Journal of Advanced Sport Technology
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2021

Fracture of femur is considered as one of the most significant causes of disability and death, especially among the elderly people. Therefore, there is a global effort towards non-invasive assessment of the femoral fractures. The purpose of the present research was to compare the femoral neck fracture pattern in both normal and abnormal angles in active and non - active postmenopausal women. In this way, 20 postmenopausal women (54.2±2.5 years) were selected as active and non-active groups among all of the patients that registered in the CT scan department of the city hospital during the past three years. In this way, some parameters such as: the geometric data, density of the bone and also the type of bone based on their angles including Coxavara and Coxavalga of the hip joint were calculated by CT-Scan device.The experimental and computational analysis of fracture patterns were carried out using Finite element method, whereas the model was simulated by 3D Max software. For statistical analysis after using kolmogorov smirnov tnormalization test, two-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used. Moreover, the data were analyzed with Abacus and SPSS 19 software and the level of significant set as p≤0.05. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the femoral neck fracture pattern in both normal and abnormal angles between two groups (p≥0.05). Moreover, the geometry and density of the femoral neck did not indicate any significant effect on fracture pattern of the hip joint angles. Therefore, it seems that the geometric data could not consider as the predictor indices during fracture pattern of the femoral neck angle in postmenopausal women.

The use of modern technology has allowed athletes to train to the best of their ability and prepare for the competition. Volleyball is a discipline in which speed (velocity) and accuracy play a key role. The present study aims to investigate force control by the inventive device. In this semi-experimental research, 31 volleyball players males were randomly assigned to the traditional training group (n=11), 3ISO device group (n=11), and control group (n=9). One-repetition maximum of biceps brachii, an isometric maximum strength test in four angles, and a force control were tested at baseline and 8 weeks later at the study completion.  Right, and left-hand force control improved from baseline to post-intervention by training with 3ISO device (P=0.0001), furthermore, these changes were not significant in the control and the traditional training groups. Finally, the results of this study revealed that the force control produced by 3ISO device is better than the traditional training, which leads to more precise and controlled movements in athletes.

One of the main points when exercising is the use of proper sportswear to minimize injuries and improve athlete performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the design, the number of components and seams, and the presence of pads on the movement comfort of sports bras. Two popular sports bras were considered: one containing some components and sewn seam and the other is a seamless bra without pads. To measure the bra tension during sports activity, a metal thread sensor was implemented for recording motion changes. To simulate the simple movements of sports activities, three movements of the hand and body were performed. The stretch changes of the bra were recorded in the form of voltage changes. The results showed that the seamless sports bra in the shoulder straps put more stress on the body; however, this sample in the bottom of the gore and the bottom of the wing-back had fewer voltage changes than those of the other type. The racing back bra offers better support than other types due to its special design and covering more areas of the athlete's back with elastic fabric. The Increased number of bra components and seams and the presence of pads increase tension, resulting in reduced comfort at the gore and the bottom of the wing-back. An equivalent electromechanical model presented in the research for theoretical modeling of the sensor behavior, also confirms the experimental results and shows a high correlation coefficient (75% and more) between the experimental results and the model.

The amount and three-dimensional distribution of the ground reaction force during running are related to lower limb injuries. The shoe insole is effective in modulating the components of ground reaction forces. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using Arch support insole when running on the values of ground reaction force, impulse, and loading rate during running in people with an ankle sprain. Ten healthy men and 10 soccer player with ankle sprain participated in this study. Using a force plate with a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz, the components of the ground reaction force during running in two conditions with and without insoles were measured. Then, the variables of the peak of the ground reaction forces, the time of reaching the peak of the ground reaction forces, the impulse, and the loading rate were extracted. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used for intragroup comparison and a Multivariate ANOVA test was used for intergroup comparison with a significance level of 0.05 for statistical analysis. The experimental group had a greater vertical ground reaction force than that control group (P = 0.01). Using the insole had no effect on the value of the ground reaction forces (P> 0.05). Using insole increases the time to reach the peak of the vertical ground reaction force at the moment of heel contact with the ground (P = 0.01). The insole decreased the loading rate of the experimental group (P = 0.023). It seems that the insole used in the present study can possibly reduce the risk of lower limb injury due to the reduction of the values of the vertical loading rate and the vertical impulse.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Iranian slim guide skinfold caliper and the Harpenden skinfold caliper to measure subcutaneous fat. A total of 15 healthy subjects who met inclusion/exclusion criteria were included in the study. The seven-point subcutaneous fat was measured to evaluate the reproducibility of the slim guide skinfold caliper on 2 different days according to Heyward and Wagner instructions. Also, to assess the validity of the slim guide skinfold caliper, the results of subcutaneous fat measurement using the slim guide skinfold caliper were compared with those of subcutaneous fat measurement using the Harpenden skinfold caliper, which is considered as a gold standard method for skinfold measurement.  Examiners 1 and 2 demonstratedGood intra-examiner reliability, with high ICC values (ICC=0.95-0.96 and ICC=0.96-0.97 respectively) as a mean of the seven points per day. A good inter-examiner reliability (ICC = 0.93-0.93) was found for the slim guide skinfold caliper on two days. Also, the validity of this method in all seven points was a mean of r = 0.98- 0.97 on two days, indicating an acceptable level of validity. Also, a significant value was acceptable in all tests (P≤ 0.001). Therefore, it is recommended that the Iranian slim guide skinfold caliper made in-house can be used for anthropometric measurements, especially in measurements that last more than one day, which is considered as an accurate tool with an acceptable level of validity.

