Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Mar 2015

The purpose of this paper is to describe the multifaceted nature and benefits of worksite health promotion programs (WHPPs), with emphasis on the college setting. An assessment of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted of articles published since 2000. Several search engines were accessed and selected key words were used. Most studies examining WHPPs have focused on return on investment and productivity. Research that targets the softer side-benefits of health promotion programs in the workplace is less available. Although the college setting offers some advantages for implementing health promotion programs. They may also have unique challenges due to their large and diverse employee population. There is little research to show the effectiveness and unique challenges of college-based health promotion programs.

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most serious health concerns and policy agendas around the world. Epidemiological evidence suggests that it will likely continue to increase globally. Diabetes is strongly associated with the patients’ unhealthy lifestyle and behavioral patterns and socio-economic changes. New model of thinking is required to recognize whether the patients are in control of and responsible for the daily self-management of diabetes. Such a new approach should be based on ‘empowerment and involvement’ to be more applicable to daily activities in diabetic patients. Rapid changes toward patient empowerment and increasing involvement of patients in their care plan indicate more emphasis on disease prevention and health promotion and education than on mere disease and its treatment. Such changes make a step toward pervasive sense of responsibility among patients about their illness for their daily activities. Using the empowerment approach, healthcare professionals would help patients make informed decisions in accordance with their particular circumstances. Patient empowerment implies a patient-centered, collaborative approach that helps patients determine and develop the inherent capacity to be responsible for their own life. Empowerment is something more than certain health behaviors. Empowerment is more than an intervention, technique or strategy. It is rather a vision that helps people change their behavior and make decisions about their health care. It has the potential to improve the overall health and well-being of individuals and communities, and to change the socio-environmental factors that cause poor health conditions. The main concept of this change is the tendency to change.

Duplicate publication is the republication of an article in which a lot of important parts overlap with the published copy. This issue is nearly at the top of the list of subjects, which medical journal editors discuss. this study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the publication patterns and determining it’s root causes in research articles in the Isfahan University of Medical Science and to find a solution to prevent it. In a cross sectional study , All the discovered cases of duplicate publication, which were referred to the ethics committee of the Isfahan University of Medical Science during 2005–2008 were selected to be investigated through a descriptive method. After confirmation about the case of a duplicate publication, the requisite investigation was conducted through interviews and review of the correspondence and documentaries, and then, a radical line was charted. After investigating the cases and classifying the radical causes and incidents, categorization and definition of duplicate publication are presented. Eight out of nine republished articles belonged to the first category of Baily’s index (copy publication) and one was in the third category (minimum publishable unit: Salami slicing). The results of the present article indicate that, the scientific community of the country is not yet familiar with the professional principles of scientific and research affairs. According to the results of this investigation, it is recommended to take official action against duplicate publication cases, violation of copyright, and also to have strict instructions against this unethical practice.

Considering globalization of health care and quality improvement trend to respond to competition and customer orientation, attention to organizational structure and its relationship with market orientation is essential. Therefore, this study reviews the relationship between organizational structure and market orientation in selected hospitals of Isfahan (Iran).

This study was a descriptive survey. The study population comprised nurse managers from selected hospitals (n = 80). Data collection tools were two questionnaires (market orientation questionnaire and organizational structure) that the validity and reliability were confirmed (r = 0.83 for market orientation questionnaire and r = 0.87 for organizational structure). SPSS (Ver. 16) software was used for the analyses.

The mean score of organizational structure was 65.4 (11.2) and total mean of market orientation was 51.14 (17.6). All aspects of the organizational structure (Organization Centralization, Formalization in Organization, and Organization Complication) and market orientation (responding to competition, accountability, customer satisfaction, intelligent organization)—except by responding to clients with Formalization in Organization—as well as all aspects of the Systemic attitude (the system of internal coordination and communication systems_ and market orientation (responding to competition, accountability, customer satisfaction, intelligent organization), there was a meaningful relationship (P < 0.05).

Market orientation and its dimensions have a significant relationship with organizational structure and can lead managers’ view to the analysis and recognizing elements of success and achievement to goals. With increasing competition in markets, globalization of health services, and presence in international markets and more attention to patients’ satisfaction, hospitals need to understand and use of market orientation in order to promote quality and services in the health care system.

