نشریه توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی
پیاپی 4 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Explaining the relationship between space and social inequality depends on a deep understanding of the nature of space which implies spatial segregation, and how the different levels of per capita green space in urban areas. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the distribution of green space use is not balanced among areas of Zanjan. Because the lack of central justice in the planning that has been done in the city has caused inequality in the amount of access to urban green space uses. The need to revise the managerial approach to more balanced distribution in urban areas of Zanjan increases. In this regard, the present study has been conducted for statistical analysis of all urban green spaces that are distributed in Zanjan. The results of these analyzes confirm the fact that the distribution of green spaces in the city of Zanjan. It has not been able to estimate equality of opportunity for all citizens because in the neighborhoods of the city, the amount of green space is not the same. Therefore, due to the significant difference in the urban areas of Zanjan in accessing the use of green space, urban management requires the creation, development and redistribution of green spaces and parks based on the needs of low-income areas.

The issue of sustainability of development in developed countries or countries with the lowest level of development extends sustainable development from the framework of national boundaries and strengthens and governs in the context of global sovereignty. This article investigates the marine environment by case study of the Persian Gulf which has a particular importance in terms of the enormous resources of renewable energies, especially oil, gas and special environmental conditions and according to the closure of Gulf, crossing oil tankers, over-exploitation and international standard, implementation of sustainable development indicators in international law. The fundamental hypothesis of this paper is based on this that while reflecting on goals 14 and 17 of the Agenda2030, through which rituals are implemented through determining indicators and that economic, social, environmental indicators are the three essential pillars of sustainable development that international law affects the marine environment of the Persian Gulf, we examine the conditions of Gulf States.

Land use planning in rural areas is tantamount to spatial planning of land use and distribution of land uses and evaluates the type of land use commensurate with its capacities. Today, seeking to achieve goals such as balanced distribution of land use, land use planning based on two principles of land development values and improve quality of life, in order to achieve goals such as balanced distribution of land uses, mitigation of use of land uses, compliance, dependency, dependency and use capacity. The present research method is descriptive - analytic and for examining the qualitative evaluation of tourism applications from four fit matrices, compliance, capacity and matrix dependency matrix, and questionnaire presented by 48 local experts were completed. The results show that among the existing applications, the highest score obtained has been allocated to the use of the main network of main roads within the village with a value of 3.47 and the least to the use of historical water storage with a value of 2.32. Also, among the studied villages, it was determined that the village of Nuchah with a score of 3.45 in the best condition and the village of Hear-e-Sorkh with a mean value of 3.03 was the lowest. Also, among the four matrices, it was found that the capacity matrix with the value of 2.74, the utility with the value of 3.84, the dependency matrix with the value of 2.54 and the matrix of compatibility with the value of 3.85.

In this way, the present study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting emergency accommodation management using descriptive-analytical method and using a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the residents of Ilam city and all experts in crisis management and familiar with the areas of Ilam city was selected by simple random sampling method and using Cochran formula, 322 people were selected. The study of the main components of emergency management in the city of Ilam shows that all of these components are at a low level. The results of the Topsis technique show that, trained human resources, storage of equipment for the accommodation, use of live sensors, Validity of relief programs, existence of the crisis committee, communication infrastructure, and Finally Recognizing parks, the most impact has been on the efficiency of urban crisis management and Emergency accommodation. In the study of the relationship between urban population density and emergency sites in Ilam city with qiquor quantity is equal to 𝑥2=71.5 with a significant level (Sig= 0.000) which indicates that between urban population density and emergency sites With confidence level of 99%, there is a meaningful relationship. Also, Coefficient of correlation fi (0.761) and Coefficient of agreement Fi(0.649) and their significant level (sig = 0.000) indicate a positive and relatively high correlation between the two variables.

