نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 24، بهار و تابستان 1400)

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the fourth generation university in regional development to achieve this goal, a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method were used. Potential participants in the study included experts and scholars in the field of higher education and academics and 25 of them were interviewed semi-structured based on purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria. In order to analyze the data, MAXQDA software and Brown and Clark (2006) theme analysis technique were utilized. Through a six-step process (familiarity with primary data, creation of basic conceptual codes, search and recognition of selective codes, formation of sub-themes, definition and formation of main themes and review) analysis, 141 primary codes were identified, after reviewing and refining which, 82 selective codes were obtained. After reviewing and refining them, 12 sub-themes and 3 main themes were identified. The validity of the data was verified through a review by the interviewees. The findings showed that the fourth generation university (social university) provides the ground for regional development in three areas: socio-cultural, economic and environmental. In the cultural and social spheres, through social development, disseminating of regional values and identity, developing democratic thinking, creating social hope, and participating in civilization, and creating civic commitment plays a role in the development of the region. In the economic field, by creating a knowledge-based economy, the fourth generation university is a stimulant of productive and sustainable regional economy, the development of social entrepreneurship professional and skilled outputs is effective in the development of regions. Finally, in the field of environment, through encouraging a culture of environment preservation, environmental knowledge enhancement and development of environmental technologies, it causes regional development.

Spatial segregation is both a reflection of the existing social structure and a mechanism to enforce that structure. In Tehran, the dramatic increase in the capacity of universities and educational institutions has led to a significant rise in the number of graduates with a university degree, but it is still unclear to what extent spatial segregation exists based on education levels. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the spatial segregation of the population based on gender and education level in Tehran Metropolitan Area. 2011 census data were analyzed using spatial statistics and analysis by GeoDa and Geo-Segregation Analyzer software. The results show that the degree of spatial segregation of individuals with university education is higher than other educational groups, and the groups with lower education are more integrated and living in the south and south-east regions of the city. The level of spatial segregation of women with higher education is more than men. The results of this study are consistent with the historical north-south socio-spatial patterns. In addition, the results indicate that individuals are in clusters with similar socioeconomic characteristics. Finally, the metropolis of Tehran is experiencing considerable segregation between different social strata.

This article tries to explain the position of urban social policy in Iran based on upstream legal documents and approvals related to city associations and municipalities. Simultaneously with the Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the National Assembly in 1286 AH, which paved the way for the emergence of a modern government in Iran, ruling actors in the city also took on a new role. Municipalities have become a major player in helping the government to ensure the welfare of vulnerable social groups and provide various welfare services to these groups, and a kind of restorative municipality is born. In this article, relying on the qualitative method with the technique of document content analysis, we have tried to review all the laws related to municipalities during the 70-year period until the Islamic Revolution and discover and extract themes related to ensuring the welfare of citizens and social groups. The findings indicate that municipalities initially played a minimal restorative role in ensuring the welfare of citizens, but with the establishment of the modern developmental government, various social groups became the target of municipal policy and more welfare services were provided by this institution. The intensification of development and widespread migration to cities and the formation of the urban lower class, made social policy “reducing urban poverty” more complex and highlighted the role of municipalities. Thus, the municipality became one of the most important institutional barriers to reducing urban poverty, and excluded some of the social groups involved in the city's informal economy, such as peddlers and vagrants, from the urban life cycle.

The purpose of this study is to understand how and why of the exclusion of poor rural immigrants to Tehran in the labor market. In this research, the basic theory method is used, which is a qualitative method. The study population is the heads of urban poor households living in districts 17, 18 and 19 of Tehran, which was selected by purposive sampling and continued until theoretical saturation. After the coding process, the research findings based on the paradigm model of the research are divided into five axes: causal conditions, intervening conditions, context, strategies and consequences, and the nuclear category was obtained as social exclusion from the formal labor market. In this article, the causal conditions are discussed. According to the participants, these conditions include four main categories (weakness of economic capital, weakness of human capital, unfavorable economic conditions and unfavorable working environment conditions). The research findings show that many poor people living in the study areas, who had a rural origin, have experienced all kinds of exclusion in the formal labor market after migrating to Tehran. Meanwhile, unfavorable economic conditions such as economic sanctions, the spread of Coronavirus, mechanization of production and provision of services and the presence of foreign nationals have affected the vulnerability and exclusion of people from the formal labor market. Also, unfavorable working conditions such as low income and lack of social support and physical and psychological harm and exploitation have led to their exclusion from the labor market.