One of the practical models for the assessment of stressful working conditions due to job strain is job demand and control model, which explains how physical and psychological adverse consequences, including cardiovascular risk factors can be established due to high work demands (the amount of workload, in addition to time limitations to complete that work) and low control of the worker on his/her work (lack of decision making) in the workplace. The aim of this study was to investigate how certain cardiovascular risk factors (including body mass index [BMI], heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol and smoking) and the job demand and job control are related to each other.

This prospective cohort study was conducted on 500 workers of the petrochemical industry in south of Iran, 2009. The study population was selected using simple random statistical method. They completed job demand and control questionnaire. The cardiovascular risk factors data was extracted from the workers hygiene profiles. Chi‑square (2) test and hypothesis test () were used to assess the possible relationship between different quantified variables, individual demographic and cardiovascular risk factors.

The results of this study revealed that a significant relationship can be found between job demand control model and cardiovascular risk factors. Chi‑square test result for the heart rate showed the highest (2 = 145.078) relationship, the corresponding results for smoking and BMI were 2 = 85.652 and 2 = 30.941, respectively. Subsequently, hypothesis testing results for cholesterol and hypertension was 0.469 and 0.684, respectively.

Job strain is likely to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors among male staff in a petrochemical company in Iran. The parameters illustrated in the Job demands and control model can act as acceptable predictors for the probability of job stress occurrence followed by showing a high trend of CVD risk factors.

The health status of medical practitioners can potentially impact their ability to counsel patients. The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of obesity and behaviors associated with the development of metabolic disease among medical practitioners in the country of Jordan.

The participants were 748 (male n = 285, 32.3 years ± 7.3, female n = 463, 29.7 years ± 5.7) randomly selected pharmacists, nurses, physicians, medical lab technicians, and radiation specialists from a variety of medical institutions in Jordan. A short 25‑item validated instrument was chosen for this investigation. After the survey was administered and data were tabulated, one‑way analysis of variance and Pearson’s Chi‑square analysis were conducted to examine differences in reported risk behaviors (low physical activity [PA], smoking) and obesity by gender, age and medical specialty.

Descriptive analysis revealed that 20.9% of the participants self‑reported as smokers of cigarettes, 47.9% were either overweight or obese, and 52.9% reported no days of planned PA on average per week. The results suggested a difference in body mass index (BMI) classification (F = 17.9, P ≤ 0.001) and smoking (F = 5.33, P = 0.021) by age. Mean age associated with being underweight was 26.4 years for normal weight 29.3 years for overweight 31.6 years and finally for obese was 34.5 years. Chi‑square test resulted in differences by gender (2 > 50, P ≤ 0.001) for BMI (males: 26.4 ± 3.7; females: 24.6 ± 3.7), PA (males no planned PA 61.1%, females 47.9%) and smoking (males 43.1% smokers, females 7.1%). Researchers discovered that medical specialty was related to differences in reported smoking (2 = 26.5, P ≤ 0.001) and days of planned PA (2 = 24.2, P = 0.019).

Within the population of medical practitioners there is still a high incidence of obesity and risk behaviors associated with metabolic diseases. It also appears that these incidence rates are greater among men, with increasing age, and among certain medical specialties.

Heart transplantation is considered as a golden standard of treatment for advanced heart failure. After ‑ transplantation health of patients is influenced by numerous issues which many of them are unknown to the treatment team including nurses. This research ‑ with the aim of describing the life experiences of heart transplant patients ‑ help us to get close to the patients private life and gain comprehensive and a general understanding of all aspects of their life.

This study applied qualitative approach using phenomenology method. The purposive sampling was conducted and continued with 9 participants until information reached saturation point. The participants are the heart transplant recipients who had surgery in Esfahan’s Heart Surgery Center of Shahid Chamran.

The extracted interviews were analyzed through Colaizzi

The eleven extracted main concepts were included: Belief, tendencies of the recipient and family of donor, bewilderment, moment of facing with transplantation, satisfaction, vital organ, support, temperament, physical effects of transplantation, mental changes, paradox of life and death.

