فصلنامه مطالعات بین رشته ای دانش راهبردی
پیاپی 43 (تابستان 1400)

Social developments have been studied by social scientists throughout history, and various classes of society, including the new middle class, have been one of their concerns. If we look at this middle class, which has been the source of social changes throughout history, according to the criteria of Laclau and Moff's theory of discourse analysis, we will find out that any changes in a society as a whole, including this class, must be viewed and analyzed only from a discourse perspective. From the point of view of Laclau and Moff’s theory, every action has a meaning and can be explained if it is seen and explained in the form of the discourse during which it has taken place. If we look at social developments, including the orientations of the middle class, from the perspective of Laclau and Moff's discourse, we must also look at what is happening and how it is changing the dominant discourse. In other words, how do social developments cause discourse change?In the present article, the developments of today's Iranian middle class during the years 1953-79 from the point of view of Laclau and Moff’s discourse analysis theory and based on three components of discourse, discourse objectivity and discourse access and the reason for the similarity of today's middle class discourse of Iranian society and revolutionary elites have been reviewed and analyzed.

Unilateral sanctions are becoming an international practice for the governments nowadays. The legitimacy of imposing sanctions, as measures not included in the UN Charter of Collective Security System, is questioned in terms of compliance with international legal standards. In justifying their unilateral actions, mainly the sanctioning states refer to the principle of freedom of governments to establish or stop their trade relations with other countries; however, according to paragraphs (a) and (b) of Article (42) of the International Liability of States Plan, the government imposing the sanctions directly impacts on the performance of the sanctioned country by imposing unbridled sanctions and the sanctioned government is liable against its residents and people due to not fulfilling its human rights obligations. The observance or violation of international legal standards by the countries that impose sanctions has an important role in the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the imposed sanctions, but given that unilateral sanctions are mainly imposed by the powerful countries, we have rarely witnessed the withdrawal of the sanctioning countries from their position even when their unilateral sanctions are illegitimate. Therefore, the present study, employing descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, while identifying and accurately assessing the human rights effects of unilateral sanctions, presented effective and efficient solutions to reduce them as an important responsibility of the target governments and the global community.

The armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran are known as one of the main components of national power and during the course of his career, the Supreme Leader expressed the main points in this area that they should be the head of the work of the commanders and officials. The purpose of this study is to identify the concepts and categories related to the armed forces and ultimately provide a model for the supreme leader's idea of the armed forces. The research methodology, qualitative and strategy is the grounded theory. Also, the statistical society of the study will contain all the statements and written letters from the beginning of leader responsibility to year 1396. Based on open coding, 1066 codes were identified for armed forces, which were coded in axial coding in the form of 839 concepts, 51 sub categories and 15 main categories. The main categories are the preparedness of the armed forces, the unity of the armed forces, the characteristics of the armed forces, the mission of the armed forces, the reinforcement of the armed forces, the command of the armed forces, the acquisition of experience, the interactions of the armed forces, the authority of the armed forces, the achievements of the armed forces, self-sufficiency, Peoples' orientation, Goddess orientation, Jihadi Work and effort, and Organizing Armed Forces.

The emergence of dramatic changes in defense concepts is not the result of hard technology, but of the fundamental change in the protocols and knowledge systems that we call soft technology. Undoubtedly, in the future, what will strengthen this emerging defense paradigm is the emerging technologies of cyberspace, such as big data technology. recognizing the process of developing application of soft technologies, including emerging big data technology, and explaining the field of impact and its impact on the intelligence of cyber command and control systems is vital and undeniable, and the results of this knowledge and explanation It can be used in upgrading and smartening native cyber command and control systems in our country. The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of big data technology in the intelligence of the cyber command and control system and to provide a practical model in this field. This research is of applied type and uses analytical descriptive method based on library resources and by analyzing the most authoritative documents published in this field, seeks to explain the role of big data technology in the intelligence of cyber command and control system. The results of this study show that with respect to the new features of cyber command and control, big data technology has supported firm decision - making, pervasive awareness and superior understanding of combat space and can play an effective role in the intelligence realization of these systems.

