نشریه پژوهش های علوم دامی
سال سی و یکم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

Selenium is one these trace mineral elements which is essential for health, immunity and maximum production performance of animals. Selenium is an essential trace element, and its importance for animal health and productivity has been well confirmed. Selenium has known to be involved in enzyme activity and preventing oxidative damage to body tissue. Selenium plays important roles in antioxidant defence systems, prevents cell damage and is necessary for growth, fertility, and immune system in farm animals. Recently, nano -elemental Se has attracted wide spread attention due to its high bioavailability and low toxicity, because nanometer particulates exhibit novel characteristics, such as great specific surface area, high surface activity, a lot of surface active centres, high catalytic efficiency and strong adsorbing ability and over and above the character of low toxicity of Se0. Dietary selenium is an essential trace element for animals and humans with a variety of biological functions. It plays important roles in the regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism, cell growth and antioxidant defence systems thus, together with alpha-tocopherol prevents cells against oxidative stress damage, also these compounds are necessary for growth, fertility, and immune system health in animals and humans. The in situ and in vitro usually use for determining of effect of additives on digestibilities of t feeds. Regarding to the importance of TMR feeding on dairy cattle nutrition, determining of its digestibilities with additive and without additive is necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different forms of selenium sources on digestibility of high production lactating dairy cows TMR in vitro and in situ Techniques.

3 male ruminally cannulated sheep, average 43±4.8 kg of BW, were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square experiment. Sheep were fed twice daily (08:00 and 18:00 h) at maintenance nutrition requirements with a basal diet consisting of 400 g/kg (dry matter) DM of basal concentrates and 600 g/kg DM of forage. Sheep were placed in metabolic cages individually and fresh water was freely available during the experimental period. This experiment was conducted in three periods of 28 days with 21 d adaptation period and 7 d for data tacking. Treatments were: 1. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm nano selenium, 2. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm organic selenium, 3. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm inorganic selenium. In gas production method, 300 mg of each treatment weighted and incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 hours. The Nylon bag method used to estimate ruminal disappearance of dry matter. Ruminal degradability was measured using nylon bag technique on day 22–28 of the experimental period. The samples 5 g of feed were weighed in 6 cm×12cm nylon bags made of monofilament Pecap polyester . Samples were incubated separately in duplicate bags and suspended in the rumen of each sheep and removed after 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours. All removed bags were rinsed in cold water until the bags were clean; the bags immediately were dried in an oven at 65◦C for 12 h, then 105 ◦C for 24 h in order to determine DM disappearance. in three steps digestion method, about 5 g of feed stuffs weighted in 6 cm×10cm nylon bags made of monofilament Pecap polyester . Samples were incubated separately in duplicate bags and suspended in the rumen of each sheep and removed after 12 hours. All removed bags were rinsed in cold water until the bags were clean; the bags immediately were dried in an oven to determine DM disappearance.

During most of incubation hours, the volume of produced gas was higher in nano selenium, organic selenium, inorganic selenium and control treatments, respectively. However, significant differences between treatments were occurred after 36 h of incubation. The most gas production potential (A) was measured in nano selenium, organic selenium and inorganic selenium compared with control treatments. There were not any significant differences between nano selenium and organic selenium in gas production potential. there wasn’t any significate differences between treatments in degradability of TMR dry matter. In three steps digestion experiment, nano treatment was higher than inorganic treatment in post ruminal digestion of TMR dry matter.

The results showed that the addition of various sources of selenium to the diet may improve rumen function.

The hydatid disease is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic infections all-round the world. The main part of Echinococcus granulosus life cycle depends upon the growth and differentiation of protoscoleces (PSCs) within the intestine of definitive hosts (Carmena and Cardona 2014). The survival of organism is mainly dependent on its indirect transmission cycle from the definitive hosts (particularly dogs) to the intermediate hosts, including sheep and human. According to the latest updated report of the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2017, there may be over one million infected cases with echinococcosis at any time (WHO, 2017). A hydatid cyst (HC) encompasses numerous PSCs and cyst fluid, and is formed in visceral organs (liver and lung) of the infected intermediate hosts (Bingham et al. 2014). Morphogenesis of PSCs from the cystic viscera into worm’s head occurs on the surface of the small intestine of the definitive host, and then the head-like structure attaches to the gut epithelial lining and develops into an adult worm within ~50 days (Moro and Schantz 2009). The currently used treatment modalities against echinococcosis, as multi-stage parasitic infection, are based on the anthelmintic drugs such as praziquantel. In this case there is an emergency to improve preventive interventions such as vaccination in addition to hygiene practices. Several constraining factors may influence the vaccine development against such multi-stage pathogens, including economic, socio-cultural issues (Bethony et al. 2011). Thus, it is necessary to implement a rationalized approach towards construction of multipotent vaccines. In silico modeling of vaccines provides a cost- and time-effective approach that can improve such developing effective vaccines (Gori et al. 2013). Ideally, a vaccine construct, to be highly effective, should encompass several parts, including epitopes of one/more VCAs, B-cells epitope and T-cells epitopes (BEs and TEs, respectively) (Pourseif et al. 2017a). Altogether, epitope-based vaccines (EVs) seem to be one of the most effective vaccines. The aim of this study is to design a novel multi-epitope B- and helper T-cell based vaccine construct for immunization of both dog and sheep against this multi-host parasite.

