International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development
Volume:11 Issue: 4, Autumn 2021

The concept of lifestyle was initially used in psychology and sociology, but its features gradually gained entry into other fields of study, including housing. Various studies have been conducted on applying housing lifestyle in Iran, as in other countries. In this study, the structure and contents of lifestyle research in the field of housing have been compared to Iranian research. To achieve this goal, 45 English and 13 Persian articles were thoroughly studied by the systematic review method. The CASP checklist was used for validity and quality control. The results of this analysis show that there are different views on the methodological approaches so it is suggested to use mixed methods. Housing lifestyle studies can be divided into four types of micro and macro scale design, residential preferences, energy consumption in the building, and the meaning of housing. Research on the international scale in the field of meaning and energy consumption is less than design and residential preferences. This is more evident in Iranian studies and should be further studied in the field of housing planning, residential preferences, and building energy. The number of lifestyle factors in international studies is broader than in Iranian studies. However, there is a gap in the field of subjective lifestyle and its psychological issues.

We know little about the physical environment -walking relationship in middle-east countries. There is also a need for qualitative approaches to studying this relationship. This study aimed to understand the physical contextual factors influencing the everyday walking experience of middle-aged residents in an area of Tehran, Iran. It utilized an inductive qualitative content analysis along with Constant Comparative Analysis (CCA). The main themes and categories explored were safety and security (sense of insecurity, sense of inadequate safety), comfort and convenience (lack of physical comfort, accessibility to destinations and amenities, the possibility to do rhythmic walking, sense of overcrowding), and aesthetics and attractiveness (variety and harmony, cleanliness and maintenance, natural elements). The subset concepts of the categories were also explored, including lighting, presence of others, air pollution, crossing streets, the surface of sidewalks, walking on the side of streets roadway, thermal comfort, stepping stairs, noise nuisance, distances to the neighborhood facilities, sitting places, characteristics of paths, overloaded streets, non-local offices and stores, variety and harmony of building facades, old buildings, a variety of colors, various stores, enclosure, upkeep of buildings, greenery, presence of water and birds, and natural sounds. Narrow and uneven sidewalks influenced walking in multiple aspects. This study proposed considerations and details to the general urban policies and interventions to encourage walking. The results of this study can facilitate urban designers and planners in creating community built environments, which promote clean transportation and public health.

Todays, cities have become one of the most complicated systems, which may become fragile when not managed appropriately. In order to prevent fragility, cities should respond more quickly and effectively to complicated threats, which requires an accurate understanding of the concept of fragility. In this regard, a systematic review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to understand the concept of urban fragility by electronic search using keywords combined with Boolean OR and AND operators in Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus. Based on the reviewed articles, the dimensions of urban fragility, including the economic, social, governmental, environmental, international relations, and economic, social, and political conditions of individuals, were identified for each component and indicator. Given the definition of fragility and its dimensions, the present study can provide an opportunity for identifying the causes of fragility in cities and providing some solutions.

Today city residents are experiencing a new way of life which is unprecedented ever since the urbanization concept appearance. The continuous demand to build and maintain the real city space with all the well-known problems, alongside the simultaneous management of urgency and the presence of a developing virtual parallel world, has baffled the city's management systems and city's residents. One of the proposed solutions is employing a machine approach to solve these related issues. The general purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive definition of the concept of urban technology synthesis in the area of physical space as an urbanism machine. This investigation is a comparative study to allocate and provide a particular paradigm for the introduction of augmented reality instances utilizing matter and information combination via technology in urban spaces. After the semantic framework formulation of the mentioned concept, recognition of tools instances in the context of nowadays cities have been considered. In the process of this research, the phenomenon of augmented reality has been retrieved, with its definitions and capabilities as tools for the realization of technological synthesis in the context of current cities. Another result of this research is the introduction of some advantages in applying augmented reality in cities.

Space perception is the first step towards recognizing and communicating with the environment. Despite similar perception systems in human beings, the perception of surroundings is different from person to person. Therefore, different perceptions of similar objective spaces can result from several factors, and only one influential factor cannot determine the perceived subject. This study seeks to identify cognitive aspects of different areas of the elderly perception in architecture and determine the cognitive characteristics of independent elderly residents in Shahrak-e-Gharb of Tehran to obtain primary data and their perceptual, cognitive characteristics using cognitive maps. This is a theoretical-applied study with a qualitative-quantitative method. The library method was used for data collection, field observation to measure the status quo, and interview and cognitive maps technique to collect research data. The sample size of 38 persons was calculated using the Cochran formula. According to the findings, the average perceived cognitive paths of the men group were higher than that of women, and the average perceived cognitive places of the women group were higher than that of men. Aging and length of residence do not affect the number of perceived elements. As aging occurs, the number of perceived places decreases, and the number of perceived paths increases. Most recognized spaces in cognitive maps represent a place for people's memories. So, cognitive spaces should be improved before the cognitive abilities of the elderly decline.

Taking into account the decrease in public presence in religious places, it appears that one of the main reasons for the lost connection between audiences and sacred sites is the lack of sense of place. Creating a sense of place is the job of architects who utilize several factors to this end. The objective of the present study is to show that in designing, an architect considers a set of the personal unconscious mind and collective unconscious mind to achieve the optimum design based on the needs and a sense of place. Hypotheses were formed based on this. The most complete among them was that the most solid and adequate understanding of place is composed in a space that encompasses a combination of the two groups of semantic and physical archetypes. A variety of phenomenological, environment psychology, and analytical approaches helped the study to realize its objective. A combination of field and library studies provided qualitative and quantitative data to the researcher that were analyzed using the Delphi technique. The data obtained by a questionnaire were analyzed using analytical hierarchy process 1 (AHP). The findings showed that inducing a sense of place in the Iranian mosque depended on semantic archetypes, and creating, strengthening, and ensuring the survival of these archetypes turned on more robust use of physical archetypes.