فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1400)

Approximately 32% of the world's energy is consumed in buildings. Among the various solutions to reduce this consumption, the selection of appropriate types of windows in the shell of buildings can play a vital role in their energy efficiency. With population growth and industry development, preventing energy waste and saving it has become one of the most important concerns of countries around the world. The city of Tehran is one of the most consumed cities in Iran due to its large size and population. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention to the construction method in this city. Among the building envelopes, the south envelope forms at least half of the main walls of the buildings due to continuous sunlight. Because of the continuous solar radiation to the southern envelope, in this study, the effect of different parameters of the double glazed window, such as the type of glass, as well as the filling gas between the double glazed windows with four different air distances has been investigated. Given that a significant part of energy consumption in office buildings is related to lighting, heating, and cooling space, it is important to choose the right type of window in reducing energy consumption. In this research, the findings and their analysis are deductive, which is presented in the form of a diagram. In the simulation of this research, double glazed windows with clear glass and an air gap of 3 mm filled with air have been selected, which is one of the most common and commonly used windows in Tehran. This window on the southern envelope is assumed to be the best and most common envelope for providing light and placing the window in the climate of Iran and Tehran. Then selected efficient components were applied as project variables in the simulation. The simulation model of this research was drawn in SketchUp software and entered into the Energy Plus engine in Open Studio software. Simulation and study of energy consumption of the research model have been done with Open Studio by Energy Plus Engine. Findings show that the use of reflective glass with xenon gas and an air gap of eight millimeters provides maximum energy savings of 14.99% compared to the reference model for the southern front. The results show that the choice of absorbent and low-emission glass is not a great choice for Tehran even in the best conditions, because compared to the reference model, they increase energy consumption by 0.53% and 3.79%, respectively. Therefore, the best window position in the south direction is related to the double glazed window with reflex glass, which has an air gap filled with xenon gas and has a 15% reduction in energy consumption compared to the reference window. This window has the most optimal energy efficiency and offers the use of this window for the city of Tehran. This study suggests the use of this type of window for the city of Tehran, especially office buildings that have a large amount of energy in the world.

Visual reflections of child friendly urban space in 7-12 years old children's paintingUrban spaces have a unique role in fulfilling the social and individual needs of child and youth. Improving the quality of these spaces could be effective in health and increase physical strength, Strengthening social interactions, group correlations and increase creativity in children. In other hand painting is a path to acquire abilities and creativity for children. Generally the mental connections of children with urban spaces is sort of problems that exposed in their paintings due to inability of communicate and transfer the message correctly. So the purpose of this study is to identify the most effective indicators on child friendly urban spaces based on children’s painting. The research method is qualitative and the data is collected through survey research method. The statistical society of the study consist of 7 from 12 years old children in Mashhad ( The second greatest city In Iran) and the statistical sample is selected through the purposive non-random sampling model. For this purpose 70 paintings on urban spaces is painted by children and based on drawing- sketching model of cognitive map and analysed by MAXQDA software. By analyzing the research variables including used symbols and colours in the paintings optimal features of urban space is extracted from the children's perspective. The results shows safety and comfort with 17.89% of importance is most important features of child friendly urban space and appropriate access to green and natural spaces, recreational and entertaining zones, public spaces, appropriate public transportation system, access to essential facilities and services, existence of a non-polluting environment, attractive visual elements and possibility of children’s participation are next ratings. To reach this elements attention must be focused on safety, designing and locating of child-friendly urban spaces, In that way they feel safe and feel free to access green and natural spaces. In order to attract a child to urban space and increase his/her sense of satisfaction from spaces he/she must understand urban spaces and use them. In other words, a child could engage himself/herself in spaces when he/she understands it; understanding spaces happens when they feel safety. Surveys has shown that features of a child-friendly urban spaces and proper access to green and natural spaces, recreational and entertaining zones, public spaces, appropriate transportation system, basic amenities and services, pollution free environment. Attractive visual elements and children’s possibility of participation are the next children’s priorities. These features allow them to play in space as they get pleased. Creating artificial and natural spaces together, using sophisticated and simple supplies allow them to grow their creativity. In addition paying attention to playgrounds that is not just a park can help their grow and development.These features allow them to play in space as they get pleased. Creating artificial and natural spaces together, using sophisticated and simple supplies allow them to grow their creativity. In addition paying attention to playgrounds that is not just a park can help their grow and development.Keywords: Child, child’s painting. Urban space, child friendly city