In heart transplant patients, being in touch with peers and family support have an important role in putting up with the transplantation issue. Lack of social situation and social support were among the patients distresses. Lack of the necessary information about transplantation made patients dissatisfied with the heart transplantation. Regarding the research findings, training received by patients would not be suffice and lack of information has been made them face with problems; therefore, the nurse team of transplantation should play more an active role in training the patients.

There is general lack of knowledge concerning the sings, symptoms, and risk factors of oral cancer in the general population, particularly among tobacco users. A challenging measure for the health care professions is to improve patients’ knowledge about the causes and signs of oral cancer and, more importantly, to modify their health behaviors. The most frequent approach used to achieve this is production of leaflet. The aim of this study was to outline and carry out the steps involved in the production of information leaflet for tobacco users and its evaluation.

The existing materials on tobacco and its ill effects were reviewed. Leaflets were prepared based on the European Commission Guidelines for patient information leaflet and information packages. Subject experts reviewed the content of leaflet. Content validity was checked using Lawshe method. Reliability was checked using Flesch formula.

Content Validity Ratio (CVR) value was 0.99, which was acceptable. The reliability of the final wording of the leaflet was 80, which was classified as “fairly ease.”

The leaflet could be used as a health education aid to motivate tobacco users to quit tobacco use.

To enquire about the level of awareness regarding various important aspects of palliative medicine among doctors of various departments in four Medical Colleges in Kolkata through a questionnaire.

A questionnaire was developed by few members of Indian Association of Palliative Care. It was distributed, to a convenience sample of doctors who worked at various departments in all four teaching hospitals in Kolkata. The distribution and collection of questionnaires was carried out within four months.

The results suggested that 85% of the doctors felt that cancer was the commonest reason for the palliative care teams to be involved. Seventy four percent of the doctors mentioned that pain control was their prime job; 53% said that they are enjoying their encounter with palliative care, so far; 77% of the doctors thought breaking bad news is necessary in further decision making process; only 22% of the doctors reported the WHO ladder of pain control sequentially, 35% of the doctors believed other forms of therapies are useful in relieving pain, 35% of the doctors thought that they gave enough importance and time for pain control; 77% said that they had heard about a hospice, among them still 61% of the doctors thought that the patients should spend last days of their life at home. Thinking of the future, 92% of the doctors think that more and more people will need palliative care in the coming days.

Amongst the doctors of various departments, there is a lack of training and awareness in palliative care. Almost all the doctors are interested and they are willing to have more training in pain control, breaking bad news, communication skills and terminal care.

Admission includes written and interview at universities belonging to the ministry of the health and medical education of Iran at PhD level. In the present work, it was tried to find out the likelihood of interview performance of different candidates with their teaching experience in Iranian national medical PhD admission in the year 1386‑87. Methods and Materials: In this study, applicants’ exam results were extracted from their score workbooks for year 86‑87. PhD applicants’ categories were public (ordinary) and employed lecturers. Invited numbers of candidates for interview were 556 from 29 different fields of study. As the number of written subjects were not the same within different fields of study, at the first, each group score distribution were normalized to one and then combined together for final consideration.

Accept and reject percentage within public applicants were 45.1 and 54.9, respectively, while the accept percentage within lecturer applicants was 66 and the reject was 34 respectively. Scores of all 29 groups were combined after normalization. The overall performance including test plus interview for public and lecturers were 1.02 ± 0.12 and 0.95 ± 0.1, respectively. The average and standard deviation of test exam of public and lecturer were 1.04 ± 0.16 and 0.91 ± 0.12, respectively. The average and standard deviation of interview exam of public applicants and lecturers applicants were 0.98 ± 0.18 and 1.04 ± 0.17, respectively.

As results show, the interview performance of lecturers is better than public applicants. Unbalanced acceptance rate amongst lecturers was increased due to the hold of reservation toward interview and due to their higher results gain during interview. If the test performance was a reliable measure for viability of applicant, this reservation would change the acceptance rate close to balance.

 General practitioners should be competent to be accountable for patients’ needs, but they do not acquire core competencies during education in medical schools.

