Journal of Translational Research in Urology
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Spring 2020

Leydig cell tumors (LCTs) comprising of 1 to 3 percent of testicular cancers in children, one of the single most common symptoms in prepubertal patients is painless testicular swelling with or without a sign of precocious puberty. Other symptoms depend on age and the type of tumor. The tumor is usually asymptomatic if secrets androgens can cause precocious puberty in young children. If the tumor secretes estrogens, it can cause rarely gynecomastia in young boys.

Here we are reporting pure LCTs in a ten-year-old boy presented with gynecomastia. His height and weight were in the normal range. Differential diagnosis of large cell calcifying Sertoli cell or Leydig cell tumor, teratomas and revealed the normal size and echogenicity of both epididymis confirmed the Leydig cell tumor.

Due to the extremely variable clinical presentation of tumors especially in children and the importance of maintaining fertility in this group and the increased incidence of malignancy, especially in adolescence early detection and timely treatment are crucial.

Urethral stricture has challenging difficulties in its treatment. Various treatment modalities had been used e.g.; urethral dilatation is one of the oldest methods. Severe bleeding and several false passages may end to failure, which may make retrograde access impossible. The purpose of this study was to describe safety in antegrade accessing followed by retrograde dilatation with am Platz renal dilator.

The total number of 15 patients with difficult urethral stricture and failed retrograde approaches were entered into the study. Guidewire was passed through the cystostomy for proper retrograde accessing which was delivered through external urethral meatus followed by retrograde dilation. Patient parameters were analysis, all patients had retrograde urethrography (RUG) pre-and post-operative, max flow rate (Qmax) on uroflowmetry (UF) in addition to post voiding residual urine (PVR). Patients were followed at 2, 6, and 12 months. The technique described was enabling us to get safe antegrade urethral access followed by stepwise retrograde am Platz renal dilation.

The mean age of patients was 39.2 ± 16.7 years. Preoperative uroflowmetry demonstrate Qmax 2ml/sec and ultrasonography showed PVR of 315ml ranging from 35 to1000ml. In post-operation uroflowmetry Qmax was raised to 19ml/sec (p-value<0.001), 18 ml/sec (p-value<0.001) and 15ml/sec (p-value<0.001) respectively. PVR values were 9ml with (p-value<0.001), 11ml (p-value<0.001) and 13ml (p-value<0.001) respectively. Operation time was 10 minutes for antegrade passage of a guidewire, followed by 25 minutes for retrograde dilatation. In patients who had was no cystostomy, an average of 32 minutes was required. Two patients had recurrence during a 12 months follow-up.

The antegrade approach is a safe applicable approach for the treatment of difficult urethral stricture, followed by retrograde stepwise dilatation. This technique can be tolerated well and cost-effective for patients in whom getting retrograde access was not possible and may avoid these patients to go under urethroplasty.

Different therapeutic approaches, comprising surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy are used for cancer treatment. There is an extreme need for novel anti-cancer agents with minimal toxicity for normal cells that are significantly growing. Nowadays,  bacteriocins or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered tumor cell killers. In this regard, Nisin is one of the natural AMPs produced by Lactococcus lactis. Considering that Nisin could make apoptosis through inherent pathways and cause cancer cell death, it was suggested that at appropriate doses it might be efficient and safe for cancer treatment, room for future studies.

Stone-free rate (SFR) after treatment can be estimated by plain radiography and ultrasonography, or computed tomography (CT) scanning. Based on the guidelines, CT is the primary method for SFR estimation after PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) due to its high sensitivity and wide availability. However, there is an extreme need to minimize unnecessary radiation exposure in patients. The CT scanning is more indispensable in the minimally invasive PCNL (MPCNL) technique to detect small residual stone fragments. Finally, we believe that using CT scan in follow up of MPCNL patients, rather than plain radiography and ultrasonography, is more accurate to detect residual fragments and estimate SFR as one of the important outcomes of this operations.

Prostate cancers (PC) are mainly diagnosed by screening prostate-specific antigen (PSA) quantity in the blood or a digital rectal exam (DRE). PC typically does not have symptoms contrary to advanced cancers that are diagnosed due to significant symptoms. Diagnosis of PC is established with the transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided biopsy. Estimation of the free PSA to total PSA (fPSA/tPSA) ratio and Multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) can expand the diagnosis accuracy. Several molecular biomarkers have improved PC diagnosis like Confirm MDx, Prostate Core Mitomic Test (PCMT), TMPRSS2-ERG, The PTEN gene, ProMark, 4K score including, and Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). These molecular biomarkers are considered both genetic and epigenetic (DNA methylation) hallmarks of PC. We aim to present an overview of all molecular biomarkers of PC and their implication in improving the management of PC patients.

With the rapid worldwide spread of a new coronavirus with the scientific name SARS-CoV-2 at the beginning of 2020, attempts to produce a vaccine started in different countries. This study aimed to review the mechanisms and functions of the coronavirus protein as a basis for vaccine production. A rapid review of available studies is conducted. Related information was extracted and summarized, compared, and discussed with regards to the coronavirus mechanisms and acts as a pathogen, including apoptosis and autophagy.  An overview of available information on coronavirus functional mechanisms was performed to aid researchers in the development and production of vaccines against it.

Testicular cancer is the most common tumor of the genital tract of 18-39 yearsold men; its incidence is increasing in recent decades. However, the 10-year survival rate of testicular cancer is above 90%, which can result from radiation and chemotherapy used to treat patients. Testicular cancer patients are at risk for secondary malignancies; in this regard, the effects of radiation are brighter than chemotherapy. Recent studies reported melanoma and malignant skin changes as secondary malignancies in these people.

This study tends to introduce a 31-year-old patient with mixed germ cell tumor and severe dysplastic changes in a compound nevus. Our patient had long-term exposure to sunlight and numerous skin nevi before the diagnosis of testicular cancer.

The findings do not certainly support the relationship between the emergence of nevus with severe dysplastic changes and testicular tumor.