نشریه برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 11 (زمستان 1398)

Citizenship is important as one of the components of modern society. The purpose of this study was to describe a variety of citizenship behaviors between people in Tehran. It is also tried to analyze the dimensions and behaviors of citizenship based on demographic variables. The method of this study was A survey and its population was 15 years or more in 2017.The sampling method is multi-stage and the sample size is 2400 according to The cochran formula. A questionnair tool was used for data collection. The concept of active citizenship has been measured by four components: citizen participation, citizen responsibility, citizen socialization, and citizen identity.The results show that half of the people are active citizens (46%) and a quarter (26%) are passive citizens. The average active citizenship status is 3.36 (range 1 to 2). Also, the mean score for social participation was 2.9, social responsibility was 3.25, citizenship was 3.61, and 3.64 perceived citizenship. In fact, the level of citizenship participation is passive. On the contrary, the sense of citizenship identity shows the active state.Among all types of citizenship behaviors: neighborhood behaviors, community-based behaviors, traffic issues, and urban ethics indicate a favorable situation. On the other hand, there is the erosion of citizen participation norms.

With the change in wealth creation in the new era, attracting the creative class is very important and reveals the need to address the creative city approach in the world's metropolises, including Tehran. The goal of this study was to assess the objective and subjective of the Tehran metropolis from the perspective of the creative city, emphasizing on the mentality and importance of public knowledge and to provide planning solutions as a creative city. This research uses mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) and tries to compile the integrated index of the creative city by proposing an appropriate conceptual model to the conditions of Tehran to assess the situation. The conceptual model of the study consists of 26 criteria and 66 indicators. The results show that Tehran is not in a good position in the world rankings. the twelve criteria studied in the subjective assessment by interviewing the target groups, the institutional and structural capital, entrepreneurship and investment and smart infrastructure indicators, had a score of less than 40%. The human capital, creative capital and competitiveness indicators are also components that have scored above average in subjective evaluations. The results of this study could be a roadmap for planning  Tehran metropolis to reach the creative city principles.

The issue of informal settlement management has been mentioned in the country's development document as a development issue. Various approaches have been taken to manage this phenomenon in the world that the empowerment approach is one of the latest. This approach has been experienced in Iran since the late 1370s, but assessments show that the expected results were not achieved. This result raised the question for the present study whether the empowerment approach was effective in organizing informal settlements? In this study, an attempt was made to answer this question based on the opinions of experts. This research is a qualitative study and follows the method of GroundedTheory. Preliminary findings show that in order to identify the role of the empowerment approach, the roots of the problem must first be identified. As the questions and study process became more precise, the concept of migration was used as a central phenomenon and the basis for the development of the research model. Findings show that the roots of informal settlement can be traced to micro, intermediate and macro levels. Therefore, problem management strategies must be seen simultaneously at different levels. Separation of macro-origin, intermediate-destination and micro-destination strategies has been one of the research findings. The research confirmed that the empowerment approach is useful for dealing with the informal settlement phenomenon, which is applicable at the micro-destination level.

In the battle between sustainable development and prosperity,achieving an intensive urban model and infill development is considered as the key to protecting the land.Despite the positive effects this growth pattern has on the sustainability of cities. If its principles are not implemented,this pattern will face negative consequences. Implementation of infill development in the middle of texture Zanjan in the form of construction of apartment units in the barren lands left in the recent years, has caused several negative effects on the lives of the residents.The aim of this study was to determine these effects by descriptive and causal methods (after occurrence),the necessary data were collected by survey tools. The relationships between the concepts were formulated using theoretical foundations and the structural equation model was used to test the relationships using Smart PLS software. Testing the general model shows the dissatisfaction of the residents of the KocheMeshki neighborhood because of the infill development that has occurred (GOF=0.37).The effects of the loss of local jobs, increased density, increased pollution,reduced access to affordable housing, and the destruction of farmland were not confirmed. In contrast to the effect of declining per capita and quality of life, reduced social relations, reduced security on dissatisfaction with infill development with90% confidence interval was confirmed.The effect of legal barriers on reducing access to affordable housing was also confirmed. The findings of the model showed that the most important disadvantages of infill development for the residents of the neighborhood are:reduction of per capita land use and quality of life,reduced security and social relations.

One of the most important challenges of our time is sustainability which has recently been linked to project management. The logic behind this connection is that sustainability needs change and projects bring about change. Meanwhile, the management of affordable housing projects, conceptually and operationally, has a high capacity to include sustainability in its dimensions; however it has received little attention in the literature. In this study in order to address this knowledge gap, at first the conceptual framework, boundaries, and key factors for incorporating sustainability into project management were identified through a systematic review of the literature. Then, in order to explain the obtained theoretical model, the perception of managers of construction companies in Isfahan Concerning sustainable management of affordable housing projects was measured. Besides explaining the proposed model, the results demonstrated that the six factors: "economic and competitive advantage; contextual conditions dominating project management; stakeholder management; project team; social responsibility and technology and environmental design" together account for 64.76% of the total variance of the model. It is worth noting that, the nature of affordable housing projects in targeting low-income urban groups, has brought about economic and competitive advantages as the most important components which have a significant role in achieving sustainability in Their management.

In recent decades, urbanization and the rapid growth of industrialization have led to the release of high heat energy and increased air pollution in the lower atmosphere, resulting in many changes in the meteorological committees of the boundary layer of the urban atmosphere. Therefore, the present study attempts to investigate the morphological and physical factors affecting urban temperature changes in the metropolis of Tehran. The research method is currently applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method along with various quantitative and qualitative analyzes. In this study, using remote sensing tools, the temperature map of Tehran has been obtained by using Landsat satellite images, which, based on the produced map, the western part of Tehran is the area under study Has been selected and physical and morphological indicators affecting urban temperature have been obtained through documents and field surveys. Then, the relationship and correlation between urban morphology factors affecting urban temperature changes in the study areas were analyzed through classical statistical modeling and as a result of the mentioned studies, the most effective factors in increasing the air temperature in the study area were obtained