After antigen sequence selection (GenBank: AEA09024 for eg95 and GenBank: AMX81438 for eg1433), three-dimensional structure of the antigens was modeled and multilaterally validated. The preliminary parameters for B-cell epitope prediction were implemented such as probably transmembrane helix, signal peptide, post-translational modifications. The high ranked B-cell epitopes derived from several online web-servers (e.g., BepiPred v1.0, BcePred, ABCpred, SVMTrip, IEDB algorithms, SEPPA v2.0 and Discotope v2.0) were utilized for multiple sequence alignment and then for engineering the vaccine construct. T-helper based epitopes were predicted by docking between the high frequent Ovar class II allele (Ovar-DRB1*1202) and Dog class II allele (DLA-DRB1*01501) and hexadecamer fragments of the antigens. Having used the immune-informatics tools, we formulated the first bi-valent vaccine based on T-helper epitope with high-binding affinity to sheep and dog MHC alleles. The final vaccine construct was formed by using the molecular spacers and then analyzed for different physicochemical properties.

The results of different predictor tools showed that there were four and two potential glycosylation sites in eg1433 and eg95 antigens, respectively. In eg1433 antigen was not observed any transmembrane topology and signal peptide in the protein sequence, however in eg95 antigens was observed a signal peptid residue (aa 1 - 17) and transmembrane fragment (140-MTSGSALTSAIAGFVFSCIVVVL-162). Based on the axiom of immune system properties in response to the more accessible part of the antigens (Ranjbar et al. 2015), in our work we do not considered the transmembrane and signal peptide regions for epitope prediction. The post-translational modification in eg1433 (aa 3, 68, 233, and 238) and eg95 (aa 62 and 70) were also filtered during in silico epitope mapping. These post translationally modified residues are covered by different types of carbohydrate chains and can not likely interact with the immune system elements (Reverberi and Lorenzo 2007). The modeling quality indices (DOPE score and GA431) of the eg95 antigen were -16677.38 kcal/mol and 0.98. The quality scores for eg1433 were -19188.43 kcal/mol and 1.0. These values showed that the structure modeling is implemented with high quality. Some of our predicted epitopes of eg95 antigen were previously reported by Woollard et al. (1998) based on the wet-lab epitope mapping methods (Woollard et al. 1998). However, the eg1433-based epitopes that predicted in our study are for the first time repoted. T-cell epitopes of eg95 and eg1433 (aa 33 – 48 and aa 60 – 72, respectively) were the residues that predicted by docking-based methods. This type of in silico epitope mapping against E. granulosus antigens was not reported previously. The overall processes for establishing such EBVs are as follows: (i) identification and selection of the best antigen from the local and/or global strains, (ii) utilize of bioinformatics tools for in silico analysis of different parameters of selected antigen(s), (iii) computational-based epitope prediction, and (iv) linking epitopes using proper molecular linkers (Toussaint and Kohlbacher 2009).

In this in silico study, we represented a key data on the step-by-step methodologies used for designing this minigene vaccine. It can be as a promising platform for generation of broadly protective host-specific vaccine against E. granulosus.

For mathematically-oriented investigators, DNA is a string. Therefore, they consider a DNA sequence as a string of symbols whose correlation structure can be characterized almost completely by all possible base-base correlation functions at any range, short or long or their corresponding power spectra. Long-range correlations between bases in the DNA sequence are a statistical feature found in the genome of many eukaryotes. The existence of long-range DNA correlations indicates the existence of DNA rearrangement or duplication processes. These types of phenomena are not directly applicable to breeding and are mostly used in evolutionary studies. Our basic assumption in this study was that by extracting long-range DNA correlations between all the different nucleotides within a gene, it is possible to achieve a degree of correlation between them in the first place and possibly better run SNP-based researches. Due to many furious issues, not all investigations of a complete characterization of long-scale correlation structure of DNA sequences were motivated by biology arena. Rather, many such investigations were motivated by the issues of mathematical modeling, cryptography language code detections, dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and noise detections. Perhaps due to this reason, long-scale correlation structure has not yet become part of the toolbox in the “mainstream” DNA sequence analysis in human genetics and breeding settings. Prediction of DNA correlations from a sequence with finite length could be done with, frequency-count estimator, indirect Bayesian estimator, direct Bayesian estimator. Here we followed the ideas by CorGen theory.

24 genes selected out of genes affecting milk yield of dairy cow. The number, length and length of each exon and its position on the chromosome were obtained from the NCBI gene bank and the sequences were saved in FASTA format. Using software previously designed in #C language, according to the research request, the accession numbers of the studied genes was entered and the appropriate output was obtained. CorGen software was used to calculate the long-range DNA correlations of the genes involved in milk production.

