مجله گل و گیاهان زینتی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

In general, Japanese garden landscapes are formed on a small scale from the free forms of nature. Therefore, it can be seen that everything that was used in the garden and the park was a special concept and an expression of a point of reality in nature. When we talk about the design of the Iranian garden in contemporary times, it is better to design and build a garden that, while being inspired by Iranian culture, its body is reminiscent of the values of Iranian culture and uses the experiences of other civilizations in a localized way. It can also be an inspiration and reminder of cultural values and respond to the needs of the time. Therefore, the collection has an Iranian identity and plays a role as an independent model, but in recent decades, the green spaces of many cities in our country have gradually found new faces that are often not very appropriate for the culture, nature and climate of the region. Today, they are built as parks, gardens and urban green spaces and public gardens, and as places for people to visit and have fun in cities and biological complexes, rather than being related to Iranian gardens (even) in the literal sense. Imitations of Western and Japanese gardens are not clearly stated before the presentation of the research method. In this study, a number of parks in Tehran in which the Japanese style was designed were visited and examined. Then, the opinions and recommendations of experts were collected in the form of "open interview". The research method was documentary-analytical and survey in which most of the information was obtained through interviews with experts and the final analysis was done on it. From this research, it was concluded that due to the complexity of the subject, the study of the introduction of this style in Iran requires a lot of thinking and research. Also, designing and implementing such styles requires people who are experts in the Japanese style or have sufficient studies in this regard. In fact, the Japanese style is based on the ideas of Japanese designers and many cultural factors are involved. But most of the Japanese design effects in Iran's green spaces are purely superficial and support it regardless of philosophy. For example, by putting a few pieces of rock and some sand on top of each other and planting typical plants such as Japanese quince and Japanese maples, they create a Japanese garden. According to experts, this design style has many problems, especially in the conceptualization and arrangement of its components and lacks the necessary impact.

Eucnaemidophorus rhododactylus Denis & Schiff. is one of the most important pests of Damask rose in Iran, where chemical insecticide application is the common approach to control. In this study, efficacy of abamectin, spinosad, thiodicarb, and fenoxycarb+lufnurun was evaluated in four replications in spring of 2018 and 2019 in Lyzangan, Darab, Iran, through a randomized block design. The number of infested buds in each plant and the number of infested plants in each plot were the comparison indices of insecticides efficiency. There was a significant difference between measured indices of two years. Based on the number of infested buds, the entire treatments were grouped in two levels for both years; however, in the years of 2018 and 2019, they were placed in two and three levels, respectively. Based on the percentages of infested buds, abamectin and other treatments were significantly different within two years. According to this study, abamectin was not evaluated as an effective insecticide for controlling the rose plume moth.

Anemone (Anemone spp. L.) as an ornamental geophyte originates and grows naturally in Iran that has great ornamental potential. Despite the wide distribution of a large number of accessions of anemone in Iran, the characterization and assessment of the existing diversity of Iranian anemone germplasm at the morphological level as the initial step in describing germplasm have received little attention. In this study, to evaluate the morphological diversity, 26 anemone populations (250 accessions; Anemone coronaria L. and Anemone biflora DC.) were collected from different regions of Iran, including Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Khuzestan, Hamedan, Kurdistan and Khorasan Razavi provinces. Traits such as stem height, flower number, flower bud number, flower diameter, petiole length, involucral leaf number, number of petals, number of leaves, number of stamens, and length and width of petals were used to study morphological diversity. The natural accessions were collected during their flowering time. The results indicated that there was a wide range of variation in different populations of the anemone. The highest values of variation (79.33%) were attributed to the number of flower buds varied from 0 to 4. The lowest variation (0.97%) was belonged to the number of involucral leaves, which was recorded as 3 involucral leaves for most populations. A low level of phenotypic variation (4.38%) was detected among the populations for petals number, as a commercial character ranged from 4 to 9. Based on the results, the tallest plants with large flowers and many buds were recorded in population A (Ilam 1). Based on results, number of petals was positively correlated with petal length, petal width, leaf number, and stamen number while it was negatively correlated with number of open flowers. In the first main component, which accounted for 45.7% of the total variation, it was correlated with perianth traits. In the second main component, which explained 17.6% the total variation, the reproductive traits had the highest value. The dendrogram created using cluster analysis grouped the populations into four major clusters with different characteristics. Cluster analysis could not differentiate populations by species or geographical area. The current finding showed that natural population A (Ilam 1), G (Ilam 7), I (Kermanshah 1) and F (Ilam 6) had a unique flower size, stem length, flower number and leaf number that can be selected as the superior populations. In conclusion, the populations collected as a rich genetic source will be useful for ex-situ conservation and utilization in breeding programs of anemone.

