فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 61 (تابستان 1400)

The importance of the press is such that it has been called the fourth pillar of democracy. The role of the media in increasing the level of political awareness of the Qajar period, especially the constitution, is of particular importance. Despite all the restrictions, the press has played an important role in the developments in Iran. The role of the press became more apparent from the time of the Constitution. However, with the conquest of Tehran, the press gained an upward trend with different tendencies. Opposition media acted as an obstacle in the process of Reza Shah's rise to power. These newspapers tried to tell the events to the people and to tell the true face of Reza Shah and those around him. Opposition media have a critical view of socio-political currents. Such media are in the minority and are under the enemy's control. During this period, there were various newspapers that the value and importance of these newspapers that were published in Tehran shows their role in enlightening public opinion and Reza Shah coming to power. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of opposition media in Tehran during Reza Shah's rise to power since the 1299 coup

The book is an old media that in addition to transmitting ideas and heritage to later generations, has a great impact on generalizing ideologies. Therefore, books in the traditional and modern period have always been an important and undeniable tool in spreading the ideology of governments.With more than half a century of activity (1928-1925), the Association of National Works, with the approach of archaic nationalism and western modernity, was one of the important cultural institutions of the Pahlavi period. With its activities, especially in the cultural and research sector, this association was able to play a role in reviving and recognizing Iranian civilization and culture and its identity features, but due to the distance between the government and the nation, in accompanying the masses with cultural goals ,It failed. Sometimes ignoring the religious interests of the people the gap widened . As in some cases, this approach of the association was opposed by some religious members of the association.In this research, with a descriptive and analytical method and extensive use of documents, the role of the National Antiquities Association in spreading the ideology of the Pahlavi dynasty in the field of book publishing has been investigated.

During the confrontation between the two Islamic civilizations and Western civilization in the 5th and 6th centuries AH, a favorable opportunity was provided for the transmission of civilizational heritage and cultural and scientific achievements. Even the Crusades, aimed at infiltrating the Orient, introduced Europeans to the radiant face of Islamic civilization and culture. In the transition from the confrontation to the interaction of civilization, medical knowledge also spread from the field of Islam to Western civilization and reminded Europe of the need to increase the level of health and scientific dynamism.Relying on a descriptive-analytical method based on library data, the present study aims to address the unspoken angles and factors affecting the process of transfer of Islamic medicine to the Western world along the cultural interactions of the Middle Ages. One of the important aspects in the process of civilization convergence between the two fields of East and West was borrowing science and attracting innovative techniques of Muslim scholars, especially in the field of scientific adaptation. Thus, the innovations and teachings of Muslim physicians and the progress of the Islamic world in the field of health and paramedics attracted the attention of Europeans and, by translating the works of Muslims, fueled the wave of the Renaissance in the West.

Deccan is a fertile plateau in the south of the subcontinent which is about three hundred kilometers long. Shiism was chosen as the official religion in the ninth and tenth centuries AH by some local Deccan governments. After the extinction of the Bahmani government in the Deccan region, five local governments, the Qutbshahians in Golkandeh, the Adelshahis in Bijapur, the Shahid system in Ahmadnagar, the Emadshahis in Barar and the Bridshahis in Bidar, took their place. The Qutb Shahs, the Nizam Shahs, and the Adil Shahs called Shi'ism the official religion of their government and have historically been known as Shi'a governments. The rule of Qutb Shahyan was introduced to the Bahmani government by one of the princes of Qaraqoyunlu, named Qoli, who went to Deccan, where he achieved degrees of progress and growth. And was appointed to the government of Golkandeh by Bahmanians and in 918 AH Simultaneously with the weakness of the Bahmanis, he declared independence and immediately, following Shah Ismail, chose the Shiite religion as the official religion and read the sermon. The aim of the present study was the causes and factors of the spread of Shiism in the period of Qutb Shahyan and the political and cultural consequences of the Shiite religion. article uses descriptive-analytical method and library method to collect information. Important court positions were held by them as religious and cultural missionaries in the growth and promotion of Iranian and Islamic culture, so that Persian was used as the official and court language.

During the second half of 9th to 10th hijra centuries/fifteen to sixteen centuries A.D, Safavid era annalists recorded the military actions of Late Sheikh in Safavid dynasty in the northern parts of Azerbaijan and some parts of the Caucasus. However, based on the information, summary examples of issues related to the anthropology and historical geography of the areas discussed are obtained. Nevertheless, the simple question of the present study is: Based on remarks made by the historians, what are the issues in the field of political and human geography in the north of Azerbaijan and the Caucasus? The above question will guide us to this hypothesis: the geographical factor has an influential role on the historical events of that period, and consequently the actions and challenges of progress, appropriate creeds of Safavid sheikhs in Azerbaijan and the Caucasus is the place of curiosity. So, the main findings of the research show two fundamental points: First, the provided information is in agreement with the current features of North Azerbaijan and the Caucasus. Secondly, from the point of view of Safavid historians, the geographical distribution of the mentioned areas has been important merely due to the introduction of its communication and so, this information only respond to a small portion of our unknowns in that period.

One way to get acquainted with the common arts of each period of history is to study the great literary works that have survived from that time. Among the present literary texts, the Divan of Haji Mohammadjan Ghodsi Mashhadi, a poet of the 11th century AH, is a contemporary of the Safavid dynasty, whose popular art of this era is widely reflected in his poetry.The era of flourishing Iranian art is in the Seljuk and Ilkhanid eras and reaches its peak in the time of the Timurids. However, the concentration and integration of the Safavid state organization caused all the arts to flourish, and for this reason, the types of arts in this era grew significantly in quantity. The Safavid government has been considered as a superior power in the field of politics, culture, economy and even art due to its religious authority and the confrontation of the great Shiite power with the Sunni government of Ottoman Turkey.In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the arts that were popular in the Safavid era, such as music, painting, calligraphy, book design and architecture through the Holy Divan of Mashhad.