This study was aimed at determine the most usual obstetric and gynecological as well as pediatric diseases in rural and urban care centers in Isfahan province. Settings and Design: This is a cross‑sectional descriptive study which was done in Isfahan province in 2011. Sixty‑four physicians (general practitioners) in rural and urban health care centers in Isfahan province participated in this study.

Participants completed valid and reliable questionnaires for gynecological/obstetric and pediatric diseases. These questionnaires included some demographic data and diseases of each category (according to general medicine curriculum). Scales 1‑5 for each disease referral times was determined respectively as: Rare, sometimes, weekly to monthly, daily to weekly and daily. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were descriptively analyzed by SPSS 11.5(SPSS Inc. in Chicago).

Nearly 43.7% of participants were male. The mean age of participants was 39.0 ± 7.0 and their mean working experience was 11.3 ± 5.9 years. The highest referral times’ score in rural and urban care centers in gynecological and obstetric group was vaginal discharge; in pediatrics, it was the common cold.

In this study, the extent to which general practitioners encountered different gynecological/obstetric and pediatric diseases in rural and urban care centers in Isfahan province was determined. Although, these data are useful for decision makers to establish medical core curriculum, other factors such as seasonal load of diseases should also be observed to determine the differences between rural and urban care centers in most usual diseases of women and children.

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the intake of different food groups by pregnant mothers and neonatal low birth weight and premature births.

In this cohort, the target population was 225 pregnant women, randomly selected from different geographical areas of the city of Isfahan, Iran (from April to September, 2012). The main variables in the study were weight and gestational age of the neonates and the type and amount of different food groups used by the mothers. All nutritional variables were compared according to different groups of infants (normal, premature, and low birth weight). In the multivariate analysis, multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to identify those different food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) variables independently associated with the newborn’s weight and gestational age, adjusted by maternal consumption of calcium supplementation, folic acid, and omega‑3, during pregnancy.

A total of 214 (47.7% boys) infants with complete information were included. They had a mean gestational age of 38.72 ± 1.2 weeks. The mean birth weight was 3.11 ± 0.384 kg. The percentages of premature and low birth weight (LBW) infants were 7 and 5%, respectively. At multiple logistic regression controlling for potentially confounding factors that were significantly associated with prematurity and LBW at univariate analysis (maternal consumption of calcium supplementation, folic acid, and omega‑3, during pregnancy), type of nutritional groups containing dairy products, proteins, fish, and shrimp group, as well as fruits and vegetables, had a significant positive association with increasing the gestational age (P < 0.05). The group that consumed proteins, fish, and shrimp, as well as fruits and vegetables had a significant positive association with the newborn’s weight (P < 0.05).

This study indicated the importance of proper nutrition on reducing the rates of LBW and premature births. Comprehensive educational programs at individual and public levels are warranted in this regard.

This study aimed to find the influence of education level on the trends of changes of these risk factors among a great sample of Iranian population.

This cross‑sectional study is a secondary analysis of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP). Blood samples were taken to determine the lipid levels including total cholesterol (TC), low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C), low levels of high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C), and triglycerides. Education categorized based on training system in Iran as 1‑5, 6‑12, and more than 12 years training.

The prevalence of diabetes was higher among illiterate participants in both areas. Hypertension was more prevalent in illiterate subjects (2001; 44.0% and 2007; 46.3%) in intervention area (P < 0.001). Dyslipidemia was more prevalent among illiterate people (P < 0.001). In the intervention, illiterates have higher BMI in both 2001 and 2007 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of current smoking was the highest in education level range 6 to 12 years and was steadily decreased in higher education levels (P < 0.001). Subjects with 6‑12 years of education have more unhealthy nutritional habits in both areas. In 2001, subjects with 12 years of education or more had more physical activity than other groups (P < 0.001), whereas, in 2007, subjects with 6‑12 years of education were more active (P < 0.001).

Although the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension obesity, and dyslipidemia are more in illiterate subjects and prevalence of diabetes and hyperlipidemia was sharply decreased with education level, it seems that well educated participants have higher daily physically activity compared with those who have lower education without considering the place or residency.