Development is a concept for expressing deep themes that have been pursued throughout history under other headings. The perfectionist nature of man is always at every level and stage of his intellectual, social and historical development, based on the level of perception, cognition and epistemological, ontological foundations. And its anthropology has somehow defined, regulated, and pursued it. Therefore, with this vision, the forthcoming research has sought to find the concept of development from the perspective of local people. Therefore, the present study is a qualitative-quantitative research in the category of applied research and due to the combined nature of the research method. In-depth and purposeful interviews were conducted with 48 people from 12 rural areas and a questionnaire was distributed to 240 households to complete. Using MAXQDA software, the research data including the text of the interviews were divided into meaning units and then summarized by compression. Finally, in order to analyze the data, the TOPSIS model and cluster analysis method were used. The concept of rural development was classified into 5 main categories including infrastructure, superstructure, socio-institutional, economic and environmental. The results showed that the residents of the villages in the region had a view of the concept of development, derived from their needs, so that the villages that felt less need within the framework of development components, the lower the desired level of development and in contrast to the villages that felt more need in They had a framework of development components, they considered the desired level of development higher. The results also showed that, considering that in the combined index, the optimal level of development is 0.693, it can be said that the rural areas studied are far from reaching the optimal level of development. Finally, using cluster analysis, the villages of the region were clustered in 4 categories, the results of which showed the spatial inequality between the regions in terms of development indicators.

The main purpose of this study is to identify strategies to increase the production of cooperatives in Khuzestan province during the corona outbreak. In this research, with regard to the research topic, the qualitative method and interpretive structural modeling approach have been used. The participants of the present study were 45 key informants in Khuzestan province in 2020. In the present study, semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data and purposive sampling was used to select cases. The results of the present study showed that in the period of corona outbreak, the production status of production cooperatives in Khuzestan province is moderate for the majority of interviewees (56.6%). The results of structural analysis using Mick Mac software showed that from the perspective of experts, the most important strategies to increase the production of cooperatives in Khuzestan province in the pavilion period of Covid 19 include 1. Correct understanding of market and customer needs 3. Teaching cooperatives new production and sales methods 3. Strategic planning in cooperatives 4. Use of new sales and marketing methods 5. Supply chain efficiency 6. Home business development 7. Government support for production and business environment 8. Business flexibility and innovation in production program 9. Working capital management 10. Trust and belief in the capabilities of cooperatives 11. Paying attention to the comparative advantages in forming a cooperative 12. Advertising and gaining customer trust Production activities, its maintenance and promotion 14. Cooperation and cooperation between departments 15. Comprehensive maintenance and promotion of human resources in production units 16. Acting on the approvals of the Facilitation and Corona headquarters.

One of the major problems of countries is the recession and destruction of villages due to various factors such as unemployment, migration and other factors. The village has an effective role as a place to live and produce. Creativity in rural areas can be considered as one of the new approaches to rural development to produce and live and prevent the collapse of rural areas. Today, perhaps one of the most successful ways to transform a village into a village with a successful economy is to use the concept of a creative village. Rural creativity has played a key role in rural development, and in this regard will provide sustainable income generation for rural communities. In the researches, creativity and its dimensions have been considered in urban areas, while the need for this concept and its function in rural areas is felt more due to the problems of the villagers. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the causal model of criteria. Effectively done on the creative village. The present study is applied according to its purpose, and based on descriptive-causal method. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 35 experts and specialists related to rural planning. In order to achieve the research goal, fuzzy dimethyl technique was used. Findings of the study showed that among the four criteria (participation, initiative, leadership and promotion and education) of the creative village, the criterion of participation was the most effective and the criterion of initiative was the most effective creative village. Also, the participation criterion was identified as the most important criterion of the creative village. Criteria for promotion, education and leadership also have a kind of mediating role in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness.

The Present Study Seeks To Discover The Structure Of The Economic Habitus In The Rural Field In Order To Take A Realistic Look At How The Villagers Act In The Field Of Economic Decision-Making. The Research Method Used In This Research Is Ethnography And Semi-Structured And In-Depth Interviews Have Been Used To Collect Data. The Sample Size Includes 23 Participants Who Have Been Selected In Rural Areas Of Gilangharb City Using Purposive Sampling. The Interviews Were Analyzed Using The Directional Content Analysis Method. The Results Show That The People With Lower Economic Status Of Rural Field Have Non-Economic Habitus Because In Their Current Situation, These People Prefer The Tendency To Have Comfort And Convenience To A Higher Income With More Effort And Endeavor. The Job Preferences Of The People Of This Social Status Are Agriculture And Bureaucratic Work, So That With Less Effort, They Will Have More Income And At The Same Time More Leisure To Have Fun, Relax And Engage In A Consumerist Life. Meanwhile, The People With Middle And Upper Economic Status Of The Rural Field Have A More Economical Habitus Than The People With Lower Economic Status Of The Rural Field. Unlike The People With Lower Economic Status Of The Rural Field, These People Have Less Consumerist Life And More Effort To Save, And Postpone Their Consumption Needs To Earn More. Work And Activity To Earn More Money Is A Priority For These People, Even If It Does Not Leave Them Time To Relax And Enjoy A Consumerist Life.

