مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 67 (آذر 1400)

Masnavi Kanz Al-Maaref by "Mohammad Hussein ibn Mohammad Jafar" is one of the mystical and valuable works of the 13th century AH. This work has 7078 bits and is composed in the form of Masnavi. In this research, while briefly introducing the author; "Mohammad Hussein ibn Mohammad Ja’far" is one of the poets (13th century AH) and the introduction of his valuable work Masnavi "Kanz al-Ma'aref" examines the stylistic characteristics of this work. This valuable book has not been corrected and published yet, and the only surviving copy, numbered 10-2156, is in the library of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

This research is based on descriptive-analytical method.

In this book, the poet tries to express his transcendent and mystical thoughts, which indicate his attention to moral, mystical, religious and educational issues, in a rhythmic and poetic form.

The poet has used verses and hadiths to enrich his poems and thoughts. It is noteworthy that he did not use jokes and vulgar words in his poems at all. His firm words have been combined with the observance of politeness and purity of speech and words, and he has made this collection a treasure and a reservoir full of sermons and moral and educational points. In his book, he has often dealt with stories, religious narrations, historical and Islamic events and great personalities such as the Holy Prophet and Ali (AS). In addition to these topics, he is well acquainted with Persian and Arabic literature and sometimes refers to these stories and characters. The study of intellectual, linguistic and literary levels of this work undoubtedly paves the way for the knowledge and thinking and scientific and literary practice of this poet for those who are interested and researchers.

Stories and stories, which form a large part of the works, create different semantic methods and sciences in their structure. Among these sciences, "narratology" is a theory that uses structural methods and principles to organize the components of the story until it reaches the author's goal; Fiction, therefore, is a platform for the creation of new methods of extensive literature. Amin Faghiri, one of the leading writers in the field of Persian culture and literature, using a variety of narrative techniques in the novel Dancers, succeeded in creating a work that is useful in communicating with the audience. The reader accompanies the author in the study of these stories and the use of these tricks is considered as an indicator of the author's abilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how to use different types of narratives based on the theory of narration techniques "Geragent" French theorist.

This descriptive-analytical study examines a number of dancers' novel narratives based on the four topics of order, continuity, frequency and time, within the framework of narrative theory in the time of Gerard Genet.

A poor person breaks the sequences of time using artistic techniques. Time-lapse in the novel "Dancers" is retrospective and by using descriptive pause tricks and creating a scene, it has slowed down the narrative time routine and its negative acceleration. These patterns of chronological apricot complicate the narrative, and this has added to the novel's appeal and richness.

In the novel "Dancers", this author narrates in a realistic way. Realism is the dominant element of his work, which apart from fictional elements has played a significant role in the process of his works to date. In this story, the narrator with the third point of view of the omniscient person, by confusing time in the narrative, associates the reader with a narration of people, places and events and shows the events. Using artistic techniques, he disrupts, delays, or speeds up sequence relationships.

The field and purpose The book of <adab- Al-Harb, Va-shaja-ah> [War and Bravery etiquettes] has, written by Mansoor- ibn-Mobarak Shah, so- called <Faxr-e- Modabber>, who is one of the writers in 6th and 7th of AH- centuries [Anno Hegirae of after Higrah]. Persian prose texts of 6th and 7th AH- centuries, are mostly tend to ornamented and artifact, but the prose of <Adab-Al-Harb, Va-Shoja-ah>, is simple and unvarished; howere, like many other books, party is literaly in preface and introduction.

In this issue, the book of Adad-Al-harb, va-shoja-ah, from astylistic point of view, is analysed by the use of a predicative and library approach.

The results show that most sentences in the text, are brief; Arrangent of sentences, is considerd. There are many applications of sentences and synonyms. One of the other style characteristics of this book is using of two conjunctions <as then>, the use as a conversation instead of dot, the use colplex proposition <in-with>, the use of adverbs such as <immediately, now, just, in case>, not use of conjunctions and the use of verbs, as nominative case, the use of prefix on the top of verb, specially in the past form. I maginal Figures of speech such as allegory, metaphor, allusion, imagery and rhetorical in gradient, in Adan-Al- Harb, va-shoja-ah are low in use, unlike the works of contemprary authors, that sometime are used by the author according to the text. Intellectually there are, some of moralities and acts such as: certainty of death, advices, caution and care, grab the opportunities, formation and bttling strategies, weapons ans forces arrangement, and talked do out the king’s goodness, rulers, ministers and commonders.