We should regard planning and policy-making as a function of dominant variables of the planning sphere. The failures of universal and absolutism theories about the issue of development have given rise to the formation of new approaches to the problem of policy-making in development, including the contingency model of policy-making. Fit, coherence and flexibility could be considered as the basic elements of contingency planning. What is the role of contingency policy-making in the developmental and economic planning of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the years 1981-1991 (the so-called sixties according to the solar calendar). Our investigation puts forward the hypothesis that the relative stability of economic and social situations of Iran during the sixties_ despite different political and national security crises that Iran had to struggle with over the years of the imposed war (eight years of war between Iran and Iraq) _ could be explained by the prominence of contingency policy-making in that decade. This study will adopt a descriptive-analytic approach and by using a library research method and investigating primary sources seeks to provide a framework for future studies and also suggests a model to adopt during the times of crises in the course of planning.

The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, consisting of affiliated organizations, will look to the future in a complex and uncertain global security environment with factors affecting the strategic deterrence of highly diverse military organizations. In some cases, these factors are fundamental and are rooted in the culture or political structure of the country. Due to the complexity of this environment, the author of the article has based his goal-setting on the security dimension of military organizations in order to design a strategic deterrence model.In this paper, by identifying and classifying the effective factors of the security environment of military organizations with a comprehensive view and by studying the theoretical foundations and background of research and also the analysis of upstream documents, in the main purpose of this article. The main research question is "What is the model of strategic deterrence of the military organizations of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the security environment?" Identifying the main factors of strategic deterrence in the security environment, using data collection methods; Libraries and fields and their tools have been collected. The type of applied research is developmental and the mixed approach has been performed by quantitative (descriptive) and qualitative (analytical) methods and using survey questionnaires with 32 experts.The findings ultimately led to the introduction of a strategic deterrent model for military organizations in a security environment that has six principles 11 factors and 53 indicators are effective and presented to clients in a model.

The judge is very important and influential in reforming the affairs of society. Therefore, the position of judge is one of the most valuable and at the same time the most dangerous social positions; In the Islamic legal system, too, there is a serious and difficult responsibility for the judge. Working with this star requires features and characteristics that have been examined in this article. Leading research is mixed in terms of purpose, application and in terms of nature, and using the method of thematic analysis (thematic) all the statements and writings of Imam Khomeini (RA) from 1978 to 1988 and Imam Khamenei (AS) from 1988 to 1999 are studied. Based on the results of the research, the expectations of the Supreme Leader from the judge have been identified in three dimensions. Doctrinal dimension includes; He is pious, ascetic, sincere, righteous, trusting in God, striving, straight path. Ethical dimension includes; Islamic behavior is humble, brave, healthy, honest, conscientious, honorable, chaste, persuasive and ambitious. Professional dimension includes; He is just, law-abiding, punctual, expeditious, independent in voting, overcoming emotions, defending the oppressed, decisive, responsible, knowledgeable, efficient, persistent, orderly, revolutionary, trustworthy and self-confident.

The passive defense as the most peaceful way to deal with threats and disasters is a cultural issue that needs to be well-established in society. This research was carried out with the aim of "studying the level of familiarity of high school students in Alborz province with soft war and passive defense against it and their empowerment methods." The research method was descriptive survey, the statistical population of the study included all students and educators of secondary schools in the province of Alborz in the academic year 2012. The statistical sample was 536 people who were selected by cluster from four provinces of alborz. The instrument used to collect information is two researcher-made questionnaires. The first questionnaire of soft warfare and passive defense against it, consisting of 28 closed-ended questions and the second questionnaire, empowerment techniques consisted of 61 questions with 5-point Likert scale. Reliability of these questionnaires was 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. The results of data analysis indicate that students in the fields of empirical sciences, humanities, mathematics and physics are respectively the highest and the students of the fields of work and knowledge and technical and vocational education respectively have the least degree of familiarity with Soft warfare and passive defense against it.

The co-operative sector is one of the fundamental parts of the country that has yet to reach its true position; experts see the reason for this policy as inadequate. In this research, the pathology of cooperative policymaking has been attempted in the formulation stage and the ranking of the damaging factors in the general policy has been attempted. In order to achieve this goal, effective factors and variables were extracted through content analysis, Delphi questionnaire was designed and conceptual model of research was designed based on the results. Then Likert spectrum quantitative questionnaire for structural equation modeling (SEM) and paired comparisons for hierarchical analysis (AHP) were designed and survey data was collected by simple cooperative sampling method from. The results showed that issues and problems related to resources and facilities, related stakeholders, pressure groups, and environmental factors are the culprits of the policy-making phase of the cooperative domain. Model ranking results also showed that from the experts' viewpoint, most of the problems in policy making were related to environmental factors, resources and facilities, respectively. Sub-criteria ratings also showed that for each resource and facility criterion, dependent stakeholders, pressure groups, and environmental factors, the most important sub-criteria, respectively, were lack of necessary financial, human and organizational resources, family beneficiaries, relatives, friends of relatives, Political pressure and disregard for public opinion and the will of society.