The present study aimed to evaluate image processing software (IPSO) for physical abnormalities compared to standard Cobb measurements when measuring thoracic and lumbar curvature. This was a correlational study. The participants included 56 healthy male and female volunteers visiting the radiology centers at Firoozgar and Bahonar hospitals in Tehran with a mean age of 45.2±13.9 years, mean weight of 76.1±12.3 kg, mean height of 1.67±0.13 m, and mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.4 ± 5.7 kg/m2. Before the study, the participants were briefed on the significance, purpose, and process, completed a medical-sports record questionnaire, and consented to participate in the study. Thoracic and lumbar curves were measured using radiography (the Cobb measurement) and image processing software. The results showed that the thoracic (ICC=0.65) and lumbar curve (ICC=0.61) measurement data obtained using the image processing method had moderate validity relative to the Cobb method. Moreover, lumbar (ICC=0.98) and thoracic (ICC=0.96) curves measured with the test-retest software had excellent reliability. The reliability of the thoracic and lumbar curve measurements using the two testers with the image processing software were respectively (ICC=0.91) and (ICC=0.84). The good to excellent reliability and moderate validity of thoracic and lumbar curve measurements using image processing software for physical abnormalities and its ease of use, lower cost, and more features mean that it can be used to examine thoracic and lumbar skeletal deformities.

The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to designing and producing a reaction time platform for swimming start block‏.
The participants consisted of 25 male swimmers had been training background at least three years, with mean age of 18.481±2.32 years mean body mass 64.31±7.65 mean height 174±5.39cm and mean body mass index 21.07± 1.97kg/m²; participated in this study, randomly and voluntarily. This device can be installed on the swimming start block. Under the feet of the subject are 6 "batten sensors" that are placed on the front of the platform, and the timer starts to work with device startup bib and is stopped when the swimmer take off from the swimming start block‏ and visible reaction time recorded on the LCD and saved on memory card. The device has two inputs, from the start button and sends data from sensors. The device has two outputs for shows the time and information and connect to the computer via the USB port and sends information to the computer after processing. The device software is written with the programming language C. From experts in swimming, coaches, referees, and swimmers opinions were used to evaluation the validity of device. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to analyze the reliability of the data in two stages by SPSS version 23 statistical software. There was significant correlation coefficient (P = 0.023) between reaction time in the first and second times, There was significant correlation coefficient 47.2 (P = 0.036) between reaction time in the first and third times. There was significant correlation coefficient 65.9% (P = 0.002) between reaction time in the second and third times. Base on the result reaction time in swimming start, there was significant correlation between three times performances. This means with 95% confidence that this device has the reliability and validity required. It is recommended to coaches, referees and researchers use this device in training, competitions and future studies to improve the reaction time of swimmer, reduce the swimming record and referee’s error during start.

Sports venues and spaces are one of the most significant lands uses aiming to improve citizens’ mental and physical health, and their optimal location is one of the most important responsibilities of the officials, managers, and  urban and sports planners. Wide urban facility networks, population density and distribution, land use, and many other issues of these kinds have increased the complexity of planning for the location of sports venues, leaving planners with no other choice but to use advanced tools such as GIS to collect and process data seeking optimal resource management. Thus, the present study has been conducted to perform spatial analysis and allocate locations for sports venues in the case of Ardabil. This study was a descriptive and field study. The sstatistical population included all sports venues in Ardabil and the sample size was done by census. Spatial distribution and accessibility were investigated and per capita land use distribution was determined using the statistical models form GeoDa and ARCGIS v. 10.4 software. Results of analyzing software outputs indicated that sports venues are distributed unevenly across Ardabil so that the central districts have good accessibility to these venues due to greater concentration of the venues in these districts, while the outer districts of the city –specifically northern and southern districts- are dealing with a lack of access due to the lack of sports facilities stemming from the unfair distribution of sports venues and facilities across Ardabil. Hence, it is necessary to create and build new sports facilities and venues in the required areas to ensure the optimal use of resources and fair access to sports venues in Ardabil.