The results showed that there is a significant level of long-term correlation in DNA sequence of a number of genes such as EZR, FGG, KRT6A, RAB1A, EIF3L, TBC1D20, ZNF419, S100A16, MRPL3, TPPP3, PHF10. The reduction power of the fitting function of the power function was based on the long-range correlations obtained from genes of different lengths, in the range of 0.146 and 0.643, so it can be concluded that reducing the range of long-range correlations by increasing the interval between DNA sequence intervals does not follow a random process. And so, the fractal geometry of nature is also seen in these genes. This research was an attempt for the first to address long-DNA correlation in dairy cattle genes. There are at least two goals for this job. First, there has been discordant on the result of correlation structure in DNA sequences. Due to this matter of what the actual result is, some researches still believe that DNA sequences do not exhibit any feature long-range DNA correlation which cannot be explained by the basic known stochastic processes such as random sequence or Markov chain - with the first one having no correlation inherently in its theory and the second one considers only short-range correlations. Resolving this disagreement can be straightforward once everybody agrees to use the same measure of correlation, use the same estimator, and apply this estimator of the correlation to the same sequence. The second is to highlight more biologically-motivated study of correlation structure of long range DNA sequences especially in animal breeding. Although this research does not accomplish this task, the intention was to at least put forward the issue. Most of the current studies of correlation (especially the long range one) in DNA sequences are based-base base statistical correlations. This base-base correlation won't not be a powerful tool to reveal the correlation on a global scale or between larger blocks in DNA-sequences.

The genes studied have been shown to have high complexity and mode of invariant on their DNA. This type of analysis can be generalized to the work of breeding setting. A more complete characterization of long-range correlation between base pairs at both short and long distances became possible only as long DNA sequences became more commonly available. Now thanks to stupendous growth of DNA generating technologies, almost the entire whole genome of an organism can be sequences in low cost price with high speed time. Therefore, a raw data shall be available for many researchers who are looking for to check new DNA correlation hypotheses in handy DNA sequences. The claim of DNA base-base statistical correlation at long distances in DNA sequences is sought to be still a few steps away from finding a Naive organization principle of the genome.

The genes studied have been shown to have high complexity and mode of invariant on their DNA. This type of analysis can be generalized to the work of breeding setting. A more complete characterization of long-range correlation between base pairs at both short and long distances became possible only as long DNA sequences became more commonly available. Now thanks to stupendous growth of DNA generating technologies, almost the entire whole genome of an organism can be sequences in low cost price with high speed time. Therefore, a raw data shall be available for many researchers who are looking for to check new DNA correlation hypotheses in handy DNA sequences. The claim of DNA base-base statistical correlation at long distances in DNA sequences is sought to be still a few steps away from finding a Naive organization principle of the genome.

Fertility traits and their improvement is the hot topics in animal studies; because these traits effect directly on profitability of livestock industry. Since ovulation rate is an important trait breeding strategies along with applying nutritional and managerial strategies must be used. Identifying and choosing the effective regulatory genes and biomarkers are the basic steps in applying molecular breeding strategies such as genomic selection and/ or marker assisted selection. It should be noted, one of the major challenges in reproductive traits is the large number of regulatory gene, which control these traits. Therefore, selection of the most effective and the best ones requires bioinformatics analysis. In this study, we hypothesized that genes, which have same transcription factor binding site, regulate by same transcription factors, express in same time and act in the same physiological processes. Therefore, transcription factor binding site on identified marker genes associated with ovulation rate was used to introduce new marker genes and then, protein-protein interaction network was applied to select the most regulatory ones and explore candidate molecular mechanisms, which control this trait.

In the present study, known marker genes associated with ovulation rate in cattle were searched from NCBI database. To extract promoter region of these genes, we used the link of gene to promoter of Genomatix, which is an on-line software. Link of Frameworker of Genomatix, was performed to achieve transcription factors that have binding site on promoters of the known markers. New marker genes associated with mentioned trait were investigated by searching genes throughout the genome, which have the same pattern of transcription factor binding sites on their promoter regions. To done this step, ModelInspector link of Genomatix software was used. These genes probably are potential effector genes for ovulation, because their expression regulate by same transcription factors, which regulate expression of ovulation’s genes. In order to confirm the interaction of potential marker and transcription factors, we fitted protein-protein interaction network on the last results of Genomatix by STRING database. Potential marker genes and transcription factors, which validated their interactions by STRING, were used to survey the most important cellular algorithm, which control ovulation rate. In this step, we applied comparative GO database.

Seven identified genes were found from NCBI database that associated with ovulation rate. Promoter regions of these genes was taken by Genomatix. Frameworker searched Data mining of transcription factors binding and their patterns. The results indicated the transcription factors, which regulate the expression of these genes, could induce the expression of 51 other genes in genome. These genes introduced as the potential marker genes that could control ovulation rate. Because these genes and identified genes have the same transcription factor binding sites on their promoter regions and expression by same transcription factors. Protein–protein interaction network, which is constructed between potential marker genes associated with ovulation rete and their transcription factors showed that two transcription factors (E2F1 and TFDP1) were more important in regulation of genes in ovulation rate. These two transcription factors had the most interactions with the targets. E2F1 affect the different stages of ovarian growth, follicle growth and regulate ovulation. TFDP1 play the important role in the cell cycle, growth and puberty of follicles. This transcription factor has poor activity, but it participate in formation another transcription factor complex with E2Fs families. This complex is more effective in expression of target genes of E2F. Our results indicated, two target genes (CAV1 and RANBP1) had the most interactions with transcription factors. In other words, the expression of these genes are regulate by more number of transcription factors, rather other target genes. CAV1 express in bovine granulosa cells, mature follicles and ovarian epithelial cells and it explore regulate vital processes in ovulation such as differentiation of granulosa cells and luteinization. Furthermore, gonadotropin hormones induce differentiation of granulosa cells by increasing of CAV1 expression. RANBP1 control cell cycle, transcription processes in ovum and cumulus cells. Our analysis reveals tyrosine kinase activity, JAK-STAT cascade, response to transforming growth factor beta, cell migration, JNK cascade and response to estrogen were the most important molecular mechanisms, which regulate ovulation. Tyrosine kinase activity and JAK-STAT cascade are two regulatory candidate pathways in cell differentiation and proliferation. They also induce first stage of follicle growth and associate with number of activated follicles. They effect on oogenesis by inducing progesterone secretion. Some inhibitors of JAK/STAT signaling pathway negative effect on progesterone secretion and ovulation process. Pathway of transforming growth factor beta was also bold in this study. This pathway has close relation with differentiation and maturation of ovum, induction of gonadotropins and regulate the selection of dominant follicle. This family protein regulate gonadotropin secretion by effect on anterior pituitary. Cell migration and JNK cascade are conserved processes between vertebrata in ovulation processes. Studies have shown these pathways were up-regulated during ovulation and they control other processes such as cytokines production, inflammatory response and apoptosis occurring during ovulation.