The prose of Adob- Al- Harb is such as scoentifics and the writer has no attitude to pontificate about his knowedge of Arabic and absrtusing. Simplicity in the educational texts, is the best way to translating the issue, that faxr was completely bounded to it.

One of the lyrical literary manifestations in Mojir al-Din Bilqani's poems is his satires. These satires, along with Khaghani's satires, have been forgotten and not studied. For this reason, the present study tries to eliminate immoral satires, introduce satire and mention the reasons for its existence in Mujir al-Din's poems, and identify his rhetorical technique.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the data have been collected using library resources. The study area and society is a collection of poems by the divan of Mojir al-Din Bilqani, which has been published by the Institute of History and Culture of Iran with the correction and suspension of Mohammad Abadi.

The results of the research show that the language of Mujir's satires is chaste and often away from insults with taboo words. Her satires are mostly related to opponents and rivals and in this case, simile is the most important imaginative image and poetic element of Mujir. The mind of the illustrator Mujir al-Din is not content to bring one image and his similes are mixed with other images. Also, he has tried to show his superiority with allegorical expressions based on similes. This has reduced the ugliness of his satires and increased their rhetorical aspect.

In his satirical similes, the poet has established a poetic connection between unrelated elements and has forced the audience's mind to try. Therefore, his satires have an artistic aspect. In terms of meaning, his satires reflect the social situation and morality that govern society. Therefore, the satires of Mujir al-Din Bilqani, in addition to their artistic aspect, are significant in terms of meaning.

Intertextuality is one of the techniques that can help to create new novels based on ancient texts. Intertextual studies are among the important approaches in contemporary literary research, according to which every literary text is a retelling and reproduction of previous or contemporary literary works. Majid Shafiei, one of the leading writers in the field of children and adolescents in the country and winner of several literary awards, is among those who have turned to this literary format. The novel "Mahan’s nightmare", written by Majid Shafiei, seeks to apply new method in narration and avoid traditional methods based on the intertextuality.

The present research is a theoretical study with the library method whose extent and study population include Nezami’s Haft Peykar and Mahan’s nightmare.

The findings of this study show that the theme of anti-oppression and avarice in the two stories and the symbolic use of light versus darkness are common concepts, and applying color and light with its high frequency, has strengthened the intertextual aspects in Mahan’s nightmare.

It is being conclude that Shafiei has used explicit-intentional and implicit intertextuality based on Haft Peykar in Mahan’s nightmare, and has also applied storytelling techniques and common concepts.

Recognizing the literary, critical and political features of the poems of poets such as the Third Brotherhood, including and fragmentation has always been prominent among researchers, but understanding these features in the light of an analytical method that allows the researcher to have a comprehensive understanding of how Representations of the protest poems of these poets can be found. In the present study, we try to study the methods of protest poetry in the poetry of poets such as the Third Brotherhood, including the fragmentation, with a comparative approach.

The method of this research is descriptive, documentary (library) and based on an analytical approach. In this method, the researcher tries to present his desired idea by using different methods of data collection.

The study of contemporary protest poetry methods based on the poetry of poets such as the Third Brotherhood and Shamloo and Siavash Kasraei indicates the unity of the conceptual and thematic system of the poems of these poets in the way of raising the voice of the people. Meanwhile, the Third Brotherhood speaks with a desperate voice about the length of Zoroastrian history and religion. Shamloo does not accept the established social order and in trying to understand an ideal system, it is political and social goals that gradually lead to a simple philosophical and revolutionary worldview. Kasraei, however, is not as disappointed with change as the Brotherhood, nor is he inclined to philosophical and social propositions, but he is a committed and revolutionary poet in every sense.

In the poetry of the Brotherhood, the themes of protest appear in the form of a kind of despairing attitude. The Brotherhood thought that the only way out was to take refuge in a genuine ritual. But Shamloo was inherently a poet incompatible with the spirit of his time. Shamloo's poetry considered all the vital elements of society to be a distorted structure of the ideological realms of political rule, and therefore considers protest in such a society a sacred movement. On the other hand, although Kasraei was close to Shamloo in terms of school and social ideology, but his primitive allegorical and symbolic approach and finally his revolutionary and guerrilla poems made him a supporter and encourager of a socialist and popular revolution.