Iran has an important place in the world in terms of natural features and geological diversity. Different regions of Iran have the potential to be introduced for radar geopark. The dispersion of different geo-diversities is a potential capacity in this regard. Geotourism and geomorphotourism is a responsible, protective and scientific approach to unique natural phenomena in the context of geomorphosite identification. One of the strategies to create new employment is to develop the tourism industry based on monitoring diverse, fun and attractive natural places with appropriate access levels This study seeks to investigate the capabilities of the geopark and provide management solutions to attract tourists in the northwestern region of Neishabour and the city of Firoozeh in Khorasan Razavi province of Iran. Which was carefully evaluated by field survey and analysis of valid documents and model of geotourist commonscopant potentials including geosites, geomorphosites as well as cultural and economic sites. According to the study of the general values of geosites, Firoozeh mine with a score of 87% was ranked first, Abshar Bar with a score of 83% was ranked second and salt mines with a score of 81% were ranked third. In the evaluation of 36 geosites, only 6 cases were ranked less than 50%, and in addition to natural geosites, cultural and economic sites were also extremely important. It has become a hub of national geotourism and geopark.Since last year, with the outbreak and spread of Corona virus, there has been a significant decrease in the entry of domestic and foreign tourists to the study area. More foreign tourists to the unique and old turquoise mine (seven thousand years old) and other places that used to be.

With spreading environmental problems, natural ecosystems in rural areas are also exposed to destruction. These challenges are mainly due to the behavior of individuals in interaction with nature. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the context of occurrence and formation of environmental problems in rural areas of Guilan province. This research is based on a qualitative approach and based on grounded theory. The geographical area of the research was the villages of the west of Gilan province and its statistical population was composed of villagers of those areas in 1399(2019). In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 villagers and environmental experts using theoretical saturation sampling. The validity and reliability of this study were evaluated based on control on validation by the participants. Data analysis was performed in three stages of coding. 7 concepts were identified as the most important environmental issues. in selective coding, the core, i.e., "environmental degradation and ecosystem instability" was discovered and the final paradigm model was drawn accordingly. Causal conditions included communal use, non-separation of national and personal boundaries, land use change, landfill, misuse, wasteful grazing, profit-seeking and livelihood exploitation. The intervening conditions included nationality of natural resources, weak supervision and unprincipled exploitation. Overall, findings showed that environmental degradation is a multi factorial phenomenon that the continuity of convergence between the set of causal and intervening conditions in the context of structural factors and behaviors of villagers have caused its occurrence. Based on this, it can be suggested that in order to reduce degradation and pollution and preserve the environment, structural reforms in the areas of infrastructure, support and education are necessary to improve environmental protection behaviors.

Housing indices, as the core of a comprehensive program and an indispensable tool for expressing the various economic, social, cultural, environmental and physical dimensions of housing, have a special place in housing planning. The present study has been carried out to investigate, analyze and classify the provincial development rate based on quantitative and qualitative indices of housing using descriptive-analytical method and TOPSIS, VICCOR and Copeland multivariate decision making models based on population and housing census statistics of 2016 in provinces. The overall purpose of this research is to highlight uneven development and to show housing inequalities in the peripheral areas of the country as a result of uneven development. The results of housing leveling indicate the development focus on the central regions of the country in the three provinces of Tehran, Alborz and Qom. The three provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari and South Khorasan also have the lowest share of housing. The results spatial statistics and the analysis indicate that the pattern of provinces' development in the housing sector is clustered, with the developed areas being the center of the country and the less developed areas being the country's border and peripheral areas. Also, based on the results of the most inequality distribution method in the housing sector, in the quantitative indicators of Poor housing, housing for every ten thousand people and the percentage of housing shortage can be seen, which indicates that the housing problem in Iran is low and the imbalance between housing production and population.

Nowadays, climate changes and global warming are caused by fossil fuel consumption is greatly taken into consideration and Because of the widespread effects of climate on life, people have to understand the environment and its surroundings. Following global warming, in addition to amount precipitation, the time of precipitation will change. To investigation the dates of the beginning and end of daily precipitation, 11 chosen synoptic stations in the South West region of Iran with the scale of 30 years (1362-1392) were Extracted based on Julius encoding and Homogeneity of these series have been tested using test x2 and analyzed by parametric Least Mean Square Error (LMSE)analysis and non0parametric Kendall’s tau test. The conclusions of LMSE analysis, trend of beginning or ending time and no trends can be observed but the ending time be observed positive trend in the Dezful and Shahrekord stations. The conclusions of Kendall’s tau analysis show the beginning time negative trend in the Dezful station and no trends can be observed in other stations. But the ending time be observed as a positive trend in the Dezful and Shahrekord stations and no trends can be observed in other stations.