In conclusion, this study offers a vital basis for understanding potential marker genes and cellular algorithm, which control ovulation rate by fitting protein-protein interaction of ovulation related genes. Our data suggested E2F1 and TFDP1 as the most important transcription factors, and CAV1 and RANBP1 as the major target genes in ovulation. This network induce some biological pathways, which effect the activation of primary follicles, follicle secretion and cell migration. These findings have important implications for enhancement ovulation rate by genomic selection and/or marker assisted selection. This analysis could implications for complex traits, which control by many genes, to detect the novel and important ones.

Utilization of minerals and vitamins is essential for maximum production and animal health. Vitamin E and selenium perform important functions in the cow. Deficiencies of one, or both, of these nutrients have been implicated in white muscle disease, retained placentas, oxidized milk, lower immune function and mastitis.The roles of these two nutrients are closely related. Both selenium and vitamin E protect cells from the detrimental effects of oxidation but they do so in different ways. Vitamin E, an antioxidant present in the cell membrane, prevents the formation of harmful free radicals. Selenium functions throughout the cell to destroy peroxides, another harmful compound. This explains why selenium will correct some deficiency symptoms of vitamin E and not others. Although feeding large amounts of selenium does reduce the need for vitamin E and vice versa, high levels of one nutrient does not eliminate the need for the other. Selenium and vitamin E have positive and important effects on the growth and maintenance of normal physiological function in animals, especially suckling calves. As recommended by the National Research Association (NRC,2001) the daily requirement of growing calves for Selenium is about 0.30 mg and 40 IU for vitamin E, and the Agricultural Research Association (ARC,1980) for 0.10 mg and 15 IU for selenium and Vitamin E is recommended for growing suckling calves. Selenium as an essential but Low Consumption mineral is important in light of its variation in ruminant vegetable sources (Belali et al 2008) as well as soil selenium deficiency in many parts of the world and Iran (Kajouri & Shirazi 2007, Malekuti et al 2002 and Mehri et al. 2011), on the other hand, since selenium uptake in ruminants is lower than in non-ruminant animals. The importance of providing enough selenium in ruminants' rations doubles and consequently a lack of it can lead to negative changes in the health status and performance of animals. The objective of this study was performed to compare the levels of selenium and vitamin E recommended in NRC and ARC by oral and injectable methods on some blood metabolites, digestibility, performance and Skeletal Growth Indices of suckling Holstein Calves. Twenty five Holstein calves with mean weight of 40±2.7 and 20±5 days and selenium and vitamin E levels of 0.3 mg and 40 IU (as recommended by NRC) and 0.1 mg and 15 IU (as recommended by ARC) respectively, were recruited for this experiment. Were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Experimental treatments included: 1) control (no selenium and vitamin E), 2) selenium and vitamin E injections as recommended by NRC, 3) selenium and vitamin E injections as recommended by ARC, 4) oral selenium and vitamin E as recommended by NRC, 5 Oral Selenium and Vitamin E were as per ARC recommendation. The duration of the experiment was 35 days. During the experiment, calves were kept in separate locations. The rations were based on NRC (2001). The rations were provided by TMR in calves at 8 am and 16 pm and also had free access to water. Milk feeding was also performed in the morning and evening (10% of body weight). Animals were weighed weekly. To determine the dry matter digestibility of the diets, the calves' feed and faeces were sampled for six consecutive days and kept at -29 ° C until the experiment. Digestibility was determined according to AOAC (1990) methods. Three days a week, the calves' faeces was randomly evaluated. Faeces scores were determined according to the method of Khan et al (2011). On the last day, three hours after morning meal, calves were sampled from the veins and blood parameters, glutathione peroxidase activity and tetrodotyronine and triiodothyronine hormone levels were determined using Pars Test automated analyzer and kit. Measurement of skeletal growth in the body by standard meter and caliper according to the method of Khan et al. (2007). The results of this experiment showed There was no significant difference between treatments in terms of weight performance, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio and dry matter digestibility (P >0.05). Intake of selenium and vitamin E did not show significant differences between different treatments of glucose, cholesterol, urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin and blood globulin (P>0.05). But blood triglyceride concentration was higher in calves receiving selenium and vitamin E than control (P <0.05). Glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and blood levels of tetradotyronine and triiodothyronine were also increased in calves receiving selenium and vitamin E compared to control (P <0.05). The results also show that selenium and vitamin E injections orally and according to NRC and ARC recommendation were no significantly different from the control group in terms of faeces score, number of calves with diarrhea and days of calf diarrhea. Did not (P >0.05).There was no significant difference between calves for different skeletal growth indices (P >0.05). Finally, Using selenium and vitamin E in both oral and intravenous methods and both NRC and ARC recommendation did not differ in functional parameters, digestibility and blood metabolites but use of selenium and vitamin E According to the NRC method, the highest increase in blood triglyceride concentration and increased activity of whole blood glutathione peroxidase enzyme and concentration of tetradotyronine hormones and serum triglyceride hormones were higher than other treatments. Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of selenium and vitamin E in both oral and intravenous methods and both NRC and ARC recommendations caused differences in weight gain, dry matter digestibility, stool consistency, skeletal growth and metabolite indices. Blood transfusions are not possible, but the use of selenium and vitamin E injectable and according to the NRC recommends the highest increase in blood triglyceride concentration and increased activity of whole blood glutathione peroxidase enzyme and the concentration of tetradotyronine hormones and other thyridothyronine ratios. It has consequences. Overall, it can be suggested that selenium and vitamin E may be used in suckling calves Nutrition whit Injection, probably because of their higher absorption and according to the NRC method.

