فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 104 (آبان 1400)

Executive functions are a set of high-level cognitive processes that, by influencing low-level processes, enable individuals to direct their thoughts and actions. Despite the importance of measuring executive functions Many current tests of executive function are complex, have limited reliability and validity, and suffer from task impurity.

The purpose of this project was to develop a novel set of executive function test based on the integrated model of executive function.

The sample consisted of 115 students (18 girls and 97 boys) who were selected by cluster random sampling from 16 and 6 urban areas of Tehran (M=9.2 years; SD=1.7). central nervous system vital signs test was used to evaluate the validity of the test. Pearson correlation tests and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data.

The reliability of the main scores of the subtests was mainly calculated in a significant range (p<0.05). Also, the concurrent validity of the test using the correlation showed a significant correlation. The calculated coefficients for the snake and ladder, gift box, school bag, special route, mannequins, cards, apples, ball and rocket and hands are equal to 0.61, respectively, 0.53, 0.41, 0.79, 0.54, 0.38, 0.66, 0.60 and 0.39. Exploratory factor analysis identified three factors: updating, shifting, and inhibition. The results of confirmatory factor analysis also indicated a good fit of the mode.

The pictorial-computer test of executive functions has outstanding features for measuring students' executive functions.

Improving cognitive abilities is one of important goal for many educational systems. In this regard, successful intelligence theory has a variety of educational implications. Past researches has shown the effectiveness of training the components of successful intelligence in various variables, but in relation to the effectiveness of successful intelligence components training on increasing cognitive abilities, there is a research gap.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of successful intelligence components training on increasing fluid reasoning and verbal comprehension of seventh grade students.

The present study is applied and semi-experimental in terms of outline research. The statistical population consisted of all seventh grade students in Holeilan city in the academic year of 2019-20. The study sample included 30 students who were selected by available sampling and, then, were assigned into two experiment and control groups (each group of 15) through random assignment method. After the pre-test, students of experimental group received 30 training sessions of the components of successful intelligence (researcher-made) and then, post-test data were collected. The Wechsler scale for children (WISC-5, 2014) was used to collect data. Descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential (multivariate analysis of covariance) testes were used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 24.

There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of fluid reasoning and verbal comprehension (p< 0/01).

Training in the components of successful intelligence can increase the scores of fluid reasoning and verbal comprehension. Thus, successful intelligence components training program can be used as an effective training method to increase fluid reasoning and verbal comprehension

Empowering students by teaching professional skills appropriate to local conditions and general skills of employment and entrepreneurship, such as art curriculum based on indigenous arts of the province can be a suitable subject and activity for this work. But due to lack of support, many traditional arts in various parts of Iran, including Sistan, are declining or in disarray.

The aim of this study was done  to identify the components of the curriculum of indigenous arts in Sistan region in the second elementary school period.

The research was conducted in two stages with a qualitative research method. In the first stage, available documents, articles and written sources related to the subject were examined by data mining method and data was collected and this data collection continued until the stage of theoretical saturation. The data analysis of this step was done through thematic coding. In the second stage of the research, phenomenological method was used to study the life experiences of local artists in Sistan region. At this stage, the participants were selected by criterion-based purposive sampling, data collection tools, semi-structured interviews and information analysis by Claizey (1978).

Based on research findings; 7 components of objectives, content, memory-learning, materials and resources, space and place, time and evaluation were extracted as components of the native arts curriculum of Sistan region. According to the results of the present study in Sistan region, the elements of the curriculum (objectives, content, teaching methods, teaching materials and resources, time, place and evaluation) and the role of each of these elements on art education, skills development, knowledge, ability And Attitudes, Creativity, Academic Success, Strengthening Communication, Verbal and Motor Skills, Five Senses, Developing Students 'Thinking Capacity, and Students' Social, Cultural, and Academic Education Using Art and Preparing Programs That Educate Make it attractive, enjoyable and effective; Be emphasized.

Pay attention to indigenous knowledge, preserving and promoting indigenous and local knowledge and identity, cultivating the spirit of aesthetics and developing existential capabilities are necessary for artistic expression in the indigenous art curriculum of Sistan region, and more research is needed to realize and implement it. In this regard

Various studies revealed the effectiveness of physical activity training programs on executive functions in the children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hence, examining the impact of the interventional strategies of physical and motor activities on executive functions in the children with ADHD has had some limitations.