World literature after the Second World War served as a tool for propaganda in the reconstruction of crisis-stricken societies. The description of the forces that are engaged in the construction of society from within, the struggle manifestations of people's lives, the attention to the modern concept of work, as well as the sanctification of populism, paved the way for the birth of a style called socialist realism. This style, which also included the writers' political views, quickly transcended geographical boundaries. The novel was considered by many thought-provoking writers of that time as a suitable vehicle that could contain such concepts and at the same time be the manifestation of society's close interaction with political, social and cultural events. In Iran, Mahmoud Dolatabadi presented significant components of socialist realism with his novel The Vacancy of Salouch. Therefore, the authors of this article, by examining the factors outside the text, ie the context of the situation, which includes the political, social and cultural dimensions of society, prove this claim in Salouch's vacancy in the novel.

This research was a descriptive-analytical method.

The content of the novel is a fact that arises from the heart of society, which with the help of the author's honesty has been able to reflect the believable issues of its society well. The image he portrays of the government's ugly and cruel treatment of women and children embodies his critical views, and this makes Dolatabadi a left-wing critic in his novel The Vacancy of Salouch.

What has intensified the realist aspects of this novel are the objective, accurate and coherent descriptions that the author presents of the conditions of society, class conflicts, landlord and serfdom system, smallholders, land division and the so-called Pahlavi White Revolution in Iranian villages. Of course, this detail owes many years to the author's presence in the lives of ordinary people, so much so that this novel can be considered a real account of the life of the rural class and the Iranian people during the years of tyranny and colonialism of Pahlavi. Keywords: Socialist Realism, Intellectual Content, Style, Contemporary Story, Mahmoud Dolatabadi.

In Persian educational literature, special methods of dealing with problems through allegory and anecdote and advice are given in the language of poetry and prose. The subject and purpose of this study is to apply these strategies to one of the most popular psychological theories of the present age called coping skills theory, which was proposed by two American psychologists, Lazarus and Folkman in 1984 and is mainly based on two axes: problem-oriented and emotion-oriented.

The research method in this article is analytical and descriptive and has been used to collect data based on library resources.

The findings of this study show that the methods of coping with psychological pressures and problems in the literary works of Golestan, Bustan, Kelilehudmaneh and Masnavi-Mannavi are largely compatible with coping methods based on the psychological theory of Falkman and Lazarus.

The result of the research indicates that in the mentioned books, the problem-solving method, which is based on reason and action, has a higher frequency compared to the emotion-oriented method. In Saadi Bustan and Golestan, the way of dealing with emotion is more than the way of dealing with problem-oriented. In Kidneywood, we are most confronted with positive, effective, and efficient problem-solving methods. In Masnavi, the positive problem-oriented method and the emotion-oriented coping style are used in a slight way.

“Rasael al-Ijaz” or “Ijaz Khosravi” is a valuable work of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, which was written in the early eighth century in the field of writing and composition. Considering that no revised correction of this work has been made in our country so far and also considering the importance and position of this work in the field of literary works of technical prose, on the part of the researchers' lack of attention to this precious work, the authors decided that Research the stylistics of the work based on layered stylistics. Due to the breadth of the subject, in the present study, the analysis of three levels of phonetic, rhetorical and ideological has been proposed.

This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method.

Based on the findings of this study, the most prominent stylistic coordinates of the work at the phonetic level are abundant application of rhyme and paronomasia, acrostic and parallelism, repetition types (alliteration and assonance) that have increased the beauty and harmony of speech in terms of phonetic relations. The most prominent Stylistic features of “ejaz Khosravi” in the field of rhetoric can be called the observance of textual appropriateness and coherence. Types of ambiguity, including the ambiguity of proportionality, the ambiguity of contradiction, and the ambiguity of translation, or in the words of Amir Khosrow, " tarjomat-al-lafz " and “zemn –al- lafz”, can in fact be considered as examples of lexical coherence in several places in his book.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the author of “Rasael al- Ijaz” has expressed a unique writing style in this work, which is based on the observance of appropriateness and coherence. The use of examples of coherence and continuity such as types of ambiguity, as well as the invention of new figurative of device in this field, such as "tarjomat-al-lafz " and "zemn- al-lafz" by Amir Khosrow and their abundant use, can indicate the importance of proportionality between the components of the text.

In the study and research of a literary text, the accuracy and authenticity of the text is more important and thought-provoking than anything else. Forouzanfar, Mojtaba Minavi, Shafiee Kadkani and Tawfiq Sobhani have already done valuable research on the correction and authenticity of the manuscripts of the Supreme Court. The Great Divan of Forouzanfar has already been more reliable in terms of correction than other works; However, as Minavi and Shafi'i Kadkani have pointed out, Forouzanfar's corrected Divan-e Kabir has some problems in terms of method and correction, the re-correction of which is a requirement of the research field.

