فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 47 (بهار 1400)

According to archeological sources, there was religious diversity in the Parthian period. The Parthian kingdom made it possible for various religious followers to practice their religious rites and ceremonies freely throughout Parthian empire. As a result, due to the various ethnic and religious groups, different methods were created in the construction of tomb buildings. The construction of the tomb as a kind of memorial structural design has always attracted the attention of the elite of the society. Burial buildings were a reflection of the power of the deceased in the political, religious, economic and social structures of society. This type of building has always been respected and sanctified by the people, and through its connection with the identity roots of the society, it led to the formation and development of the architectural traditions of the tomb throughout history.The purpose of this article is to understand the architectural style of Parthian tombs in terms of structure, decoration, typology of tomb architecture of this period and finally, to understand the innovation and continuity of cultural and artistic traditions in the construction of tombs. The authors use the descriptive-analytical method of Parthian tomb buildings. They argue that in the Parthian empire, the construction can be into two types based on physical characteristics (crypt) and man-made (construction). The architectural style of Parthian tombs shows the continuity of the tomb architectural traditions of this period.

The protection of the environment in the West was influenced by various factors including history, the formation of civil society and the development of various political and social ideas. The environmental movement as a social movement alongside the women’s movement, black movement and student movement, turned the issue of environmental protection into a social issue but also established a close relation and solidarity with various active groups. In Iran, due to the nature of the Pahlavi government as a dictatorial and quasi-modern state, environmental policies were planned not by social movements and the lower strata of society but implemented by various governmental and without considering the social and economic.Given the structure of the Pahlavi government, this article studies how the institution for the protection of animal species and wildlife was formed and it also shows how the Pahlavi government ignored the historical ties of the people, especially nomads and villagers with the environment. The design and creation of the protected areas and the conservation of animal species by the government and not allowing people to participate caused a conflict between people and wildlife and increased the number of violations of the hunting law. After the victory of the Revolution of 1979, the people broke the protective fences and started attacking the protected areas.

Along with the developments of the publishing industry in Iran, interest in producing children's literature increased. In the early 1340s, this issue first was shown itself in the field of textbooks and then, it found its way into different kinds of publications including storybooks, magazines and other kinds of publications. One of the institutes that began to produce in this field and played an important role was the Franklin Publishing House. The authors of this study, relying on archival documents and using a descriptive-analytical approach analyze the activities of this institute, its role and position in this field. The research findings show that the Franklin Publishing House and the quality of publishing books for children and adolescents in terms of form and content by emphasizing Iranian culture and civilization have greatly improved.

Clothing, as one of the manifestations of culture and civilization, and has a special role in studying ethnic groups. The Sabean Mandaeans are among the religious minorities who have long lived in the province of Khuzestan and near rivers. Some research focusing on religious ceremonies, script and language, customs and how these people migrated to Mesopotamia is done. However, Sabean clothing, which reflects their national and religious values have not paid enough scholarly attention. This study will investigate Mandaean men and women's clothing investigate, based on historical evidence, oral history and face-to-face interviews and using of analytical approach. Studies show that the Mandaeans were subject to the culture of the society in their daily and ordinary life. In their religious ceremonies, they used to wear an especial dress called "rasta" and they have continued up to now wearing it in the same way as before. The dress consists of five parts: "Barzanqa", "Sudra", "Nasifa", "Hemianeh" and "Sharvara", each of which has its application and meaning. It is equally necessary for men and women to wear this white uniform during the Sabean ceremony.

Theoretical philosophy of history is one of the interdisciplinary sciences that is formed from the connection of various disciplines of history including philosophy and theology. The subject of this knowledge is historical existence as a single body and a living organism. Unlike the science of history, which studies small, partial, unrepeatable, and unique events, the theoretical philosophy of history looks at the totality of history and tries to understand the nature, origin, destination, purpose and meaning of history with a macro perspective. This subject tries to analyze and evaluate what history is, the motive force of history, the factors that stop and accelerate the movement of history and how it passes from one stage to the next. Coronary heart disease is not a common occurrence, because of the horrors, anxieties and psychological and physical effects that it has caused to human beings, as well as the pervasive crises it has created in the political, social, economic and cultural spheres around the world. Rather, it is among the events that can affect the totality of historical existence and even change the direction of the history of the world. As a result, it has provoked many actions and reactions among the people of the world and has made many scientists and experts in various fields have begun to research the topic. Here, the question may arise that how will the Corona crisis affect the field of study and topics in the theoretical philosophy of history? According to the author, in this crisis, new challenges and issues in the theoretical philosophy of history are formed, including the end of history, the theory of divine providence, the theory of accident, the theory of miracles, theories of the apocalypse, death and life of civilization. Has created and revived biological theories in history? From the point of view of the philosophy of history, this article tries to show some of its dimensions and layers.

The establishment of Nezamiyeh Schools in the eleventh century (AD) and its expansion with emphasis on the teachings of the Shafi’I Islamic sect and Ash’ari theology, also its stress on the executive staff, has distinguished these schools during the middle age in Iran. The goals of the establishment of Baghdad were influencing political and religious affairs, gaining legitimacy for the Saljuks and restricting the activities of dissidents such as Hanbalis who made up the majority of the population of Baghdad. But at the beginning religious strife fuelled. In addition, the position of militia with the action of political activities such as Saljuk sultans and military princes by establishing schools to highlight the Hanifi sect and expel the Shafi’is or Ash’arites. On the other hand, the Caliph’s action in attracting or expelling teachers brought about creating financial problems for the opposition and supporting school buildings. The Hanbalis faced a serious challenge, and its decline reached the point that some teachers inevitably moved west to the Sauk territory. This study by using descriptive-analytical approach investigates the formation process and political and economic factors which affected the decline of the Baghdad schools.