increasing the population and scarcity of resources, shows the importance and necessity of productivity. Considering the productivity of the agricultural factors in Iran being the biggest economic sector in Iran. Enhancement of interest is required to know the components and investigate the changes in the direction of achieving economic development. Productivity change is a crucial aspect of structural change .studies show that most of the people in the world, and especially developing countries suffering from scarce of protein, so animals protein has important role in humans health and life and its quality and amount must be optimal. the poultry industry is the one of the most important sectors in the agricultural and is the one of the important protein source because of that in large amount of investments that have been done in the field of poultry farms. therefore, for improving productivity requires to understanding of components and studying its changes can lead to economic development.

The objective of the article is to assess comparsion and analysis of total factor productivity of broiler chicken production. This article estimated total factor productivity (TFP) change and its components technological change and efficiency change.so decomposed these changes into technical change, technical efficiency change, and scale and mix efficiency change in broiler chicken farms by using Fare-primont TFP indexes For this. The Färe-Primont Indices based on non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Productivity measures of a decision making unit (DMU) that can be expressed as the ratio of an output quantity change index on an input quantity change index, can be referred to as ‘multiplicatively complete’ and does not require price information. Indeed, it relies to on non-linear weighting functions and normalized shadow) prices. in this way Input and output quantity data were included for labor, bird seed, fuel, and chicken meat using records from the results of a sample survey of industrial broiler chicken farms in the provinces of Iran during 1994-2015.

Results in the Broiler chicken farms indicated that during the period, Total Factor Productivity index of chicken broiler has been increased in some years. The annual average growth of total factor productivity in broiler farms in Iran broiler farms is 10.3%, which is different in provinces. Markazi province has the highest TFP equal to (0.88). and Bushehr and Hormozgan have the lowest TFP respectively. the average of efficiency of productivity (TFPE) is also less than one and equal to 0.60 that shows the efficiency of productivity efficiency of the total factors productivity has decreased during the years which compared with the base year. Output-Oriented of (OSE) amount of scale efficiency is smaller than one in this study shows although have not been efficient but there is no significant difference with the number one (appropriate efficiency). The highest of scale efficiency is (0.98) belongs to Kerman and Yazd provinces, as well as has the lowest scale efficiency among the studied provinces is in Bushehr Province (0.74). And the findings show that technology changes are the most effective factor in increasing the total factor productivity factors in broiler chicken farming in Iran provinces. Finally efficiency and total factor productivity among the studied provinces are different and there is a direct relationship between low productivity and low efficiency.

the results indicate that for achieving of high total factor productivity in Broiler chicken farms in Iran, we need more attention to technology in this part. For example, using of pure breeds And effective can improve conversion factor of the birds seed. Investment by government and private sector can improve the scale of the Broiler chicken farms units in Iran. as the fuel uses the most consumption among the inputs in this study. According to results scarcity of fuel and using birds seed over of optimal, so wasting can be stopped by increasing the efficiency of heating equipment in Broiler chicken farms. it this way it found that technical efficiency was a determinant factor and resulted in a decreasing in the performance of well - studied ones. also low efficiency in some provinces is a serious problem. and it is suggested to increase their efficiency by determining the optimal size of their performance in provinces with low - scale efficiency.

In recent years, injection of stimulant solutions into fertilized eggs has been considered to improve reproductive and functional parameters in birds. So far, much research has been conducted to improve embryonic development in birds by manipulating egg nutrients. In one study, injection of dietary supplements into the eggs of birds improved hatching rate, reduced mortality rate, shortened breeding time duration, increased growth rate, and increased weight gain at the end of the rearing period (Johnston et al., 1997). Egg injection technology is not only a way to vaccinate birds against certain diseases, but it is also a practical way of injecting some of the nutrients needed by the developing embryo (Foye et al., 2005 and Uni et al., 2005). Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) is one of the most well-known medicinal plants. Essential oils (EOs) of shirazi thyme, that is a yellow or dark reddish brown liquid with a strong smell and a spicy and long-lasting, cooling flavour, extracted from the distillation of leaves and flowering shoots of this herb (Momeni and Shahrokhi, 1992). Essential oils comprise a complex mixture of volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites (Bakkali et al 2008). The main constituents of thyme EOs are flavonoide, glycosids, tannins, saponins, steroids (such as cytosterol), triterpenoids (such as oleanolic acid and ursolic acid), and volatile oils rich in monoterpenes (Martínez-Vázquez et al., 1996).Using nanoemulsions can be a great choice for the use of essential oils in foods (Jo et al., 2005). Changing the particle size to nanoparticles (size less than 100 nm) increases the surface-to-volume ratio and increases the reactivity, making it possible to use smaller amounts of these materials than materials with larger particles (Hernández-Sierra et al., 2008). The very small size of the synthesized nanoparticles can be effective in enhancing its antimicrobial effect (Krishna et al., 2011).