In all areas of life including health, choices have widely increased and concerns over getting hold of further choices have made trust a necessary element. This study, taking into consideration the interconnection of three concepts of trust, risk, and body, aims at describing and interpreting different types of trust experienced in a risky medical operation (cosmetic surgery).

To achieve the given purpose, within interpretative paradigm and employing qualitative method, in‑depth phenomenological interviews were conducted with 26 people who volunteered to have a cosmetic surgery. Participants, who have been selected through purposive sampling techniques, were fully aware of their participation in the study and were insured that the data would be confidential and would be used only for the purpose of the study. Data were gathered within a one‑year period of the study, from February 20, 2012 to February 20, 2013. Results of three‑phase interviews were validated against participatory feedback and researchers’ triangulation and were further analyzed by means of seven‑stage Colaizzi method.

Consequently, five main themes, namely, vicarious trust, trust within the reach, institutionalized trust, criterion trust, and wrapped trust were extracted.

Apart from existing differences among these five themes (e.g. degree of the subjectivity and objectivity in the patient), they can be regarded comparable in terms of being single‑sided (from the patient’s side).In other words, in all experiences, participants, having considered “the necessity of gaining trust” as a presupposition, have made a unilateral effort in creating the aforementioned phenomenon.

Research self‑efficacy if the people’s judgment of their abilities in order to organize and conduct meaningful research in different formats. The aim of this study is to determinate the rate of research self‑efficacy among students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on Research Self‑efficacy Scale.

The method of this study is an applied survey method. Statistical population is all students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and the sample size was calculated to be 361 samples based on Krejcie and Morgan table. Random sampling method was used with equal number of samples from every department. Data collection tool is Salehi et al. questionnaire (with 7 dimensions) with Likert scale (5 grades). Its validity and reliability were confirmed by Psychology and Research Method experts and Cronbach’s alpha (r = 0.84) respectively. Data gathering method was direct visit to each department. The data was then analyzed using t‑test and one‑tailed ANOVA using SPSS 16 software.

The finding showed that among research self‑efficiency dimensions research ethics dimension had the highest and quality research dimension had the lowest means. Furthermore comparing the research self‑efficacy scores with demographic characteristics suggests that there is no significant difference between total score of research self‑efficacy of different departments, genders or educational degrees (P > 0.05).

Since the score of most of the research self‑efficacy dimensions were, lower than average, holding periodical workshops, inclusion of necessary courses in the educational plan, forcing student to perform research activity such as writing articles in lower educational levels and improvement of research culture for students with the help of experienced professors are some of practical solutions, which can lead to increasing the motivation of the students for conducting efficient research

According to investigations, pregnant women hypothesized that anxiety is a common factor that will improve spontaneously; they are not aware of its side effects on the fetus, baby, and pregnancy outcome, as a whole. Other studies have also not tried to design a theoretical framework based on Health Education Models (HBMs) to overcome this problem. The current study aimed at exploring the effectiveness of education on the anxiety of nulliparous women based on a HBM.

An experimental study on 88 eligible nulliparous women (n = 44 per group), from Doroud city, was performed in 2012. The data was collected using a researcher made questionnaire. Education was conducted in three sessions tailored with HBM constructs with the help of lectures, group discussions, inquiries, Power Point presentations, and booklets. Evaluation performed using a posttest four and eight weeks after last session. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests, including Chi-square, independent t-test, and repeated measure Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by the significance level of 0.05.

The mean score of knowledge, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action, self efficacy, and behavior, four weeks after intervention (P < 0.001) and eight weeks after intervention (P < 0.001) were significantly more in the case group Than the control group. ANOVA with repeated measures showed a significant increase in the case group in knowledge (from 32.1 to 89.1), perceived sensitivity (from 34.8 to 91.5), perceived severity (from 31.82 to 88.48), perceived benefits (from 39.28 to 92.41), perceived barriers (from 26.93 to 88.61), cues to action (from24.65 to 92.03), self efficacy (from 29.71 to 88.75), and behavior (from 28.83 to 94.63). Changes were not significant in the control group.