One of the characteristics of ornamental foliage plants is the production of enough leaves and lateral branches to create a dense appearance. In some cases, it is necessary to treat some non-growing branches with some growth regulators to produce enough leaves and lateral shoots. The most common treatments are topping the branch and gibberellic acid application to produce more foliage on the plant. This research was conducted to study the influence of topping and application of gibberellic acid on vegetative and reproductive growth of African marigold as a bedding plant. In this study, topping as the first factor at three levels (0, 45, and 90 days before transplanting) and gibberellic acid as the second factor at four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1) were applied in a pot experiment outdoor under a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design, 4 replications in each treatment (4 pots in each replication). The seeds were planted in late summer. Then, approximately 7 cm long seedlings with six leaflets were transferred to pots. Plants were treated with gibberellic acid and topping 15 to 20 days after transplanting. Foliar spraying was carried out at three stages with 10 days’ intervals. Distilled water was sprayed on control plants. Results showed that using of gibberellic acid combined with a topping treatment increased the amount of chlorophyll index, plant height, length, and lateral roots volume. The number of opened flowers, bud and stem diameter had the highest performance at 120 days after spraying with 100 mg L-1 gibberellic acid. Therefore, topping combined with gibberellic acid at the concentration of 100 mg L-1 increased flowering and most other characteristics studied.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of seaweed extract, stratification, and the combined application of the best results in these two treatments on seed germination characteristics of two Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum L.) cultivars (Arena and Mariachi). The first experiment consisted of seaweed extract containing 5 concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ml L-1 and stratification treatment of seeds at 4 °C (before planting) for 15, 30, and 45 days as it was applied separately to determine the best concentration and the best time. In the second experiment, the best results obtained from the first experiment included treatment of stratification (30 and 45 days of stratification) and seaweed extract (125 and 250 ml L-1) combined based on a factorial experiment in five replications on seed germination of two cultivars of Lisianthus was examined. The results showed that the percentage and speed of final germination, and the average daily germination in Arena cultivar was higher than Mariachi cultivar. With the increase of stratification days, the percentage of final germination and the average daily germination had an increasing trend. The 30-day stratification treatment  and 125 ml and 250 ml of seaweed extract resulted in the highest final germination rate and the lowest average germination time. Interaction of stratification and seaweed extract had a higher average daily germination than the control treatment. The use of seaweed extract had a positive effect on germination indices compared to the control. With the increasing concentration of seaweed extract, the need for stratification decreased.

Narcissus is one of the main ornamental bulbous plants in temperate regions, which is widely produced as a garden plant, cut flower and also as a pot plant. Cultivar selection is important for all of these, and wild species are important not only for species conservation but also for breeders. To select drought tolerant Shahla populations, an experiment was carried out in a complete randomized design with factorial arrangements, each treatment with three replications and two observations in 16 populations and in 4 deficit-irrigation levels. Treatments were applied by weight method (25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of field capacity) and biochemical studies were performed on them. The results showed that in general narcissus is not drought tolerant. Under severe stress, none of the genotypes entered the reproductive stage, and under moderate stress, the highest number of flowers and flowering stem length was observed in Behbahan population, which shows the superiority of this population over the others. Jahrom population can also be used under drought stress conditions in green space due to short flowering stems.