نشریه اقتصاد شهری
سال پنجم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Production and marketing of handicrafts can be considered as an effective factor in the development of a country's economy because of the increasing tendency of countries to use clean industries and avoid single product economy such as oil. Introduce and advertising handicrafts for marketing inside and outside the country is one of the main ways to develop handicrafts. Joining the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, as the best branding tool and the desire to work effectively with network member cities, is due to create a stronger identity. Tabriz city is one of the main centers of handicrafts in Iran. In this study, its potential as a Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art was investigated and evaluated based on the benchmarking model. In this regard, 10 indicators of Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art were identified based on the UNESCO and by studying the 41 Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art. Then, Tabriz city was compared with the creative cities of Isfahan and Bandar Abbas. The results indicated that compared to Isfahan and Bandar Abbas cities, Tabriz city has been in good condition based on the indicators of exhibitions, job creation, education, production licenses, exports, and handicraft infrastructures. However, it has had poor performance based on some indicators including financial support, registered works, and temporary markets. Therefore, it is recommended that by expanding the number of temporary markets and providing financial support, the city can be introduced as a Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art.

In recent years the business model has been attracted researchers' and practitioners' attention due to its impact on the success of every business. A collection of research in the field of art shows little attention to the selection and design of the art business model, and this issue can be considered as one of the reasons for not doing the right thing in the business of this area. This subject has been grounded to investigate business models to identify suitable methods for Iranian handicraft activities in the present study. Using mixed-method, after reviewing the literature related to the topic, the theoretical framework was identified. Then, in the quantitative section, using the Correlation method, we studied a set of methods used in the Laljin pottery business based on the Osterwalder model. We found that the Osterwalder model, does not cover handicraft business in several elements and there is a need for a different business model. In the qualitative section using grounded theory, based on the effectuation theory, we propose a new efficient business model, called "Fish Business Model". In this model, entrepreneurs are like fishes moving in the wavy sea, and using their real capabilities they build their business model. This model presents suitable managerial and executive methods of a business of production and supplying handicraft products as a coherent process and covers all international rules and regulations.

This study aims to measure the effect of multisensory marketing on creating brand loyalty in the tourism industry and includes two parts: quantitative and qualitative. In the quality section, 50 university experts and managers of tourism institutions in Mashhad were interviewed to identify the components of sensory marketing and loyalty to the tourism destination brand. Also, in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed according to the 5-point Likert scale. The statistical population of this section includes 10,000 tourists (Iranian-foreign) in the city of Mashhad. Morgan table; The sample size was 384 people using a simple random sampling method; Questionnaires among tourists have been completed. The quantitative tool is based on the conceptual model and research variables (researcher-made). To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the coding method was used and in the quantitative part, the first and second-order confirmatory factor analysis methods and the implementation of the model with the help of PLS ​​software and Spearman correlation tests were used. The results and findings indicate that according to the views of experts on the relationship between consumer senses and loyalty to the destination brand, there is a significant relationship between consumer senses and loyalty to the destination brand. Tourism and tourism marketing seems to be related to creating a pleasant experience for the customer from the destination, and building this experience is possible through multisensory marketing.

Housing as an individual social benefit and in the form of private goods in the consumer and capital markets is exchanged by adjusting forces such as the price between demanders and suppliers. The steady rise in housing prices has led to a predictable and repeatable trend in market returns and has increased the incentive to invest in housing. According to the literature on housing economics, one of the important reasons for the emergence of vacant houses is the increasing demand for housing capital, but despite such claim in related articles and books, this hypothesis has not yet been put to the test in Iran. This paper uses SmartPLS software and structural equation modeling based on least squares (PLS-SEM) to try to discover the factors affecting the increase in the vacant housing rate in the years 1385, 1390 and 1395 Hijri. For this purpose, the effect of four factors of supply, capital demand, population and purchasing power on the vacant housing rate was tested and the results showed that in 1390 and 1395, the consumer demand decreased (purchasing power decreased) while the  capital demand increased. In some provinces, the main reason for the increase in housing prices have been vacancies. Regarding other factors, in 2006 the vacant housing rate was inversely related to the household purchasing power and capital demand and directly related to supply. In 2011, the vacant housing rate was inversely related to the housing supply. In 2016, the increase in supply played a small role in increasing the rate of vacancy

Each plan is an institution that adjusts the relationships of many actors. In other words, planners devise plans to reduce the transaction costs of non-planned situations. However, since every plan is an institution itself, its creation and maintenance impose costs. The local authorities devise detailed plans in cities of Iran to adjust land use and complete these plans through a mechanism of preparation, implementation, and monitoring which is similar all around the country. Measuring the transaction costs of the third detailed plan of Isfahan is a major step towards evaluating its efficiency after long periods of utilizing this system of planning in Iran. To do so, the costs it imposes on major actors, i.e. municipality and citizens, are calculated through interviews with key actors and statistical analysis of the official report. The results show that the municipality burdens 84 percent of the total transaction cost and citizens burden the rest of it. Regardless of the share of each party in total transaction cost, the income earned from the exchange of development rights through a detailed plan justifies such transactions in fiscal terms. Although, lack of effective participation of key stakeholders especially in the plan-production phase leads to the minimum realization of the plan which consequently has some undesirable implications for citizens’ quality of life. While alteration of the detailed plan seems impossible at present, some modifications are suggested to increase its realization, although they would incur additional transaction costs.