The effect of HBM and education on increasing knowledge and changing people’s beliefs and behavior, in terms of anxiety based pregnancy, should make health planners and authorities pay more attention to these issues. Moreover, it will help in the betterment of the health of mothers and babies

Sensitivity of teaching and learning processes in universities emphasizes the necessity of assessment of the quality of education which improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the country. This study was conducted with an aim to review and develop the evaluation criteria of health information technology course at Master of Science level in Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Kashan medical universities in 2012 by using CIPP model.

This was an applied and descriptive research with statistical population of faculty members (23), students (97), directorates (5), and library staff (5), with a total of 130 people, and sampling was done as a census. In order to collect data, four questionnaires were used based on Likert scale with scores ranging from 1 to 5. Questionnaires’ validity was confirmed by consulting with health information technology and educational evaluation experts, and questionnaires’ reliability of directorates, faculty, students, and library staff was tested using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient formula, which gave r = 0.74, r = 0.93, r = 0.98, and r = 0.80, respectively. SPSS software for data analysis and both descriptive and inferential statistics containing mean, frequency percentage, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation were used.

With studies from various sources, commentary of experts, and based on the CIPP evaluation model, 139 indicators were determined and then evaluated, which were associated with this course based on the three factors of context, input, and process in the areas of human resources professional, academic services, students, directors, faculty, curriculum, budget, facilities, teaching–learning activities, and scientific research activities of students and faculty, and the activities of the library staff.

This study showed that in total, the health information technology course at the Master of Science level is relatively good, but trying to improve and correct it in some areas and continuing the evaluation process seems necessary.

Introduction and

Perception is the most important predictor of behavior and there is a strong relation and correlation between behavior and believes. Thus, to improve self‑care behaviors of patients, it is required to fully understand their perceptions about behavior. This paper aimed to assess the prediction power of health promotion model of systolic blood pressure (SBP) as the result of self‑care behavior in rural hypertensive.

This cross‑sectional study has been carried out through random multistage sampling on 671 rural patients under the coverage of health center of Ardebil city in 2013. Data were collected through reliable and valid questionnaire based on the health promotion model in eight sectors. For data analysis, Pearson correlation statistical tests, multivariate linear regression, ANOVA and independent t‑test were used and for confirmatory factor analysis, SPSS 18 and AMOS 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) were used.

The results showed significant negative correlation between self‑efficacy, perceived benefits, situational influences, affects related to behavior and commitment to action structures with SBP and showed a positive significant correlation between perceived barriers and SBP. Furthermore, age and body mass had direct significant relation with SBP. The age of patients showed inverse significant correlation with self‑efficacy, perceived benefits, affects related to behavior, interpersonal influences and commitment and showed a direct significant correlation with perceived barriers, means that by increase of age, the perceived barriers also increased. The structures of health promotion model have in overall the prediction power of 71.4% of SBP changes.

The diet perceptions of patients, the same as health promotion model, has good predictive power of SBP, especially the structures of perceived benefits and self‑efficacy have inverse meaningful relation with systole blood pressure and predicted a higher percentage of this variable.

Many researchers believe that adolescents’ problem behaviors are indicators of a deficiency in social skills. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a prevention program on reducing problem behaviors in male adolescents.

In a preposttest design with randomized control group, 49 students received social skills training (SST). Follow‑up assessment of outcomes took place 5 months post baseline. The SST program was administered over the course of 10 weeks (10 sessions of 1 h). The main tools were multiple problem behaviors index (MPBI) and Social Skills Rating System – student form (SSRS‑S). The control group (57 students) did not receive any intervention. Intervention effects were evaluated with t‑test, univariate ANCOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA.

Significant difference between groups founded on SSRS at posttest (t = 2.5, P = 0.014) by univariate ANCOVA. In addition, the findings indicated that variation trend of mean scores of SSRS in the intervention group was significant (F = 225.3, P < 0.0001). The intervention group reported Lower levels of MPBI at posttest and follow‑up compared to the control group. Significant difference between the two groups did not achieved on MPBI scores in the posttest after adjusting for the pretest scores; however, this difference was significant at the follow up (F = 5.3, P = 0.020).

The results suggest that SST was effective in improving social competence and preventing problem behaviors among male adolescent. Future researches must be examined the role of peer and family.