This study aimed to develop a training package of Physical-Motor Activities and evaluate its impact on executive functions of children with ADHD.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and the method of combined type (qualitative and quantitative) as the qualitative part of treatment plan and the quantitative part of quasi-experimental method with unbalanced control group design and follow-up session. Statistical population in the qualitative section is based on the theories of Barkley (2015) and includes experts in the field of child motor skills and research published in prestigious journals from 1390 to 1399 for Persian articles and from 2000 to 2020 for the English articles in the field of motor interventions for children with ADHD. The quantitative part included all boys with ADHD aged 7-12 years in the primary schools of the 16th district of Tehran. For sampling among the schools in District 16, four schools were selected as available, and 30 children with ADHD were identified in those schools and then randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each group including 15 children). The instruments used in this study were Diagnostic Questionnaires of ADHD (APA 2013) and BRIEF for the executive functions (Gioia et al., 2000). The children in the experimental group participated in the training program in 24 sessions of 60 minutes. Data were analyzed using a mixed analysis of variance.

In the qualitative part, research results showed that the training package had sufficient content validity in the opinion of experts. In the quantitative part, the results manifested that by controlling the pre-test, the training package of physical-motor activities caused a significant improvement in the components of attention, inhibition, and working memory (p <0.001) in the experimental group compared to control group. However, there was no change in the planning and organizing components of the experimental group compared to control group (p> 0.001).

Overall the result of the present study showed that physical-motor activities training program has positive effects on executive functions of children with ADHD.

Although research has traditionally shown that resource diversity is the best strategy to increase well-being, the mechanism of hedonic adaptation and stabilizing well-being and the ways to achieve it is still a hot challenge among researchers.

The general purpose of this study is to identify methods of stabilizing career well-being, in other words, identifying resources that directly or indirectly increase well-being and effectively prevent adaptation to organizational stimuli.

The statistical population is the employees and managers of the National Iranian Gas Company in Tehran. A researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability derived by literature (Humphery et al., 2007 & Luthans, et al., 2007) was sent through the organization's internal network, and 396 people completed it. Multimodel analysis adapted to explore the links between variables/resources and career well-being. The data were analyzed by structural equation modelling using the partial least squares method. Finally, the best model was selected using the criteria of the structural equation method.

Examination of different models showed that individual factors/ psychological capital (path coefficient =.358 and t = 3.606) and intentional activities/ professional virtues (path coefficient =.458 and t = 5.452) are directly related to well-being, but Environmental resources linked to it through the mediation of professional virtues (intentional activities). It can be said that unlike individual sources and intentional activities, diversity in work environment (social virtues of work) resources do not have a direct impact on improving organizational well-being.

These findings indicate that employees adapt to the environmental factors of work (social virtues of work), so diversification of resources through professional virtues is a better strategy to make employees' job well-being sustainable.

Despite the complexities and high prevalence of marital infidelity and its detrimental consequences in addition to its emotional load in marital relationships, particularly in women, not much research has been conducted because the taboo nature of this issue.

As such, the purpose of this study was to compare the emotional characteristics of personality, cognitive problems, emotional regulation strategies and marital adjustment in women with high fear and low fear of marital infidelity.

The present research is a causal comparative research. The sample consists of 89 women from the city of Karaj who referred to counseling centers for marital problems and met the entry and exit criteria and agreed to participate in the study and were selected by available method. The research instrument consisted of the Montreal Cognitive Function Questionnaire, the Emotional Characteristics of Cloninger Personality Questionnaire, the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), the Marital Adjustment Scale (DAS), and a single question assessing fear of infidelity based on a 9-degree likert type. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software and factor analysis using independent t-test and non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.

There was a significant difference between emotional characteristics of personality, the rate of re-evaluation strategy and the degree of marital adjustment of women with high fear and low fear of marital infidelity (P<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between cognitive performance and emotional rejection strategies in women with high fear and low fear of marital infidelity (P>0.05).

Given the present findings with differences in variables in two groups of women with high and low fear of infidelity, it can have practical implications for family and couple councilors

Numerous studies have examined the causes of dissatisfaction in couples, but a qualitative research that has discovered the factors of dissatisfaction in older women-younger men marriage has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to discover the factors of dissatisfaction in older women-younger men marriages.

This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method The study population consisted of all older women-younger men marriages in Shiraz in 2009. 12 couples were selected as the sample, using purposive sampling method. The required information was collected through semi-structured interviews to achieve theoretical saturation. Data analysis was performed using the 7-step Colaizzi method.

The analysis of data extracted from interviews with couples, led to the identification of 3 main themes including: individual factors, couple factors, family-social factors and 18 sub-themes as well as 90 concept codes.

In this study, it was concluded that factors such as not paying attention to realistic criteria in choosing a spouse, personal worries and concerns about the future of the relationship, family and social conflicts and dissatisfaction cause and intensified dissatisfaction in relationships that in the absence of communication skills in managing these situations and documenting problems to the older women-younger men marriages, intimacy in various dimensions of the relationship is reduced. The results of this study can provide the basis for the development of preventive programs and the development of an educational model of indigenous counseling for older women-younger men marriages

Many studies have been conducted on behavioral problems and social skills with quality of life and psychological well-being, but there is a research gap on the above variables as predictors of quality of life and psychological well-being mediated by perceived social support.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of quality of life and psychological well-being of mothers of students with intellectual disability mediated by the mother's Perceived Social Support.