Strategic environmental assessment is a systematic, comprehensive and on-going process for evaluating the environmental impact and consequences of strategic actions. The purpose of this study is to use this approach to screen the environmental consequences of interventions actions for local growth and development with emphasis on the "Strategic Document of Economic Development of Counties of Region One's Planning in Khuzestan Province". The present research is applied based on the purpose and type of research, and descriptive and survey (analytical) methods in terms of nature and method. Screening has been done by using checklist and screening matrix in the framework of Fuzzy Delphi Method and with the advice and survey of 26 responsible practitioners in various fields of planning about three components and 33 key environmental criteria. Results showed that the degree of effectiveness of strategic action on improving and enhancing the welfare and human livelihood of rural and urban settlements, impact on other strategic documents and design and provision of a framework for the activities and operational projects with potential environmental impacts, is "significant" and above the 'threshold'. Also, the degree of attention to the consideration of laws and regulations related to the environment and the integration of environmental considerations, values and standards, is 'less than significant threshold'. In addition, the areas of planning and policy-making covered by strategic action based on legal guidelines are recognized as areas of development with environmental issues and constraints, and will have potentially significant environmental effects and consequences on geographical, natural and cultural areas.

The return of rural migrants from the city to the countryside, like other migrations, has not been accidental, but the causes and motives have caused these migrants to return from the city to the countryside. In this regard, saffron, as one of the most important agricultural products of Khorasan Razavi province, plays a very important role in the return of migrants to city. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of saffron cultivation on reverse migration in rural areas of Rashtkhar. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. In this regard, the consequences of the role of saffron in 355 sample households (including 76 reverse migrant households) in 26 villages of this rural district were studied. For this purpose, first, in addition to documentary studies and initial field visits, a wide range of indicators were determined in accordance with the conditions of the studied villages. Then, data collection was done based on selected indicators and using village and household questionnaires. Statistical and spatial analysis and Expert choice, TOPSIS, SPSS and ArcGIS software were used for data analysis. Findings indicate that increasing the area under saffron cultivation and thus increasing its production, with a 99% confidence level helps the rate of return of migrants in the study area. Other findings of the study confirm that among the factors influencing the reverse migration of households, the economic factor (creating extra income of saffron with priority index of 0.971, stability of saffron income with priority index of 0.902, ability to save with priority index of 879 / 0), has a greater role in the return of households to the countryside and the return of immigrants has been able to create opportunities such as increasing employment levels, income stability through saffron cultivation and improving living standards for exemplary households.

The present descriptive-correlational study aimed to investigate the relationship of place attachment and civic engagement with risk preparation. Covariance matrix based on structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The study population included all residents of Baghmisheh having 18 years of age or over. According to Morgan's table, 381 participants were selected by cluster sampling method, but the information of 364 people was finally analyzed due to the distorted information of some respondents. The theoretical literature used in the present study was mainly based on the theories of environmental psychology, social participation, and civic institutions. In order to collect information, a standard questionnaire was administered. Construct validity of the questionnaire and internal consistency of its items were corroborated using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha test, respectively. The residents were at a moderate level of place attachment (mean score = 6.53 out of 10), but their civic engagement was at a relatively desirable level (means core =12.43 out of 15). Based on the findings, different dimensions of risk preparedness had a significant relationship with place attachment and civic engagement. As the structural equation modeling indicated, place attachment and civic engagement could significantly predict the variations in risk preparedness variable. Moreover, the place attachment variable had a significant effect on civic engagement. Despite the respondents' relatively high scores in cognitive preparedness, their scores were not desirable in behavioral and material preparedness, so that a significant gap was observed in the knowledge and behavior of citizens.was observed in the knowledge and behavior of citizens.

In the last decade, the number of floods has increased about 10 times compared to the1340s. In March 2019, in many provinces of Iran, including Golestan Province, especially Aq Qala County, due to heavy and sudden rain, a flash flood occurred, which caused financial and human losses. This study is in applied form and the terms of the method is descriptive-analytical based on field studies. The statistical population of the present study is the households of six villages in the central district of Aq Qala County, which includes 4639 households according to the 2016 census. 270 people were selected as a sample by using Cochran's formula. The reliability of the research components was obtained by using the Cronbach-alpha coefficient which is equal to 0/82 The selected samples after being tested were analyzed by using SPSS software and Chi-square, Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and ANOVA / Duncan. The results of Chi-square correlation analysis illustrate that each of the studied factors has a 99% relationship to the flood damage in the studied villages. Moreover, the results of the Friedman test show a significant difference up to 99% confidence level. According to the obtained results from the Kruskal-Wallis test, in terms of natural components, there is no difference in the amount of damage between villages, and only for the component of encroachment on the river and construction in its area, there is a significant difference between villages at the level of 95%. Comparison of the average damage between the six studied villages through the ANOVA test shows that there is a significant difference of 99% between the villages in the amount of damage in their different parts. Based on this, different villages were grouped through Duncan's post hoc test, which explains the amount of damage.  The cause of different damage to villages depends on the slope of the land, the height of the village above sea level, and especially the proximity to the river floods of Qarah Su and Gorganrud. Although the villages of Sahne Sofla, Dugunchi, and Yampi were hit by the flood because of the heavy rains in a short period, suffered less damage than the villages of Qanqormeh, Yolmeh Khandan, and Chensouli. After all, the lack of dredging of rivers, gradual encroachment on river’s territory, and the random destruction of riverbeds have also increased the severity of the destructive effects of floods in the studied villages.