نشریه اقتصاد و تجارت نوین
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 50، بهار 1400)

The agricultural sector is very important in terms of its contribution to production and employment as well as food security; therefore, assessing the impacts of trade liberalization under the agricultural sub-sector is of particular importance. On this direct, in this study, the effects of importation tariff reduction under the agricultural sub-sector of Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union on welfare and trade balance, based on the model of the World Trade Analysis project and version 10 of its database, in two scenarios (reduction 25% and 50% reduction of tariff rates) are analyzed. The results of this study display that the most negative impact on Iran's welfare is been related to the reduction of Iran's importation tariff rate from the Eurasian Economic Union in the sub-sector of “corn, barley, millet and other cereals”. Moreover, the most positive impact on Iran's welfare is been related to the reduction of Iran's importation tariff rate from the Eurasian Economic Union under the “wheat” sector. In addition, the most positive effect on the welfare of the Eurasian Economic Union is been related to the reduction of Iran's importation tariff rate from the Eurasian Economic Union under the “wheat” sector, Also, there is no significant negative impact on the welfare of the Eurasian Economic Union in different scenarios under the agricultural sector. In Iran, the most positive effect on trade balance changing is been related to the activity of vegetables and the most negative effect on trade balance changing is related to activity of wheat.

The need to achieve higher economic growth and development without increasing emissions and the resulting risks to the environment has led to the use of renewable energy in recent years in most countries around the world.the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of renewable energies on sustainable development of OPEC member states. accordingly, using the data panel method in the years 1990 - 2019 and based on the generalized squares pattern (GLS), the relationship between the research variables has been investigated. The results show that in the studied countries, there is no significant relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth and also between this energy consumption and CO2 emissions, but non-renewable energy consumption has a positive and significant relationship with economic growth and CO2 emissions. The small share of renewable energy and the large share of non-renewable energy in the energy. This is due to the small share of renewable energy and the large share of non-renewable energy in the energy consumption basket of these countries.

The causal relationship between financial development and economic growth is one of the most challenging topics in the macroeconomic literature. In fact, the relationship between these two key variables depends on the pillars of financial development that can have a significant impact on this relationship. Meanwhile, budget indicators as a representative of macroeconomic stability have a significant impact on the relationship between financial development and economic growth. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of budgetary indicators in the revenue sector on the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth during the period 1978-1397 has been studied. For this purpose, first, the multidimensional index of financial development has been calculated based on the banking indicators approved by the World Bank. Then, based on the bivariate causality test based on the vector error correction model (VECM), the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth has been investigated. Then, the effect of budgetary indicators on the causal relationship between this variable based on the three-variable causality test based on the above model has been done. Based on the results of this study, the main income indicators have a significant effect on the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth. However, major budgetary indicators have prevented macroeconomic stability. This has led to the elimination of the causal relationship between financial sector development and economic growth and the country's economy cannot benefits from developing the financial system in the banking sector to achieve higher economic growth.

Capital flight is a growing problem in the global economy that has negative effects on the economic growth and development of developing and has also deepened the development gap between countries. Different factors affect this phenomenon but risk and uncertainty are among the most important institutional components of each country that affect the return on investment and can lead to capital flight. The present study aims to investigate on the effects of economic, political and financial risks on capital flight using panel data during the period 2000-2019 and in 45 selected developing countries.  The results of using the panel data error correction method through fully corrected least squares estimators (FMOLS) show the significant and positive effect of all three types of risk factors on capital flight. In addition, official and foreign currency exchange rate variables have positive effects, and economic growth rate, real interest rate and corruption control index have negative effects on capital flight. This study shows that under strict sanctions and the consequent high political and economic risk, the phenomenon of capital flight can not be countered in Iran. To prevent capital flight, Iran needs to reduce its international tensions, especially with large and influential countries in the global economy.

According to theories of international economics, trade between countries causes the flow and transfer of knowledge and technology between trading partners. This transition is referred to in the international economic literature as foreign research and development spillovers. These spillovers occur in two direct and indirect ways. Indirect spillovers are caused by indirect trade and through another country between countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of direct and indirect spillovers of foreign research and development on the Gross Domestic Product and also on competitiveness in Iran and its major trading partners during 2010-2019 using the autoregressive distributed lag model in panel data. For this purpose, first two indicators of direct spillovers and indirect spillovers for the studied countries were calculated. Then, the effect of these two factors was examined on the GDP and also competitiveness. The results of model showed that in the long run, both direct and indirect spillover effects of foreign R&D had a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, domestic research and development expenditures have had a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of countries in the long run. Other results of the study have shown that both direct and indirect spillovers have had a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness index of countries in the long run. According to the results, it can be said that the amount of domestic research and development should be increased to increase both economic growth and the country's competitiveness index.

Over the last two decades, the rapid growth of e-commerce, which is the main feature of the new economy, has played a significant role in the development of societies, so that e-commerce has a significant share in global trade and paved the way. It has provided financial sectors for faster growth. This study examines e-commerce (e-commerce transactions, access to e-commerce facilities and online shopping by individuals) on the performance of financial markets (stock value of transactions and banking facilities) in 15 selected developing countries during the period 2006 until 2019, it has been studied using Markov switching econometric technique. The results of model estimation showed that during the boom, e-commerce variables have a positive effect on the performance of financial markets; while in the recession, e-commerce has a negative impact on the performance of financial markets. Therefore, strengthening and expanding e-commerce indicators in developing societies can play a significant role in improving the performance of financial markets.