In the definition of education, it can be said that the professional activities of the teacher are called "education". It is said that the set of activities and efforts are made to clarify the topic of learning that is planned by the trainer and that there is an interaction between the trainer and the trainer or the recipients. Recognizing and understanding different learning styles is an important factor in improving the learning process and preventing talents and aptitudes from declining and wasting away. On the other hand, coordination between the learner and the teacher through various learning styles and educational plans can boost the training and help the learner with his/her educational achievements. This aim of this study was to investigate and compare the different learning styles of two academic groups, namely the students of continuous undergraduate program (4-year bachelor) and the students of discontinuous undergraduate program (2-year associate+2-year bachelor), in the field of architecture in the universities of Hamedan Province based on academic performance and gender. These universities included the state universities (Bu-Ali Sina and Malayer), the branches of Islamic Azad University Hamedan, Malayer, Bahar and Asadabad Branchs and the private universities (Science and Culture University, Civil & Tosee and Hegmataneh) which were active during academic year 2017-2018. The methodology was causal-comparative. Questionnaires (Kolb’s LSI) were used for collection of the required data and the chi-squared test was used for analysis of the collected data. Statistical operations were performed on a total number of 309 persons and 19 individuals exited the sample population. Then, the questionnaires were redistributed in a number of universities to improve the quality of the study. SPSS software was used for analysis of the data collected via the questionnaires. Pearson correlation test was used to examine the relationship between the components of learning styles questionnaire. The results of Pearson correlation test showed a significant relationship between the components of learning style. Also, the average score of the educational units passed by the students was decided to comprise the academic performance index. The results indicated that the assimilation learning style had the highest (31.7%) frequency and the divergent learning style had the lowest (15.9%) one. Also, a significant difference was found between the learning styles of the students of continuous and dissentious BS programs as well as between the learning styles of different universities. The students of continuous undergraduate program had the highest frequency in the assimilation learning style and the lowest in the divergent learning style. On the other hand, the students of discontinuous undergraduate program had the highest frequency in the accommodation learning style and the lowest in the divergent learning style. However, no significant difference was found between different genders and students. Based on the results, it is recommended that different subsidiary courses and curricula be designed and implemented in the undergraduate program to help motivate students and improve their talents and a more comprehensive introduction be offered to applicants prior to entering the field of architecture to better familiarize them with the artistic aspect.

Training in architecture is one of the most controversial issues in educational and artistic centers around the world, as well as training in other fields of art. The structure of architectural education is formed around a nucleus called design. The most important mission of architectural education is to create comprehensive thinking that provides students with the ability to step into the process of architectural design. Ignoring student’s capabilities, tendencies, and conducting similar educational programs are Part of mistakes in teaching architectural design. The characteristics of design learners are the same as the characteristics of all human beings, which are classified as individual differences. It means that design learners differ in their ability, knowledge, insight, and transfer in design activities. It is not possible to provide a specific program for teaching the design process without gaining knowledge of the student’s differences in each educational group and without the required knowledge to guide the capabilities and improve the shortcomings. Thus, individual education seems necessary. This research seeks to provide a design process model based on learners’ differences and their corresponding educational model. The research method is Grounded Theory that seeks to construct a theory through exploration among architectural design instructor. Therefore, 100 questionnaires were distributed among the young teachers of the Islamic Azad University, and Theoretical saturation was obtained with 47 questionnaires fully answered, which is followed by the analyzed results. Through open coding, 83 pivotal followings of 9 major categories were produced, out of 472 Primary components, extracted from theoretical foundations and field studies which are: cognitive differences of the learner, objective mental processes, purposeful educational steps, learner-learner interaction, the formation of design personality, learner personality, adaptive structure of education, design system of thought and specialized empowerment. The core category was designated as a person-centered process after segregating in condition, interaction, and consequence field. The Person-centered design model was developed, using the constructive concepts of grounded theory and spiral paradigm of the design process, which is an action between Individual characteristics in terms of thought, creativity, knowledge, educational goals and experiential learning cycle, can be entered with any level of ability and any style of thinking and learning, but successful getting out of this spiral which has moved forward in time depends on individual abilities of designers. Actions between these components will form the main cycle of the design process, which are: thought, creation, and testing. The mentors’ mission is to recognize these characteristics, their growth, and developing them in line with the design goals. In the end, the educational strategies corresponding to the mentioned concepts were presented in the form of architectural design training models based on the cognitive differences of the designers. In the construction of this model, among the major categories obtained in the construction of contextual theory, 5 categories were used that are operational and can be planned and implemented by the learner. The other four categorizations are conditions, interactions, or hidden consequences in the model, which are inherent in the learner's nature or are acquired through teaching methods.