The purpose of this research is to identify and rate the dimensions and components of the economics of defense of knowledge-based individuals. The present study is based on the purpose of the research and its method is survey type. The method of collecting information is a combination of library, field, and survey methods.In order to achieve the dimensions of the template, the analysis of qualitative content of documents, articles, books and credible reports was done using Max QDA software. Five dimensions of structural, behavioral, field, process and orientation, 18 components and 72 items counted in this stage, were based on a researcher-made questionnaire.Content validity of the questionnaire was verified by 10 experts. Due to the limited and, of course, unknown, these experts were selected in a targeted, homogeneous, heterogeneous and snowball sampling. Factor analysis of dimensions and components was performed by collecting data from 51 people and using SPSS and Smart PLS software. From the respondents' point of view, at 95% confidence level, all dimensions and components were confirmed and 9 items were not confirmed. In addition, the overall fit of the model was 0.65, which indicates that the research model is strong. Also, the dimension of the ground with factor load factor is 0.897, and structural dimension with factor load factor of 0.751 has the least effect on the conceptual model.

Russia attempts to revive its power as an international sinker and Middle East can provide this power to Russia after the Soviet collapse. Iran as one of the most effective countries in the region is the reliable point in such balance for Russia. The present study seeks to answer the question: Which factors affect Iran's position in Middle East policies of Russia? According to the research hypothesis, three components of extremism and terrorism (regional threats), expansion of the sphere of Western influence (external threats) and balancing power in the Middle East have strengthened the cooperation between Tehran and Moscow within the period of 2011-2017. The data collection method of this research is based on the library study and research findings are analyzed descriptively-analytically. The results of the study indicate that given Russia's need to cooperate with Iran in combating terrorism and preventing the expansion of the West's influence in the Middle East as well as balancing power in the region, Russia has considered Iran as a regional power and has taken steps to consolidate comprehensive relations especially in the field of strategic and geopolitical common interests within the framework of strategic synergy.

The main purpose of the present research is to design a model knowledge-based for university through a mixed research method. In the first stage, the knowledge-based components of the university have been identified by analyzing the content of the data derived from the semi-structured exploratory interview with 16 experts in the field of knowledge. Then these components were validated by the focus group method. In the second stage, the proposed model was tested quantitatively in the qualitative stage. The statistical population of this research was 207 managers of Tehran University. By simple random sampling, 134 of them were selected as samples. Structural equations and PLS software were used to fit the pattern. The findings of the qualitative section of the research show that knowledge of the university has 8 main components and 28 sub-components. The main components of knowledge at the University include: Knowledge Management Process, knowledge-based Support Strategy, Knowledge Based Support Structure, knowledge-based Support Environment, knowledge-based Support Culture, knowledge-based Support Management, Knowledge-Based Support Management, Knowledge-Based Support Information Technology and Communication. A quantitative analysis in order to fit the proposed model f Conclusion:The results of the research show that for knowledge-based of the university, should be considered all eight components of knowledge-based.

Developments in various fields, especially in the fields of software and communication, have led to the emergence of new and complex public issues in societies, and how governments operate with different challenges, such as It faces defense and security challenges .In dealing with these issues, paying attention to improving the quality of public policy is one of the solutions that In this study, in order to help implement the general policies of the system in the field of defense and security, a model of how to improve the quality of public policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the light of the application of political values ​​has been presented. To do this, data and information were collected using the study of research literature and interview method, and qualitative analysis was used using data theory .The statistical population of this study includes 17 professors and experts in the field of research who have been selected using the chain sampling method. The results indicate that paying attention to improving the output quality of the policy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the light of political values, the efficiency of the political system, improving the level of people's satisfaction and achieving defense and security goals and policies, and It prevents the system from facing political, social and security obstacles and crises.