This article was a descriptive-analytical study.

During the re-correction of Divan-e Kabir, the author encountered several lyric poems that differed from the lyric poems of printed divans in terms of vertical structure and number of bits; Even in some cases a considerable number of bits of printed divans; Among them was Forouzanfar's corrected court. The author considers these forms due to the corrected neglect of a stylistic feature of Rumi's sonnets. Therefore, in this study, by examining and analyzing phonetic stylistics, a unique stylistic feature has been introduced in a considerable number of sonnets, which ignoring this stylistic feature causes the verses to be split and far away, and in some cases some of the verses are removed.

The author's claim is that a number of lyric poems of Divan-e Kabir have been divided into authentic versions regardless of their specific style and manner of writing, and their semantic and structural entanglement has been lost. Therefore, first of all, these sonnets have been studied from the point of view of etymology and the result of studying the etymology of these sonnets is mentioned in the following article entitled: Then the two sonnets are brought together and finally in the study of the stylistics of these sonnets, the phonetic and typological layer of the sonnets and to some extent the coherence of the verses are studied. Then it is concluded that due to stylistic, typographical, structural and semantic reasons, the separation of these sonnets in the existing printed divans from Shams sonnets is incorrect and the juxtaposition of these verses helps to better understand the poem. In addition, some verses of the same sonnets have been omitted from the Divan of corrected by Master Forouzanfar during the correction mentioned in this article, verses whose authenticity is also confirmed by a valid manuscript.

Jamali Ardestani is a famous poet and mystic of the ninth century in the Timurid era who has over twenty-eight books and treatises and despite the efforts made, so far few of his works have been introduced and corrected. One of these works is a poem mixed with prose, called "Sharh al-Waslin", of which there are a number of manuscripts. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to introduce the manuscripts of Sharh- al-Waslin and to examine its stylistic and content features. In this research, Jamali Ardestani and the manuscripts of Sharh al-Waslin are introduced and based on the older version, called "Jamali generalities" which was written in 1229 AH and is kept in the National Library of Malik under number 5052, its stylistic and content features Has also been reviewed.

For this purpose, a descriptive and analytical study with library studies has been conducted that the study area is the description of the originals and its manuscripts.

In this work, which is a mixed interpretation of poetry and prose; Pireh Jamali compares religious verses, hadiths and narrations with his mystical beliefs and explains, interprets and interprets them in the form of appropriate anecdotes. In addition to his anecdotes and interpretations, he has often dealt with the most important principles and authorities of Sufism, namely, the poverty and annihilation of God, and has considered himself mortal. Has stated.

This work is also important in terms of linguistic and literary features. Although the Timurid era was the era of the decline of prose and order, but it has preserved the characteristics of Khorasani style and traditional prose. Using the past tense with the sign "hemi" and using the adverbial form of prepositions, the use of some ancient words along with the use of some verbs with local and slang accents and the extensive use of Arabic words and combinations, indicate the poet's interest in continuing to use One of the characteristics of Khorasani style is related to the characteristics of Iraqi style. Apart from the religious and mystical value of this work, because it has followed Rumi's Masnavi and used the weight and tone of Rumi's expression, it can also be further studied as an example of imitation of Masnavi in the Timurid era.

Ferdowsi Shahnameh as a natural epic work has a special place among other epics in the world. One of the reasons for this is the great and prominent theme of philosophy, the causes and results of the struggle, which from the beginning to the end of this work in each of its stories creates a kind of exciting, sad and emotional scenes. One of the important struggles in this great work is the struggle against Jamshid and Zahak in the stories related to them, which in this article examines philosophy, its causes and results.

In the present study, for better and more useful access to information, the library method has been used.

Combat events, in turn, have powerful sources that are the result of the boiling of centuries and millennia, and undoubtedly help their strong motivations, and in addition, will bring results and consequences. In fact, Ferdowsi Hakim had more goals in the struggles of the epic characters of Shahnameh than just narrating the history of the past of Iran; The main philosophy of the struggle against Jamshid is religious tyranny and in Zahak's story, his socio-political and cultural tyranny.

The story of Zahak is associated with anti-political, social, economic and cultural dimensions of the Iranians, which with the overthrow of this tyrannical king and the accession of Fereydoun Farzaneh Dadgar, promoted results such as peace, security and politics. Instead of accepting superstitions, the culture of rationality leads to ideological unity, building and fighting destruction and war, economic growth, strengthening the economic base by employing efficient forces in agriculture, strengthening defense by employing talented military and war forces.