The urban soundscape is a new branch in the field of urban studies, which is related to various sciences, including acoustics. Soundscape is the perceptual quality of the heard sounds. Its desirability is clarified by subjective assessment. In fact, studies in this field seek to explain how people feel about the sounds they hear in urban spaces and how they perceive it as a whole. Numerous factors affect the desirability of the soundscape. The frequency and reason for the presence of people in urban spaces are among the factors affecting the quality of the urban soundscapes. Because different groups of people have different feelings and mentalities towards the urban sound landscape; therefore, necessary measures should be considered in planning and designing the urban soundscape for diverse groups. In the present study, the effect of this issue on the advantage of the soundscape of Tabriz Bazaar has been studied. Based on the frequency and reason for the presence in Tabriz Bazaar, three categories of people can be distinguished like Bazaar merchants, citizens of Tabriz, and tourists. Bazaar merchants are present in space every day for a long time to perform essential activities. The citizens in Tabriz periodically go to Bazaar for optional work. Finally, tourists probably visit Tabriz Bazaar a limited number of times for optional and social activities. This study aims to discover the possible correlation between frequency and reason for the presence in Tabriz Bazaar and the desirability of its soundscape. This is followed by determining the quality of sound perception of each mentioned categories and what factors affect it. To clarify how different people, perceive the soundscape of Bazaar, a questionnaire was used in which 384 people from three groups were tested. The hours allocated for answering questions are the peak times of the presence of people in the Bazaar, which are the busiest and noisiest hours of the day. Spearman correlation between the proposed components is calculated and is statistically significant. Findings indicate that the higher the exposure to the soundscape, the less pleasant it is. On the other hand, people consider sounds pleasant or unpleasant, depending on the purpose for which they are present in Tabriz Bazaar and how often they visit. Therefore, Bazaar merchants clearly understand the soundscape of the market more unpleasantly than others. Tourists find it more pleasant than others due to their peace of mind and short exposure to the soundscape of Bazaar. For the citizens in Tabriz, the soundscape of the Bazaar is acceptable and has a median status between merchants and tourists. Considering the tourists' satisfaction with the soundscape of Tabriz Bazaar, by presenting strategies, it is possible to increase the memorability of the soundscape of Tabriz Bazaar and provide a platform for tourism development through the attractions of "Bazaar sound". The spaces of Tabriz Bazaar are quiet and comfortable in terms of sound, and the most important factor that reduces the sonic comfort and hurts the desirability of its soundscape is the sudden occurrence of sounds with differences in SPL.