Unbalanced growth of urban and regional areas is one of the main characteristics of third world countries. This research studies development situation of counties of Tehran province using different indicators. The most important goals of this research are recognizing inequality level of Tehran's counties and representing some solutions about decreasing inequality at regional level. Doing this research can show centralization situation of services in core and periphery regions. Research method is descriptive- analytical method, that inequality level has been studies using 35 indicators in economic, social, cultural, sanitary and infrastructural aspects. Therefore, first weight of indicators has been nominated using ANP model, then development level of counties has been determined using TOPSIS, VICOR, SAR, AND Synthetic method. Results show regional inequality in province level, which most of services have been concentrated in Tehran and Shemiran counties, and lack of some services in other counties. Counties of Shemiran by 1.6155 coefficient as the wealthiest County, and Malard is the poorest county

The recipients of these services must evaluate organizations that provide services for rural areas to improve service delivery. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate Hamadan’s Rural Water & Sewage Company, which supplies the villages of Hamedan Province with potable water in terms of quality of service. Therefore, the assessment of rural residents' satisfaction with the quality of the services of Rural Water & Sewage Company was conducted by using the tool SERVQUAL. To assess and compare the villagers' expectations and their perception of the civil services, the assessment was conducted in five aspects of SERVQUAL scale indicates aesthetics, reliability, assurance, responsiveness, and empathy. The current study is conducted by descriptive-analytic method on random samples of 384 households of the proportion of rural households in rural settlements in the study area to assess the gap between expected and received services. The results show that although the situation of the rural areas has improved in physical aspects first and then in the sensible aspect, still it has not met the villagers' satisfaction. There is also an obvious gap between the villagers' expectations and their perceptions. There is a rather big gap between the quality of the services and the expectations of the resident. In other words, the Rural Water & Sewage Company failed to meet the complete satisfaction of the rural residents. Although the situation of the villages has been improved. But, in terms of some of the abovementioned five aspects ignoring the rural residents' wants has influenced the increase of the gap between their expectations and perceptions. So we suggest that the company should pay more attention to the villagers' views, wants, and needs in its programs and policies to improve the quality of its services.

The present study was conducted to investigate the position of citizen participation in the urban green economy with emphasis on food security. The final theory chosen for this research was to summarize the theory of agricultural geography of David Gregg. Due to the importance of two-way communication between city and village in order to achieve a sustainable optimal level in food security, this research has been done with descriptive-analytical method and systematic random selection in Tehran Pars neighborhood of Tehran. After describing citizenship participation and food security in line with the research framework, the variables were identified and discussed based on the three axes of social, economic and physical with the correlation coefficient (R) test method. Finally, emphasizing the need for this relationship and partnership to ensure food security, it was suggested to use the capacity of rural migrants to the city, as well as the urban agricultural plan with emphasis on water control resources to strengthen food security.

Desire and master signifiers are key dimensions of spatial planning in Lacan planning and urban policy formation. Positivist or scientific planning theory tried to concentrate on built environment and neglect from the role of emotion and desire. Why is it so difficult to define concisely the meaning of ‘desire in planning’ and many of its dominant concepts— jouissance, unconsciousness, signifiers or master signifier—when deployed in formulating urban planning theory? Lacan's theoretical insights and conceptualizations of split human subject, divided between symbolic consciousness (ego) and unconscious affect can help to empower new dimension of planning thought. The article argues that a Lacanian inspired framework is particularly useful for understanding spatial planning and related discourse, for it provides insight as to how desire and resultant ideological believes shape planning policies. Lacan's psychoanalysis discourse theory suggests an answer based on an understanding of our human subjectivity, a subjectivity that implicitly seeks to overlook contradiction and ambiguity in our desire to fulfill human aspirations for a harmonious and secure world. This article will use Lacanian theory to examine the beliefs of the dominant planning discourse and examines Lacan’s psychoanalytically derived planning theory as to its appropriateness for understanding aspects of planning practice and theory. Lacan theorized not only about language and discourse, but also about that which resides outside of master signifiers and underlies human desire, to provide an understanding of human subjectivity, planning contradictions and motivation.