a long time. Farahan is one of these centers that introduced to the world from the middle of Qajar era by Tabriz merchants with local and then its classic carpets such as Sarooq. The pattern of the Māhī Darham, in the local term as Herāti, is one of the most important and prominent designs of the Farahan region, which in the past was woven and presented in various forms and structures. In this article, while introducing examples of Māhī Darham design from different regions of Iran and the world, various forms of Māhī Darham forms in Farahan carpets are analyzed and described. Existence of eleven forms in Farahan Māhī Darham is one of the most important findings of this research which are: Māhī Zanbūrī, Fandoqī, Ādābī, Ḥaydarzādeh, Sag Māhī, Morḡ va Māhī, Māhī Mašāyeḵī, Māhī Lačak va Toranĵ, Māhī Toranĵ dar Toranĵ, Māhī Sar tā Sarī (Yek Sareh) and Māhī Kaf Sādeh. This is a basic research based on and descriptive-analytical research method with data collected through Library and mostly field study.

In 10th AH/16th AD century, fundamental changes took place in Transoxiana, which changed the political map of this region and neighboring areas for several centuries. The formation of the Shaybanids (Abu al-ḵayrīān) government (907-1007 AH / 1501-1599 AD), which was a new experience of government and was later called Khanate, was the beginning of these changes. They created a government system that lasted for centuries in Transoxiana. Their written sources and those of their neighbors described Shaybanids more with politico-military actions. However, this article seeks to examine the Shaybanids cultural actions, which have received less attention. The present study seeks to answer these questions: What were the cultural activities of the Shaybanids and who carried them out? What place did these measures have in their government? Findings show that Shaybanids khans, along with the rulers and the upper classes of society, took significant measures in educational, scientific, literary, religious and various arts. These actions had an important place and were one of the priorities of their government.
 

Myths and legends are important manifestations of the culture and beliefs of ancient of societies. These myths, which often are expressed in the form of illusions, superstitions, ethnic and religious beliefs, and rituals, represented their cosmology. These people have lived in the plateau of Iran, and especially in the western part, of the country alongside the Zagros mountain since ancient times. This region is an important center for the study of Iranian mythology and folklore. Among these tribes, the Lors is the most significant one. This article will study and analyze the popular themes in the culture and beliefs of these people, which are rooted in the beliefs and myths of antiquity.

The ritual structure of ta’zieh requires that in the process of studying its music, in addition to paying attention to the theory of Iranian music, the set of human behaviors and interactions of other cultural elements of this ritual should also be considered as insights into the creation and occurrence of sonic events. This research is based on the cultural study of ta’zieh music in order to identify and categorize the types of sonic events that form the musical content of this ritual. The data of this research have been collected by field study. This research is being conducted by descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of this study, the musical content of ta’zieh is divided into two groups: verbal sonic events and non-verbal sonic events. The mentioned sonic events are distinguished from each other based on the presence of criteria of systematization and organization of sounds in their structure.

Tabriz is one of the first cities in Iran affected by the industrial world. At the beginning of its attention to Iran in the late thirteenth century AH and the constitutional era, Germany paid special attention to Tabriz and expanded its industrial and commercial activities in this city. The product of these interactions was the construction of several industrial factories in Tabriz, which the Germans had contributed to various means of supplying machinery, financing, and providing human resources to them. This study aims to determine the impact of these relations in the construction, physical and structural change of Tabriz industrial factories. The present study is based on qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical strategy, which conduct a comparative study between the common architectural features of the industrial factories of Tabriz and Germany in the period between 1289 and 1329 ASH. (1910-1950). The data are collected through the study of travelogues, formal documents of factories, memories and field observations. The results show that the main similarity between the structures of leather, fabric and textile factories built in Tabriz and the two states of Bavaria and Mülheim in Germany are in plan, spatial organization, materials and structures. What distinguishes the architecture of the two is the details and decorations used in the building, which mostly have a local sense.
 

Iranian-Islamic markets as an institution of urban solidarity, along with performing economic duties, played a significant social role in urban society. The relationship between traders and business owners as the constituent elements of the market with the ruling system has been a bilateral and long-standing relationship. The cornerstone of this relationship derived from the need of the market to provide security by the government and the need of the government to provide its financial resources from the context of market revenues. Understanding this relationship, which has undergone a variable process according to political and economic requirements, is of particular importance. At the beginning of the formation of the Pahlavi government, merchants whose activities were disrupted due to the inefficient economic policies of the Qajar era, sought to establish new relations with the newly established government. On the contrary, the government's policies to bureaucratize its structure caused the market-government relationship to take a new direction and change. Projects such as codifying economic laws, paying attention to national industries, and meeting the minimum demands of traders and economic actors by the government created a new perspective and window in market-government relations that greatly influenced the position of this spectrum towards the government. The present study tries to find the roots of the position and policies of Isfahan market against the plans of Pahlavi I government and how they are related, relying on documents and other available sources.