Paying attention to environmental quality factors in designing educational spaces has a great impact on the performance of the main users of these spaces, i.e. students. In this context, One of the most effective environmental quality factors is the use of daylight in educational spaces , which in addition to affecting how users perform , also affects the amount of energy savings. The quality of daylight is the most important factors affecting student performance. Considering all the features, designers should design the daylight and artificial lighting from the initial stage of design so that they can provide a comfortable and healthy environment. Adequate clarity is a prerequisite for performing visual tasks but in many cases, visual vision is still dependent on other factors depends. To properly distribute light, it is important to know that the amount of light in a space is determined by the reflection of surfaces and direct ambient light. The goal of interior architecture in practical classes is to improve the physical and mental function of the space to facilitate its activity. Color, light, textures, furniture and all the factors in the workshop are an integral part of interior architecture. One of the various factors that affect architecture is the light factor, which in this article deals with the visual quality of this important factor. The purpose of this research is to achieve the extent and effect of the direction and dimensions of the window on the proper use of daylight and the quality of lighting in a classroom in various situations. The main variables in this research for windows are the dimensions of the glass surface and the reflection of the materials, which have been studied as factors analyzed in the charitable design and the quality of lighting and the visual and non-visual effects of the window. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-quantitative in terms of type of research and analytical- numerical research method is based on computer modeling. The example of this research is a common class of practical courses that includes research variables and the software checked the quality of its lighting in different directions on the first day of each month then effect of window dimensions in the workshop was then evaluated by Dialux software. It should be noted that the case study of this article has many similarities in terms of design principles with most classes of practical courses in Iranian schools. Possible results suggest that not only the placement of the window in the classroom but also the dimensions of the window and the texture of materials and furniture can have a major impact on the quality and quality of lighting in practical classrooms and the designers of the studios will be aware of the quality of work and increase the efficiency of service and study, reduce errors and increase the accuracy of the staff, prevent the feeling of tiredness and maintain the health and vision of the users of the studios and motivate the design is.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and measure the efficiency of the yard space with an emphasis on the concept of functional radius in different types of traditional Iranian houses (Kashan & Esfehan). In reviewing the relative depth of sink function, it is necessary to convert the quantitative data of the plan into quantitative data... In the physical composition of each home, spaces are divided into two categories: "service spaces" and "service spaces", where the combination of spaces together has a direct relationship with the function of the service provider or service provider. The layout model of the spaces of each home expresses the particular type of spatial relationships of that house, which is sometimes unique in buildings, and sometimes with a stable pattern, in the spatial relationship of the houses jointly observed. The purpose of this article is to examine the performance of the yard in a variety of Iranian house patterns, which is based on the definition of the functional radius of the yard in different patterns of the house. In order to test the above process, three different models of a gull, two gullies and three gullies in Kashan and three samples with the mentioned characteristics in Yazd were selected as case samples. In this research, in order to determine the functional efficiency of space, justification graphs and syntactical maths are used. Different parts of the house, like many other spaces, have spatial priorities and special rankings for better service and therefore a good performance. In the physical composition of each home, spaces are divided into two parts: "Service spaces" and "Service spaces", where the combination of spaces together has a direct relationship with the function of the service provider or service provider. The layout model of the spaces of each home expresses the particular type of spatial relationships of that house, which is sometimes unique in buildings, and sometimes with a stable pattern, in the spatial relationship of houses is seen jointly. The purpose of this article is to examine the performance of the yard in a variety of Iranian house patterns, which is based on the definition of the functional radius of the yard in different patterns of the house. In order to test the above process, three different models of a gull, two gullies and three gullies in Kashan and three samples with the mentioned characteristics in Yazd were selected as case samples. In this research, in order to determine the functional efficiency of space, justification graphs and syntactical maths are used. Accordingly, the research question in relation to the research goal is as follows:How does changing the functional radius in space increase or decrease the efficiency of the yard in the Iranian home?Accordingly, the hypothesis on the answer to the research question is as follows:The greater the functional radius of a space in the configuration of the building, the effective radius and the sphere of influence of that space decrease, and thus the efficiency of the space increases.

Researchers in the field of Design-Process have focused on effective techniques to enhance creativity in the design of many studies. This leads to a focus on the effects of two techniques: metaphor and analogy. This research has challenged us to take consideration about: "Is the effectiveness of these techniques in all the activities of the design process to the same extent? Whichever metaphor and analogy techniques play a more meaningful role in which part of the design process?Nowadays, skills in innovation and methods that improve the knowledge of the design-problem have emerged as main features for designers. Metaphor is frequently expressed as a key role for enhancing creative design. Few empirical researches have been performed on how junior designers can use it within their performances.A metaphor is a figure of speech for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide clarity or identify ambiguous similarities between two ideas. A metaphor also is containing an implied comparison and allows us to understand one concept in terms of another, enriching our mental imagery and imbuing concepts with meaningful attributes. Reasoning embraces the retrieval of a known concept and its application to an unfamiliar situation.The analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject (the analog, or source) to another (the target), or a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. This means that the analogy is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, in which at least one of the premises, or the conclusion is general rather than particular nature. It can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy. As a result, two kinds of knowledge would be attained deep knowledge of the design problem, and deep knowledge of many other kinds of natural and artificial objects from/to which one may analogize.The purpose of this article is to study the research related to analogy and metaphor. Moreover, research related to the design process or its parts, in order to positioning each of these two techniques in teaching the design path. The methodology of this research is based on library studies and logical reasoning. In the first step, studies related to the design process, banner design training in Iran, and metaphor and analogy are collected and classified. This is followed by reviewing the content of these studies, the focus of each one on the different parts of the design process is identified and their final result reached with the same sensitivity. The most important result of this study is that metaphor and analogy are considered as effective techniques in creative design education. Metaphors in the stages of analysis and synthesis (understanding the design and concept production) and analogy in the stages of synthesis and evaluation (solving and promoting the problem or Concept Development) is more effective.