The urban management system in the cities of Iran, using the tools of urban planning and the agendas derived from it, as well as national laws, regulations and planning, has mechanisms and policies for directing, controlling and organizing urban businesses in its field of action and authority. The effectiveness of such policies depends on their compatibility at the national and local levels. In this article, in order to evaluate the degree of compatibility and adaptability of urban business organizing policies in urban settlements with planning and policy-making at the national level, based on a structural-historical research using documentary study method and text analysis, relevant data and historical evidence of vertical policies were collected. They were collected from the five-year development, economic and social development plans of Iran (after the Islamic Revolution) and related laws and regulations. Then, the data were introduced and interpreted based on the analysis of cause and effect relationships on the linear graph of time, organization and course of policy transformation in an integrated chart using the method of comparative analysis. Findings indicate inconsistencies between policies at the national and local levels due to simultaneous policies based on privatization and development of economic interactions (derived from the teachings of capitalist economics and free economy) on the one hand and based on social justice and reducing deprivation and class distance based on increasing direct government support based on  the teachings of state and institutional economics on the other hand.

One of the most important and most trusted tissues in the country is the Texture around the Holy Shrine of imam Reza, Which after more than 20 years of experience, have not been gained significant achievements by the people and urban management. The main problem about this context is the lack of participation by owners and residents in renovation and investment. So, the factors affecting the participation of owners and residents in the financing of residential projects, four factors of social variables (social trust and sense of belonging), economic variables (income, expenditures and residential property value), psychological variables (factors affecting the ownership of residents and residents in financing residential), psychological motivation points for staying in a deteriorated environment, and demographic variables (age and education) were tested. data were collected by interview and questionnaire and sample size was sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula with 5% error and 95% confidence level equal to 508 households. the results of data analysis using multivariate regression and path analysis model indicate that the variables of sense of belonging to the place of life, trust in urban institutions, psychological motivations, familiarity with the design of renovation and improvement, and the future of direct effect participation have a direct effect on the partnership, and the age of the resident has an indirect effect on it. The most important coefficient is the negative effect of trust in urban institutions and so the future of participation. . Therefore, increased trust not only directly affects participation, but also contributes to a greater incentive for participation by reducing the concern about the future of partnership.

one of the problems in developing cities is developing a class of poor human societies. the poverty phenomenon in cities has negative effects on physical, economic, social, city, and residents. therefore, recognition of the poverty distribution pattern will help managers and urban planners and prevent it from spreading. the purpose of this study is to identify the area of poverty and its spatial in Khorramabad city. the present study is applicable in terms of practical purpose and terms of the descriptive-analytical method. The research indices are extracted from the data of the statistical blocks from Khorramabad city in the 2016 Iran Statistical Center. to scale the indicators, the fuzzy method has been used to measure the poverty situation by factor analysis method. first, the indexes of poverty were calculated and then used to reduce the number of indexes in poverty and form a new structure for them from exploratory factor analysis. Hot spots were used to perform spatial analysis. using the Moran index in Geoda software, the spatial correlation of the city poverty was determined in the study area. the results showed that in the total area of poverty 57.57% of urban blocks, 55.68% of the urban area and 65.58% of population and Welfare zones has covered 11.15% of urban blocks, 10.93% of urban areas, and 4.85% of the Khorramabad population.

In recent years the business model has been attracted researchers' and practitioners' attention due to its impact on the success of every business. A collection of research in the field of art shows little attention to the selection and design of the art business model, and this issue can be considered as one of the reasons for not doing the right thing in the business of this area. This subject has been grounded to investigate business models to identify suitable methods for Iranian handicraft activities in the present study. Using mixed-method, after reviewing the literature related to the topic, the theoretical framework was identified. Then, in the quantitative section, using the Correlation method, we studied a set of methods used in the Laljin pottery business based on the Osterwalder model. We found that the Osterwalder model, does not cover handicraft business in several elements and there is a need for a different business model. In the qualitative section using grounded theory, based on the effectuation theory, we propose a new efficient business model, called "Fish Business Model". In this model, entrepreneurs are like fishes moving in the wavy sea, and using their real capabilities they build their business model. This model presents suitable managerial and executive methods of a business of production and supplying handicraft products as a coherent process and covers all international rules and regulations.