مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل
پیاپی 78 (زمستان 1399)

One of the most important causes of acute kidney injury is ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Some studies have shown that adenosine A1 receptor inhibition have protective effects against Ischemia–reperfusion induced renal injuries, while other studies have demonstrated the opposite. The aim of the present study was to review the methodology of these studies to reach a final conclusion about the effects of adenosine A1 receptor on ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injuries.

Data base motors including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Embase were searched. The terms and keywords used included ischemia-reperfusion, acute kidney injury, acute renal failure, A1 adenosine receptor and their combination.

Increased adenosine levels following renal Ischemia-reperfusion cause vasoconstriction in afferent arteriole and vasodilatation in efferent arteriole through A1 adenosine receptor activation, which in turn reduces glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inhibition of A1 adenosine receptor leads to short-term correction of renal functional parameters following renal Ischemia-reperfusion, by increasing renal blood flow and thus improving GFR. But this increase in GFR exacerbates kidney damages through the kidneys workload enhancement, which will show up in the next few hours.

Although selective inhibition of A1 adenosine receptor in the short term improves renal function parameters, but exacerbates renal damages in the following hours. Therefore, adenosine A1 receptor stimulation has protective effects against IR-induced kidney injury.

The deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in the brain is one of the most important features of Alzheimerchr('39')s disease. In addition to memory loss, Aβ can lead to depression behavior. Alpha-pinene is a type of monoterpene that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Here, by using an animal model for Alzheimerchr('39')s disease, we investigated the effect of alpha-pinene on neuronal cell death in the hippocampus and depression induced by Aβ1-42.

Male Wistar rats weighing 240-260 g were divided into four groups including control, alpha-pinene, Aβ, and Aβ-alpha-pinene. Rats were placed in stereotaxic surgery apparatus and Aβ1-42 was injected into the hippocampus (4 µg per side) and alpha-pinene was treated intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. At the end of the course, the level of depression was assessed using the forced swimming test. The animalschr('39') hippocampus was also examined microscopically after Nissl staining.

Intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 increased the total immobility time in the forced swimming test (p<0.01), decreased the number of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area (p<0.001), and reduced the thickness of the neuronal layer in this region of ​​the hippocampus. Treatment with alpha-pinene largely prevented these changes.

It can be concluded that alpha-pinene decreased the beta-amyloid-induced depressive behavior in rats and inhibited the neuronal loss, suggesting that this neuroprotective compound may have a critical role in depression. Alpha-pinene is probably a suitable therapeutic strategy for repressing Aβ-induced neurodegeneration.

Obesity and osteoporosis are major problem that their prevalence is increasing. Physical activity can be effective in the prevention of osteoporosis by some mechanisms such as changes in anthropometrics variables. Body mass index (BMI) in men and women is closely related to bone mineral density (BMD). However, the relationship varies between BMI and BMD according to the  different studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index and lumbar bone mineral density in active and inactive middle-aged women.

Sixty active, middle-aged women and 60 inactive women in the age range of 50 to 65 years, with medical records and clinical trials were selected in Milad Hospital in Tehran. Body mass index was calculated and bone mineral density was measured by DEXA scan in the lumbar spine (L1 to L4). Independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the data. SPSS software version 26 was used for data analysis.

The results of this study showed that in the active group in L1, L3 and L4 lumbar vertebrae (p=0.034, p=0.017, p=0.019, respectively), and in the inactive group in L3 and L4 vertebrae (p=0.034, p=0.022, respectively), there was a positive and significant relationship between body mass index and bone mineral density. No significant relationship was found in other lumbar vertebrae of both groups.

The results of the present study showed that weight gain and consequently BMI among active women reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Physical activity in women seems to lead to more muscle mass, which in turn leads to an increase in bone mineral density. Considering this issue, it can be said that one of the applications of the results of the present study is the use of this index in predicting the bone density of individuals.

Vincristine (VIN) is a broad-spectrum anticancer drug has been used to treat various cancers. Resveratrol (Res) is a natural polyphenol found in many plant sources. Many studies have reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of resveratrol. We have explored the protective effect of resveratrol on vincristine-induced oxidative stress in mouse ovarian tissue.

In this study, 32 female mice weighing 25-30 grams were randomly divided into four groups (each group n=8): 1- control group, 2- Vin- group, 3- Vin-Res group and 4- Res group. The mice received a single IP injection of vincristine (3 mg/kg) weekly for 4 weeks. Res treatment was done 28 days by gastric gavage (daily 30 mg/kg).At the end of the study, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes were measured in ovarian tissue and uterus of the studied animals. Also, ovarian follicles were counted.