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of in-ova injection of different levels of nanoemulsion of thyme essential on reproductive (fertility, total hatchability, hatch of fertile eggs and embryonic mortality rates) and blood parameters (estrogen, testosterone, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, total protein) in Japanese quail.

The experiment was done by using 600 Japanese quail eggs in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 30 eggs per replicate. Treatments were including: negative control (without injection), positive control (with water and emulsifier injection) as well as intra ova injection of nanoemulsified thyme essential oil at levels of 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The experimental solutions were injected into the air sac of the eggs before incubation.The daily collected eggs were kept in a room at a temperature of about 17-18 °C. The male to female quail ratio was 1:3 in the flock and the birds had free access to water and feed at all stages of the experiment. Lighting length was set at the production stage, 16 hours brightness and 8 hours dark. Experimental solutions were injected into the egg sac immediately before incubation. At the end of incubation, fertility or embryonic development, hatchability, embryonic mortality rates and age of embryonic mortality were determined. To investigate the percentage of embryonic mortality during the incubation period, the eggs that had not been hatched were broken and the eggs with embryonic losses were selected. To determine the stage of embryonic mortality, the incubation period was divided into three stages: 1 to 9 days old (black eye and feather absent), 10 to 17 days old (embryo with feather and yellow sac visible) and 17 to 18 days old (grown embryos without yolk visible externally) (Aygun and Sert, 2012). The hatched chicks from each treatment and replicate were weighed and then transferred to their own pan. Hatched chicks were reared for 8 weeks to evaluate blood parameters and genital characteristics. The ration used for all groups was similar throughout the trial period according to the recommendations of the National Research Association (NRC, 1994).

Results showed that not only the experimental treatments did not improve fertility, total hatchability, hatch of fertile eggs and embryonic mortality rates, but the highest concentration of thyme nanoemulsion (150 ppm) had a detrimental effect on these parameters compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). At the end of the breeding period, uterine weight and length, ovarian weight, weight and diameter of F1 to F3 follicles in female birds as well as testosterone concentration in male birds were not affected by levels of thyme essential oil (P>0.05). Sera estrogen concentration of female birds due to intra ova injection of higher dose of nanoemulsified thyme essential oil was higher compared to the positive control group (p < 0.05). Blood glucose in experimental treatments was not significantly different from untreated control group (P>0.05).Total serum triglyceride was lower in the treatment group receiving 100 ppm nanoemulsion essential oil than the control groups (p < 0.05). The highest cholesterol and LDL levels were in the water plus emulsifier group and the lowest levels of these parameters numerically were belonged to the 150 nm emulsion treatment. There was no significant difference in sera HDL and total protein levels between experimental treatments (P>0.05). Therefore, Blood parameters, except triglyceride, which were lower at 100 ppm concentration, had no significant changes compared to controls.

Injection of different concentrations of thyme essential oil nanoemulsions into the air sac of Japanese quail egg, not only did not improved reproductive parameters in, but also its high concentration (150 ppm) had a negative effect on these parameters. Changes in the morphometric characteristics of the reproductive system and blood parameters were also not significant. However, the concentration of triglyceride at 100 ppm level of thyme essential oil decreased compared to the control group. In general, in-ova injection of thyme essential oil nanoemulsion is not recommended to improve reproductive performance in Japanese quail.

Mineral elements required by the body of living organisms are divided into two categories: macroelements and microelements, which make up 2-5% of the body weight of animals. Minerals have vital role in the efficiency of growth, production and reproduction performances. General conditions for the deficiency of these minerals can be caused by a deficiency in food, a deficiency in the soil, or an imbalance between the amounts of minerals (Costabe et al 2017). Deficiency may be low and the appearance of the animal may not indicate anything, but all deficiencies will affect the animal sooner or later. Deficiency of some elements such as copper, selenium, zinc and magnesium is more common in areas with poor soil (Myers et al 2019). Talesh region is located in the north of Iran in the west of Gilan province and due to having large and extensive pastures in this area; it is very prosperous for sheep keeping. No complete study has been conducted on the status of rare and essential elements of livestock in this area. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the serum levels of some elements (magnesium, copper, zinc and selenium) and seasonal comparison in sheep in this area.

The study was conducted on 200 sheep in four geographical areas north, south, west and east of Talesh city (50 samples per season). In the middle of each season, after registering the livestock characteristics, serum samples were obtained at different ages under one year and one year (42 cases), two years (44 cases), three years (28 cases), four years (40 cases), five years (24 cases) and six years and above (22 cases). Sheep were in both sexes (30 cases) and females (170 cases). Sampling was done randomly. From each animal, 10 cc of blood was taken from jugular vein and the serum was separated and frozen. During the measurement, the samples were separated from the freezer and the serum values of copper, zinc and selenium were measured by atomic absorption method (model AA6300 made by SHIMADZU company of Japan) (Bye 1989) and magnesium serum was measured by Pars Azmoun biochemical kit. The results analyzed by ANOVA and Ttest to determine the difference between seasons, different groups of ages and sexes.

