فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 51، خریف 2021)

In the contemporary period, following the new conditions that occurred in the Arab society, the language of poetry changed and the poets renewed their poetic language. Khalil Hawi, like his other counterparts, innovated in different parts of his poetic language and used poetic language as a tool for creativity and a tool for creating images, so his poetic language has a special charm and beauty that deserves to be studied. The present article descriptively-analytically discusses the aesthetics of the poet's poetic language in order to achieve the aesthetic components in two poems (Sodom and Post ice). He has the power of expression and delicacy, and sometimes we see that he uses a language full of the spirit of life and emotion. Structurally, it has given a new emotional atmosphere to the poem, the use of which has led to beauty in his poetic language, including the most important elements of beauty, a part of the poet who uses it to create a distinctive image in his poetry and express special beauty in his poetic language. They include: repetition of words to emphasize meaning and music creation, change in sentence structure, use of the speaker's (intrinsic) conscience that refers to the poet's concern for the nation, visual paradox, contempt in the structural and semantic type, and the use of the myth of Tammuz.

Narrative discourse is an important way to represent the actions, words, and thoughts of a story that arises from studying the distance between the narrator and the characters of the story. Leech and Short are among the most important theorists who have divided the methods of representation into five methods direct, indirect, free direct, free indirect, and the narration of words and ideas. The present article analyzes these methods in a descriptive – analytical method by enumerating the ideas of the novel " Passage to the Plaza " (1990). The research findings show that the narrator has applied direct thought, thought reporting and free indirect thought to construct her fictional world; Because direct thinking allows the characters to express their concerns in various political, social, economic, social and cultural fields to the reader without intermediaries. In the indirect free method, the voice of the narrator and the character are mixed and the story is transmitted to the reader through two voices, enjoying various representations. The author paints a vivid picture of Palestinian society in the early years of the uprising (Intifada).

Nouri Al-Jarrah is one of the contemporary Syrian poets who color has different functions in his poetries. The mentioned colors in his divan are to describe a thing or a phenomenon; or having metaphorical, ironic and sometimes allegorical meanings. The present article attempts to express and analyze the functions of green, white and black colors in his poetries with descriptive – analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the colors in Al-Jarrah’s poetry provide the basis for creating conflict, contradiction, ambiguity as well as sadness and grief; In other words, the poet plays with the audience’s traditional expectations against colors. From the statistical point of view and the frequency of the presence of colors in the poet’s poetry, neutral colors such as white and black have a wide presence in Al Jarrah’s poetry and in many situations the presence of these two colors is felt along with other colors. The mentioned colors in addition to their symbolic function have negated or neutralized the meaning of other colors.

Iranian folk culture has specified a great part of our literature among different Iranian ethnic groups and has gained a high place in the vast Iranian literature. Iranian folklore has not yet been widely developed, but folk beliefs, feelings, and ideas have been passed down from generation to generation and heart to heart without verbal or spiritual complexity and most of the mentioned beliefs are remained in oral form without logical reasoning. Popular culture refers to a group of rituals, beliefs, customs, legends, stories, proverbs, songs, and famous poems. All proverbs, traditional medicine, stories, celebrations, feasts and various rituals among the various ethnic groups form the folk culture of each ethnic group and add to its richness day by day. The purpose of this article is to reflect the folk culture in the prose works of Persian literature according to the travelogues of the Qajar era. The results of the research show that proverbs, beliefs and folk tales, traditional medicine, games, celebrations and feasts, local customs and traditions are among the subsets of folk culture that are in the literary prose works of Persian literature and the authors have applied them to create themes and illustrations.

There is a hand – to hand relation between practical commitment to moral values, commitment to divine commands and decrees, strengthening religious culture in society and limiting the spread of corruption and non-observance of social principles. The present study’s purpose is the pathology of the performing social ethics in the present era from Qur'an and Nahj Al-Balaghah’s viewpoint. The data collection method is a documentary – librarian that has drawn a semantic inclusion in each category by examining the frequency of verses and chapters of Holy Quran as well as sermons, letters and words of Nahj Al-Balaghah, in the concept of social ethics; and studies the issue based on the verses of Holy Qur'an and Nahj Al-Balaghah by covering three stages of description, analysis and explanation (interpretation). The results show that one of the central and fundamental issues in the field of social ethics is to recognize the factors and obstacles of performing social ethics in the present era. Awareness and education of ethics, promotion of moral values, introduction of moral models, dealing with immoral manifestations and strengthening spirituality in society are effective in achieving social ethics.

The divine prophets, as well as the innocent Imams who are the successors of the great mission of guidance, have used various methods during their glorious life in order to invite toward Lord and lead human beings to good behaviors, each of which has left a great impact on the personality and behavior of human beings. Propaganda is done in different ways, according to verse 125 of An-Nahl Surah, "best dispute and "argumentative debates away from misleading" are among its types. Best dispute in the religion of Islam, like other heavenly religions is a vital aspect of religion and an effective means of dispelling and revoking the doubts created by the (some) religious men and deviants. As we know, dialogue and dispute are the human life’s phenomena, so considering the urgent and crucial need in the contemporary era to spread false beliefs and practice them in the light of the verses of Holy Quran, the present study is entitled "Study of the concept of controversy and its importance in the light of Holy Quran verses according to the opinions of contemporary translators is examined.

The study of the history of the mirror in Iranian literature, culture and mysticism has a long background. What is considered in this research is the position and function of the mirror as one of the mystical codes for expressing inner secrets and reaching from the minimum to the total truth; in the sense that the mirror can connect us to the absolute truth which is the eternal essence of oneness. The condition for connecting to this truth is to embellish the heart’s mirror from the rust and belongings. The present research intends to apply a descriptive – analytical method while expressing the importance of this polished nasty that has caused emergence of the human mind in different eras, to present the thoughts of poets with the help of this symbol and to promote its efficiency and reflection to contemporary literature. The result is that the attitude of poets in the past and present towards the concept of mirror and its importance has been expressed; With the definition that the mirror is like snow from the point of view of the early mystics, pure heart is like snow, while in the poems of some contemporary poets, has different applications such as sea mirror, mirror judgment, mirror of tears, and so on.