نشریه مطالعات خاورمیانه
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 103، بهار 1400)

The development of globalization and its widespread expansion throughout the world has influenced Iranian society and politics reinforcing various international as well as national crises. In such a situation. We require a new theory addressing this issue and establishing a satisfactory solution to these emerging problems. On the other hand, the lack of a consensual account of the nation-state in Iran led to various challenges in our society and political situation. In the absence of a comprehensive theory of national identity, other elements have sometimes overshadowed the key concept of the nation-state, for instance, traditional and pre-modern understanding of Iranian nationality and citizenship. On the other hand, some Western political ideologies and theories that emphasize elements such as ethnicity, language, race, and the like, or the ideologies of “identity politics,” has caused in the minds and language of some Iranian elites and Political activists concepts and concerns that would lead to the weakening of integration based on the nation-state. This article aims to critically engage with these accounts by defending the national identity in Iran and offering a conception of the nation based on new theories in political philosophy based on social imagination, which emphasizes the importance of the nation-state as the construction of a collective imagination or social imaginary.

the Axial issue of this research is the globalization of the economy and its impact on the Transition along with the challenges in the political economy of the Arab countries. The globalization of the economy as a process and a transformative idea, has affected the National economies of most countries in the world and the political economy of the Arab countries.In this Research, after explaining the theoretical foundations of economic globalization, we try to answer the main question is that How the globalization of the economy has led to transformation along with challenge In the political economy of the Arab countries?The Research hypothesis would be that, Indexs and mechanisms Latent in the globalization of the economy has has led to transformation along with challenge In the political economy of the Arab countries. But Research findings indicate that in the era of globalization of the economy, domestic changes in the political economy of Arab countries should be understood and evaluated as the part of the impact of globalization of the economy trends. The type of study and the method of studying the hypothesis or answering the question is descriptive-explanatory analysis. In this Research, globalization of the economy as an independent variable and transformation along with challenge in the political economy of the Arab countries is considered as the dependent variable.

The crises and challenges in the N Middle East have increased since seventy years ago. Emphasis on foreigners or leaders mistakes can’t explain the huge crises of region. The main problem is that why this region is the good host of mistakes or wars? How can study this problem and why several approaches could not predict that crises? This research try to change of embedded approach (such as psychological, Political culture, political economy, security / strategic approach) and suggest a new approach. The name of this new discourse is Intellectual Trends or to suppose of intellectual trends as the bases of developments. According to finds of this research intellectual approach can estimate the reasons of violence, because its emphasis on mental origins of crises not on trend or results of instability.

Violence has never been and is not an unfamiliar and underused concept. What has made violence an important phenomenon that needs to be investigated is its widespread breadth and complexity. Today’s violence is so multifaceted that to understand this violence, discovering and understanding internal motivations and psychological roots is far more important than exploring external and immediate stimuli. Accordingly, in the present research, we have considered the concept of ressentiment (in the words of Max Scheler) as an active and intensifying source of violence. Using descriptiveanalytical method and library resources, the authors seek an answer to this question that “How the discipline of politics can eliminate the sources of violence in societies by reducing ressentiment?”. Our hypothesis is that political science, due to its talents such as high variety and legal support, is able to deal with current affairs as a political matter, establish binding and responsible procedures, and resort to tact and contemplative decision-making outside the confines of the ideological, abstract, and transcendental thought system will reduce the enormous amount of ressentimentbased violence of the present and the future. The findings of this study, which are the result of accuracy to the critical reduction capacities of political science and the experience of countries that have used this model (reduction of violence through ressentiment control), have confirmed our initial hypothesis.

The Paris Agreement to Prevent Environmental Destruction was signed by the countries participating in the 21st International Conference on Climate Change at the United Nations in Paris. The agreement was formed to protect the environment by some countries around the world, and its long-term goal is to increase global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century instead of two degrees Celsius. Climate announces Paris. He had promised in his campaign that the Paris Agreement was not in America’s interest. At the same time, Trump has said he is seeking a new climate deal that will benefit the United States and benefit other countries. In this article, using descriptive-analytical methods, we seek to answer the question of how the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement will affect the international environmental regime. The paper also hypothesizes that the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement will intensify the process of weakening support for member states and reducing the commitment to implement the Paris Agreement, weakening the international environmental regime and climate change.

Regional security of Middle East from the beginning of formation in 1945-1948 till now have been facing with struggle in ethnic, regional and ideological issues in it. Although, this region’s pattern of relations has been enmity forever, but according to different security dimensions of Copenhagen school, different security sectors and balancing have been existing in this region. The main aim of this thesis is considering these differences before and after the formation of terrorism at 2001 in this region. Base on the hypothesis of this research, terrorism has changed the enmity pattern of relations from political-military to military-political. This transformation has caused that Islamic Republic of Iran try to strengthen its military power with hard balancing method. The methodology of this research is ‘clarification-explanation’. At first, some variables such as terrorism, enmity and amity pattern of relations, military and political security dimensions, balance of identity, and balance of power will be explained. Then the relation between the variables will be explain.