The mean serum magnesium level was higher in spring (2.81 ±0.35 mg/dl) than in other seasons and lower in winter (2.60 ± 0.35 mg/dl) than in others. The mean serum levels of copper in spring, summer, autumn and winter was 0.80 ±0.071, 0.94 ±0.091, 0.84 ±0.091 and 0.60 ± 0.092 mg/dl, respectively. These means were 65.11 ±2.11, 72.10 ±1.64, 72.00 ±1.64 and 64.91 ± 2.36 mg/dl, respectively for zinc. The mean serum selenium levels were higher in summer (0.042 ±0.006 mg/dl) and lower in winter (0.035 ±0.005 mg/dl) than in other seasons. The differences between the seasons were significant in all elements (P < 0.05). The means of magnesium, zinc and selenium in the serum in males were higher than females nonsignificantly. The mean of serum copper was higher in the females that this increasing was not significant, also. Serum magnesium levels were higher in the 3 years than in other ages, but the difference between mean serum magnesium levels was not significant at different ages. The mean serum copper in the 5 years and the serum zinc and selenium levels in the six years were higher than in other ages, significantly (p < /p>

L-Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethylaminobutyric) is produced in living organisms through food and the biosynthesis of the amino acids lysine and methionine in the liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and brain and then enters the bloodstream. One of the most important functions of L-carnitine in the body is to produce energy, facilitate the entry of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, facilitate the exit of short and medium chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, eliminate the toxic effects of acyl groups in cells, regulate the ratio of coenzyme-A versus acyl coenzyme-A in the cytosol and mitochondria. L-carnitine is a plasma lipid-lowering drug that lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and low-density lipoproteins, while increases high-density lipoproteins. Supplementation of poultry diets with L-carnitine in has been reported to be effective in controlling blood lipids, abdominal fat pad and poultry health. This study aims to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, abdominal fat, blood biochemical parameters, immune system, cecal microflora, histology of jejenum, taste properties of breast meat and fatty acid composition of breast meat of broilers.

The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, 4 replicates, with 10 broiler chicks with the approximate weights of 45±2g in each pen having the dimension of 1.5×1.5m2 and a total number of 120 chicks during 42 days. The experimental treatments included 3 levels of L-carnitine (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg) in corn-soybean meal basal diet. The effects of experimental treatments were analyzed by SAS software and the comparison of the means with Duncan’s multiple-range test at 5% significance level. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated at the end of feeding phases to evaluate the traits. European Production Efficiency Factor (Aviagen 2018), carcass characteristics (Farrokhyan et al. 2014), blood parameters (Hosseinitabar et al. 2015), immune system (Seidavi et al. 2014), breast meat fatty acid (Folch et al. 1957) cecal microbial population, histology of the small intestine were calculated at the end of experiment (42 days).

In the finisher period of the experiment, the chickens fed by a diet containing 400 mg/kg L-carnitine significantly had lower feed intake and FCR as well as the highest weight gain compared to the control (p < 0.05) ). The reason for the increase in weight of the chickens fed by L-carnitine may be due to the effect of this substance on increasing the insulin-like growth factor-I and also the elevated access of chickens to the energy of feed (Kita et al. 2002). Rabie and Szilagyi (1998) reported that the effect of L-carnitine on improving FCR is related to improving nitrogen metabolism. Elevated levels of L-carnitine significantly increased the European Production Efficiency Factor (P <0.05) in which the highest European Production Efficiency Factor (312.75) was obtained by consuming 400 mg/kg of L-carnitine. The application of L-carnitine significantly reduced abdominal fat pad (p < 0.05) and the lowest was obtained by consuming 400 mg/kg L-carnitine. L-carnitine reduces fat accumulation in tissues by altering fat metabolism (Burtle et al. 1994). Heart weight increased and the weight of duodenum decreased with the supplemntation of L-carnitine (p < 0.05). The level of cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) decreased with L-carnitine compared to the control (P <0.05). L-carnitine also increased total protein and HDL compared to the control. The effect of L-carnitine on albumin and glucose levels was not significant (P≥0.05). Zhang et al. (2010) reported that L-carnitine reduces blood triglycerides in broilers by increasing the catabolism of fatty acids. On the other hand, Cartwright (1986) believes that L-carnitine reduces the serum triglyceride by increasing the activity of lipase enzyme. The weight of the immune system organs (spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius) were not affected by L-carnitine supplemntation (P≥0.05). The antibody titer against the Newcastle virus and the level of total immunoglobulin against SRBC was significantly increased at 35 and 42 days of age with the use of L-carnitine (p < 0.05). A group of researchers stated that L-carnitine improves the humoral response to vaccination and boosts the immune system in broilers and laying hens by producing monoclonal antibodies and increasing the tendency of white blood cells to remove foreign agents (Mast et al. 2000, Deng et al. 2006). L-carnitine Supplementation of broilers diet significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the population of clostridium, Escherichia coli, coliform bacteria and increased the population of Lactobacillus bacteria The health of digestive system is a necessity to increase performance and profitability in poultry farming. The balance between the gram-positive and negative microbial populations plays an important role in the health of the digestive system. In a healthy digestive system, the population of gram-positive bacteria is predominant (Norreh et al. 2015). L-Carnitine had a positive and significant effect on improving the sensory properties of breast meat (P <0.05) and increased the flavor of breast meat. The highest amounts of oleic acid (18: 1c) and linoleic acid (18: 2c) in breast meat were obtained using 200 and 400 mg/kg L-carnitine, respectively. Also, the length of the intestinal villi increased and the depth of the crypt decreased with increasing L-carnitine level in the diet. L-carnitine appears to improve intestinal histology by affecting the intestine microflora, reducing harmful bacteria, and increasing lactobacilli.