With the establishment of the Academy of Arts and the admission of the first volunteers to study, who were mainly the children of powerful and influential families in the society of Iran at that time, the wheel of education was turned at high levels. Dar al-Fonun became a major event in Iran's higher education system, and although most of its disciplines were related to natural sciences, medicine, and the military, it cannot be denied that many of its graduates in later years were able to become influential figures in the country's political and social space. The main question of this research is what effect did the thoughts and ideas of the graduates of Tehran Academy of Arts have on the Constitutional Revolution? The main hypothesis of the research is that the graduates of Dar al-Fonun became a generation of ruling critics and opposed to extremist religious prejudices, ignorance and cultural and social backwardness. They supported the constitution. In addition to studying the courses, the students of Dar-ol-Fonun were acquainted with the political situation of the country, nationalist ideas and intellectual thoughts. Some gradually became a generation of critics of the ruling class and struggled with cultural and social backwardness. In this research, an attempt will be made to study the influence of the thoughts and ideas of the graduates of Tehran Academy of Arts in the constitutional movement in a library manner and in the form of a descriptive-analytical approach.

AbstractAt a time when the war between major European powers over the seizure of resources of Asian and African countries had also made Iran the scene of these conflicts, and given the Iranians' lack of readiness to enter new and clever battles, important evidence such as: Mehdi Ali Khan's success in engaging Fath Ali Shah with Afghans, France's five-month honeymoon with Iran from Finckenstein to Tilsit, the fictitious brawl between the Indian company representatives and the British Foreign Office (James - Minto) in front of Fathali Shah, and the deceptive thirty-month trip of Abul Hassan Khan Ilchi and James Morier to London, and frequent and full of deception ceasefire recommendations of Russia to Iran throughout the two-phase wars and etc., are irrefutable evidence of the Iranians getting politically played and deceived. Under these circumstances, the arrival of a new school of thought in Iran called Sheikhia headed by Ahmad Ahsaie’s , had devastating effects on the Iranian Political Historey during this period, including courtiers, religious schools, and the general public. Using library research, this paper focuses on a corner of this issue, that so far has not been discussed in detail, due to the gravity of the effects of the issues on each other.

The Shiite state of Qutb Shahi was established by an Iranian as one of the heirs of the Bahmani government in Deccan. The territory of this government was located in one of the fertile and very rich parts. The God-given wealth of this region entered the trade and economic relations of Qutb Shahyan into a new cycle. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate economic development and the causes and factors of trade prosperity in the Qutb Shahian period. This historical research has been compiled based on library resources and based on descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the study indicate that the territory of this dynasty, which is located in the most fertile area of Deccan, is very diverse in terms of natural and climatic and has dense forests, vast plains and lush rivers, as well as mountainous areas and the existence of various mines, especially gold, iron, chromium, copper and diamonds have given special importance to this region. These capacities are the necessary motivation for the economic development of the kingdom of Qutb.

The study of the contemporary history of Iran Indicates the influence of the role-playing of social forces such as intellectuals, in formation of foundations and substructures of political-social evolutions in Iranian society. One of the fundamental evolution at this point is the emergence of intellectual current, called «Religious Modernity». But the present study, considering the importance of the emergence of religious modernism and it's role in the evolution of Iranian history, has investigated the political-social ideas of intellectuals and the discourse of Islam, in interaction with western modernity in attitude of religious modernist in a descriptive-analytical method using library resources, therefore the purpose of the present study is to answer this question, what are the characteristics of the interaction between religion and the modernity in the political and social attitude of intellectuals of this period? The results of present study in research of the political-religious discourse of intellectuals such as Sharia'ti and Bazargan, indicates a close interaction between religion and science in the religious intellectuals idea, thus Islam in relation to Modernity and new scientific concepts in intellectuals aspect, defined as an ideology, with broad social functions as well as an inseparable element.

In the Pahlavi period, there were many intellectuals and modernists who either belonged to the older generation of the intellectual current or were themselves newly educated young students who continued to express their views until later years. The first iranian intellectuals put titles such as conditionalism, social equality, politicalpluralism and nationalism at the top of their goals and aspirations and their goal was to reform and ultimately change the current political system, but for the second generation of intellectuals, political authoritarianism and iranian nationalism were the necessary driving force to advance their ideals and goals which emerged in the form of an authoritarian person like REZA KHAN.But in REZA SHAH’s advisory hall, there were people like TIMURTASH, DAVAR, and NUSRATULLAH FIROOZ who played a major role in the political currents of the country in the uniformityof authoritarian state.The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection in this research is library. Among the findings of the research, we can mention the formation of an atmosphere of intimidation and terror, the possibility and opportunity of any intellectual and enlightenment activity was lost, the end result of which was the isolation of intellectuals and political elites of that period.

Iranians in the Achaemenid period with the conquest of the Babylonian and Lady empires and access to one of the most important economic regions of the ancient world, Mesopotamia and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and Egypt, inherited a thousand years of maritime experience of different ethnic groups in these areas and to strengthen this heritage. Precious took effective steps; Most of these measures were taken to facilitate maritime trade and the use of sea routes. Sending a naval exploration team to the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea, began digging the Suez Canal in 497 BC. The connection of the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea through the construction of a large waterway in Egypt and the construction of ports and the formation of a large fleet of warships and support ships is part of the extensive commercial, economic and military actions and program of the Achaemenids, especially Darius I and shows that the Achaemenids They are aware of the strategic importance of water areas and their military and economic role in these areas. The main purpose of this article is to examine the position of these areas from a military and economic perspective and its effect on the short-term and long-term policies of the Achaemenid government.