The results indicated that the MDA level was elevated and TAC, GPx as well as SOD activities were decreased in Vin- group significantly. Resveratrol reduced MDA level and increased GPx and SOD activities in Vin-Res group significantly. Also histological findings showed that Res increased primordial and primary follicles and reduced atretic  follicles in Vin-Res group significantly.

These results indicate the protective effect of resveratrol on ovarian and uterine tissue against oxidative damage of vincristine in mice

Epilepsy is one of the most common problems in the health system, of which some cases are resistant to treatment. Recently, environmental enrichment has shown beneficial results in the recovery of some cases of epilepsy.

Male mice were reared in an enriched or normal medium during their growth period. To induce seizures, at adult age, each group was divided into two subgroups, which one of them received pentylenetetrazole eleven times, with two days interval.

The enriched environment greatly reduced seizure behaviors and prevented the occurrence of anxiety-like behavior and cognitive disorders. It also prevented an increase in the inflammatory cytokine of TNF-α in the hippocampus.

Therefore, a suitable growth environment in childhood and adolescence can be useful in preventing seizure disorders in adulthood.

Considering the high prevalence of body image dissatisfaction and its consequences, it is necessary to consider effective interventions to reduce it. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a balanced low calorie diet (BLCD) and slight weight loss on the body image score and its subscales.

In this clinical trial, 74 apparently healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating and non-menopausal women (age range: 18-49 years with body mass index range: 27.5-40 kg/m2) were selected using random sampling method from a nutrition clinic in their first visit in Ardabil city between November 2019 and February 2020. Data collection was done by Anthropometric measurements and multidimensional body self-relations questionnaire. The paired T-test was used to compare the changes during 4 - week balanced low calorie diet intervention. BLCD was an individualized diet with an energy deficit of 500 calories of daily energy intake that was calculated from 3-day food records for every person.

After 4 weeks, BLCD resulted in a significant decrease in body weight (p=0.001), body mass index (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.002), waist to height ratio (p=0.012), abdominal volume index (p=0.009) and conicity index (p=0.045) and a significant increase in the subscale scores of fitness evaluation (p=0.01), health orientation (p=0.03), body area satisfaction (p=0.01) and overweight preoccupation (p=0.001).

According to the results, it seems that even slight weight loss with a balanced low-calorie diet can be effective in improving anthropometric indices and some subscales of body image in 4 weeks. These results support the effectiveness of short-term interventions.

  Fleas are clinically important parasites for affecting human health. These insects are carriers of some pathogens such as Yersinia pestis, Rickettsia typhi, Q fever, Tularemia and Bartonella henselae which are infectious for humans and animals. The aim of this cross –sectional study was to detection of Rickettsia, Bartonella and Wolbachia pathogens in infected Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans using molecular method in West and Northwest of Iran.

The present study is a, descriptive, cross-sectional study (prevalence rate=10%, confidence level=95%,  error rate=5%) which  performed on samples collected from five provinces including  Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan Western, Lorestan and Hamedan for 13 months from May 2018 to June 2019. In this study, samples were collected by optical trap, human prey and direct isolation of the sample from the host and identified in the parasitology laboratory using valid diagnostic keys. The prevalence of Rickettsia, Bartonella and Wolbachia in the collected samples was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification and sequencing of gltA, pap31 and 16SrRNA genes were used for molecular diagnosis of  Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Wolbachia respectively.

The collected samples included 918(47.39%) fleas of C.canis and 1019 (52.60%) fleas of P.irritant. The PCR products of each gene was subject to sequencing. In this study, 12.9% , 5.21% and 5.21% of fleas were positive for  Wolbachia , Rickettsia and Bartonella, respectively .

Bartonella, Rickettsia and Welbachia are vector borne infectious agent. Due to their high pathogenicity and easily transmission among insect and human, monitoring of insects is essential for the controlling of the infection and preserving the public health in endemic area.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Group schema therapy on social anxiety and its specific symptoms in blind and visually impaired people.

This study was a semi -experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow-up test with a control group. For this purpose, the statistical population of study, included all blind and low-vision people admitted to Isfahanchr('39')s Ababasir Educational Institute. 26 participants were selected by available sampling and were randomly assigned to the experimental group (13 persons) and the control group (13 persons). The experimental group was trained on 10 sessions (weekly) according to schema therapy in Yang protocol, while control group did not receive any training. Data were collected by self-report method (Social Phobia Inventory) and analyzed using covariance test by SPSS-21 software.