Considering the positive effect of L-carnitine on the traits measured in the present study, supplementing the diet of Ross 308 broiler chickens with 400 mg/kg L-carnitine is recommended to improve growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, function of immune system, cecal microbial population, histology of the small intestine, and composition of breast meat fatty acids of broiler.

Pregnancy duration is divided into 3 phases in goats including: day 0 to 50, 50 to 100, and > 100). Transition period is accompanied by metabolic disorders which are minimized by dietary grain and digestible energy concentration. Nutrition can have beneficial effects on the incidence of milk fever in early lactation in the transition period. Animals often face with hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia in during transition period. Excessive consumption of starch carbohydrates such as barley and maize by the ruminant causes acute or chronic acidosis, so replacing starch with other energy sources such as fibers or fats while supplying the energy needed to handle starch problems For the livestock. In the recent years, new technologies and techniques initiate innovation. Food ingredients are being developed that possess superior functional properties in livestock, because of their role in maintain of health, growth, safety and reproduction. Nutrition is known as one of most important factors influencing and can have beneficial effects on fertility. One of promising strategies is feeding of fatty acids and sources of triacylglycerols (TAG). It is well-known that the n-3 fatty acids are necessary in mammals, especially for the fetus. It is well-known that the n-3 fatty acids are necessary in all mammals, especially for the fetus and the neonate. It is known that lipid supplementing improves energy balance and enhances the overall dietary energy content and finally promotes milk production. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to have antioxidant effects that play a critical role in the development and functioning of the central nervous system. There is no any data in literatures on the effect of non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating goats. It was hypothesized that non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids may alleviate adverse effects of productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating. Thus, for first time, this study evaluated the effects of feeding non-fiber carbohydrate sources and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on productive and metabolic parameters in Mahabadi lactating goats during transition period.

In this study, twenty multiparous Mahabadi goats with body weight ranged from 47 to 50 kg and age range of 3-4 years were used. Goats were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 5 animals in per treatment in a completely randomized design. Animals were randomly allocated into 4 treatments based on age, body weight, and parity. Experimental treatments were including 1) Starch diets with 3 % DM palmitic acid, 2) Starch diet with 3% DM omega 3, 3) diet containing beet pulp with 3% DM palmitic acid, 4) diet containing beet pulp with 3% DM omega 3. The isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated based on NRC (2007) by SRNS software. Feed samples were fined by a Wiley mill by using a 1-mm screen and analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and ether extract. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were assessed by Van Soest et al. (1991). All analyses were conducted twice. Milk composition including fat, protein, and lactose was measured by Milko & Scan apparatus. Serum total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were determined using commercial kits (Pars Azmoon-Iran). Serum proteins were isolated in order to evaluate the protein fractions into albumins, α1, α2, β1, β2 and γ-globulins (γG). At same days, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured using the kit from Binding Site Ltd. (Birmingham, UK). This experiment was conducted by Factorial design based on complete randomized design in 9.4 version of SAS software. Duncan procedure was used to evaluate the data. The data were analyzed by SAS software and Duncan test. Statistical model used were as follows; Yijk=U+Ai+Bj+ABij+Eijk Where Yij is observations, μ is mean, Aj is effect of carbohydrate sources, Bj is effect of fatty acid sources, ABij is interaction effect of fatty acids and carbohydrate and eij is error effect.

Results indicated that omega 3 diets (diets 2 & 4) could increase milk production, milk fat, milk protein and total solids in comparison to palmitic acid diets (diets 1 & 3) (p < 0.05). However, it was no observed significant difference between diets 2 and 4 for milk production, milk fat, milk protein and total solids (P>0.05). More ever experimental diets did not affect production of fatty acids C4:0 up to C10:0, C14:0, C14:1, C16:1 and C18:1 (P>0.05) but providing diets 2 & 4 decreased production of fatty acids C12:0, C16:0 and C18:0 and also increased production of fatty acids C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:2 and C22:0. It was no observed significant difference between diets 2 & 4 for mentioned fatty acids. Providing diets to goats did not have significant effects on total protein, albumin, , β and γ protein (P>0.05). The serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, AST and ALT were decreased in goats fed with diets 2 & 4. However, goats receiving the diet 3 also showed lower levels for liver enzymes (p < 0.05). Goats fed with diets 2 & 4 showed higher titer for IgG in comparison to other treatments (p < 0.05).

Dietary inclusion of omega 3 with and without non-fiber carbohydrate could improve milk production and composition. It also improved lipid profile in milk and serum, liver enzymes and immunity. It can be recommended to use omega 3 in order to improve the milk composition, milk production and immunity in goat in transition period. In general, it can be concluded that omega 3 oils can have beneficial on productive and blood parameters.