Sports carry the highest risks of injury and adolescents are more injury-prone than other age groups in this respect. The FIFA 11+ has been thus introduced as an injury prevention program and the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) can be used as a tool to predict injuries. Therefore, this study, with a quasi-experimental research design and experimental/control groups using pretest/posttest, aimed to assess the effect of the eight-week FIFA 11+ injury prevention program on adolescent footballers' FMS scores. For this purpose, 50 adolescent male football players were randomized into experimental or control groups. The experimental group accordingly received the FIFA 11+ training for eight weeks, three sessions per week and 20 min each session, but the control group only performed routine exercises. Before and after the injury prevention program, all the participants completed the FMS tests. The results revealed that the FMS score was lower than 14 for each group at the pretest stage, but this value significantly elevated to over 14 for both groups after implementing the eight weeks of traditional and FIFA 11+ programs (p<0.05). However, there was a significant growth in the scores of the group receiving FIFA 11+ as compared with the controls performing the traditional training (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that both traditional and FIFA 11+ training programs could reduce the risks of injuries in adolescent footballers, but FIFA 11+ had more effects on injury prevention, which could be explained by stabilization, muscle strength, and proprioceptive and postural alignment during the FIFA 11+ program, making it a better exercise to prevent injury.

Non-renewable energy sources generate severe problems for the environment and human health problems. In recent years, hybrid renewable systems that use more than one energy source to supply the power demands have attracted attention. This study set out to verify using a hybrid system to supply electricity demand in a considered stadium based on the data in northeastern Iran with an average wind speed and daily solar radiation. Furthermore, the feasibility of adding renewable energy sources to gain an economical and environmental power supply to secure the electricity demand of the considered area was discussed. The HOMER was used in this study to analyze and optimize hybrid power systems. This work focuses on energy supply via hybrid diesel, photovoltaic array, wind, battery, and converters. If proposed hybrid systems are used to supply energy-demanding, they would have low expenses and help significantly rise in utilizing the renewable energy system, providing economic and clean energy systems.

Low cardiorespiratory fitness increases the risk of chronic disease and mortality. However; cardiorespiratory fitness testing is not usually performed at many health care facilities. cardiorespiratory fitness tests are an essential way to assess a person's related -health physical fitness. However, achieving these tests is difficult and time-consuming and requires a sports physiologist. The purpose of this study is software design to predict cardiorespiratory fitness with individual information from health indicators that express the results of cardiorespiratory fitness tests. The statistical population of the study will be all physically healthy people. The research sample is people from this statistical population who have participated in cardiorespiratory fitness tests. We created a computer software program that, after receiving information from the test subject (age, sex, height, weight, heart rate), determined the results of the cardiorespiratory fitness tests and the fitness status of the subjects based on international and national norms. The software also provides training programs based on the level of cardiorespiratory fitness of the test subject. For convenience, test results files and exercise program files can be printed. The results showed that in samples under 25 years of age, the level of cardiorespiratory fitness was moderate to low; Between 35 and 45 and over 35, the average is high. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the software designed to estimate functional cardiorespiratory fitness is functional. The low CRF among the samples under 25 years old is shown compared with the study samples and international norms. However; the presentation of exercise programs and physical activity by the physical fitness of these people is inevitable.

Given the importance of recognizing athletes with chronic ankle instability for rehabilitation clinics, foot pressure variables are essential parameters in the biomechanical analysis of the gait. This study aimed to determine the effect of kinesio tape application on plantar pressure variables in individuals with functional ankle instability. This quasi-experimental study included 29 men (24.5±2.27 years) with functional ankle instability selected using convenience sampling. A 15-meter path was provided for the subjects to walk. A foot scanner was installed 10 meters from the beginning of the route. Subjects were asked to walk 15 meters along this route. The kinesio tape was applied to the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and peroneus muscles. After 20 minutes, Re-gait test was performed. Foot pressure data were recorded during walking. Plantar pressure variables, including peak plantar pressure distribution, the center of pressure, rearfoot inversion/eversion, forefoot supination, and pronation were measured before and after kinesio tape. No significant differences were found between the ten regions. The highest pressure was monitored in region 5 (third metatarsal) equal to 19.45 kPa, the lowest pressure was observed in the middle metatarsal region (second to the fifth toe) equal to 4.85 kPa. The use of kinesio tape affects on the fifth and middle metatarsus. The use of kinesio tape in people with ankle sprains can prevent the ankle from being too exposed to the pronation and keep the foot in supination, which is essential. Stimulation of mechanical receptors in the arch of the foot and around the ankle by kinesio tape can effectively increase the dynamic stability of the ankle.