Results showed a significant difference between social anxiety in the experimental group, when entering the study, immediately after treatment, and 1 month after treatment; but no significant difference was observed in the control group.

One of the useful and effective treatments for refractory, ambiguous and long-term disorders that have their roots in childhood is Yangchr('39')s scheme therapy and also, group therapy is one of the most important factors in the effectiveness of this treatment model in the present study.

Minimizing muscle damage and inflammation can boost the immune system and improve sport performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation on muscle injury and inflammation following a session of acute strength activity in futsal players men.

twenty futsalist volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Blood sampling was performed after 12 hours of night fasting during four stages. After the first phase of blood sampling, both groups were performed one session of acute circular strength training, then, the second phase blood sampling was performed. 48 hours later, the experimental group performed 8 weeks of circular resistance training, three sessions per week as in the acute strength training and were immersed immediately after exercise, 20minutes at 5-10°C in cold water and used 150mg curcumin supplementation. forty eight hours after the last training session and last using curcumin, blood sampling was performed in both groups. Then, both experimental and control groups performed the second acute circular strength training and the fourth stage blood sampling was performed. The differences of variables at different time intervals were compared with 2×4 two-way ANOVA and differences between the two groups were investigated  with Independent-Samples T-Test at significance level of p<0.05.

Creatine kinase and white blood cells significantly increased in both groups after the first acute strength activity (p=0.049). Performing 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation, significantly decreased creatine kinase and white blood cell counts (p=0.024). Also, 8 weeks of resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation, significantly reduced creatine kinase and white blood cells following acute second strength activity (p=0.021).

Appears to, 8-week resistance training-cold water immersion and curcumin supplementation following a session of acute strength training reduce muscle injury and inflammation in futsal players  men.

Preptin and adropine are peptide hormones that play an important role in the controlling of obesity by regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on preptin, adropine and insulin resistance in men with overweight.

In this clinical trial study, 18 overweight and obese men (age 58.39±3.92, body mass index 28.75±1.23) were selected and randomly divided into two groups (control and exercise). Exercise group participated in an aerobic exercise program for eight weeks, five sessions per week (with an intensity of 65 to 85% of maximum heart rate, 40 minutes). Two days before and after the protocol, fasting blood samples were taken. Preptin and adropine were measured by ELISA. Data were tested using independent t-test and ANCOVA at a significance level of p<0.05.

The level of preptin in the experimental group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (p=0.001) and the pretest (p=0.000). Also, the adropine level in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group (p=0.000) and the pretest (p=0.000). Also, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) values in the exercise group compared to the control group (p=0.000) and pretest (p=0.000) showed a significant decrease.

Exercise improved glycemic index in obese and overweight men by improving the levels of preptin and adropine. It seems that aerobic exercise can be an effective intervention method to control and prevent the occurrence of metabolic diseases in these people.

Exercise, with beneficial effects on brain health and cognitive function reduces the destructive effects of some neurological diseases such as Alzheimerchr('39')s. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise on cognitive function and expression of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease.

The statistical population included 18 male Wistar rats from the Pasteur Institute. Rats were randomly divided into three groups including Alzheimerchr('39')s group, Alzheimerchr('39')s disease-exercise group and a healthy control group. Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group was induced by injecting Aβ42 into the hippocampus. Seven days after surgery, the rats performed the aerobic exercise for four weeks (five sessions per week at a speed of 10-15 m/min). They underwent behavioral tests 48 hours after the last training session. Twenty four hours later, rat hippocampal tissue was extracted. Sirt1, CREB and BDNF mRNAs were measured using Real time-PCR.

Learning and spatial memory performance decreased in rats of Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group compared to a healthy control group (p˂0.001). Decreased mRNA expression of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes was observed in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group compared with the healthy control group (p˂0.001). Alzheimerchr('39')s rats with intermittent aerobic exercise had improved learning function, spatial memory and increased mRNA expression levels of Sirt1, CREB and BDNF genes in comparison with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease group (p˂0.001).

Periodic aerobic exercise in rats with Alzheimerchr('39')s disease can improve spatial learning and memory by positively regulating the Sirt1/ CREB/ BDNF signaling pathway in hippocampal tissue.