In this descriptive-correlational study, 298 students (out of 878 students) from primary schools with students with intellectual disability in Golestan province, in the academic year 1398-1399, were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling.The instruments used in the study were: The Children,s behavior questionnaire (Rutter,1967), Social skills scale (Matson et al, 1983), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support(Zimet et al, 1988), Quality Of Life (World Health Organization, 1994), and Psychological Wellbeing Scale (Ryff, 1980). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling.

The results showed that social skills and perceived social support positively and significantly and behavioral problems negatively and significantly predict quality of life and psychological well-being. The mediating role of perceived social support in relation to social skills and behavioral problems with quality of life and psychological well-being was also confirmed (P<0.01).

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that increasing social skills and reducing students' behavioral problems in school improves the quality of life and psychological well-being of their mothers.

Numerous studies have shown that emotion regulation has been affective on various variables such as resilience, emotional problems and high-risk behaviours. But there is no research that examines training focused on the regulation of Pekrun emotion on the emotions of achievement, Self-Regulated academic.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training focused on the regulation of Pekrun emotion on the achievement emotions and academic self-regulation of students.

The research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all female high school students in Tehran in the 2019-2020 academic year who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling of 30 people from Beit-ol Zahra’s high school and randomly, 15 people were in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group. Then, a training program focused on the regulation of Pekrun emotion (Sattari, Pourshahriari and shokr, 2016) was implemented in 6 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group. Data were collected through two questionnaires: Pekrun achievement Emotions (2005) and Pintrich & Digrott (1990) Academic Self-Regulation Strategies.To test the hypotheses, multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance was done by using SPSS-25 software.

The results showed that there were significant differences between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group and also significant differences between the experimental and control groups in regulating the emotions of achievement and academic self-regulation. (p˂0.05). The effect of education focused on the regulation of Pekrun emotion on students’ emotions of achievement was 0.22 and on students' academic self-regulation was 0.27.

The results showed that students who participated in educational sessions got higher scores in comparison with the control group and pre-training in components of cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, resource management, motivational strategies and the emotions of achievement. Overall, they experienced the emotions of achievement and better Self-regulated academic.

Studies have shown that Unified transdiagnostic therapy is unique in this emphasis on how to experience and respond to emotions. However, there is not any research on the effectiveness of Unified transdiagnostic therapy on the  Cognitive Emotion Regulation in mothers of children with cancer so far.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Unified transdiagnostic therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in mothers of children with cancer.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with the control group. The statistical population consisted of all mothers of children with cancer who were referred to Mahak, Shohada Tajrish, Bahrami, Hazrate Ali Asghar hospitals, in 2019 in Tehran. 31 mothers were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to 15 cases in the experimental group and 16 cases in the control group. The present research tools are the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) short form (Garnefski & Kraaij,2006) and Unified Transdiagnostic Therapy (Barlow, 2011). The experimental group received the Unified Transdiagnostic Therapy for 12 sessions, each for 90 minutes. Data analysis was performed by the univariate analysis of covariance analysis method and using SPSS23 software.

The results showed Unified transdiagnostic therapy in the experimental group has increased using adaptive strategies compared to the control group include acceptance, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective and also, it has led to a significant reduction in using maladaptive strategies include, self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and other-blame (P≤ 0.001).

Unified transdiagnostic therapy increases using adaptive strategies and decreases using maladaptive strategies in mothers of children with cancer that this process will help improve the mental health of these mothers.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that can be stimulated and intensified by psychological factors such as anxiety and negative imotions and affects the quality of life of these patients. But can help the behavioral cognitive and acceptance and commitment interventions on improve the qulailty of life and emotional schemas in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with generalized anxiety disorder?

The aim of study was the efficacy of behavioral cognitive and acceptance and commitment interventions on qulailty of life and emotional schemas in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest design with a control group and follow up for three months. The statistical population included patients with irritable bowel syndrome and generalized anxiety disorder in Tehran. 60 patients were selected through targeted sampling and were assigned randomly into two experimental groups and one control group (n= 20 each). Experimental groups received twelve 90-minute sessions of behavioral cognitive (Dugas & Robichaud, 2007) and acceptance and commitment (Eifert & Forsyth, 1396) intervention's, and the control group received no intervention during this period. Participants were assessed by Patrick & Drossman's IBS Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (1998) and Jiang & et.al emotional schemas questionnaire (2019) in pre-test and post-test. The results were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance.

Both interventions had a significant effect on improve the quality of life and emotional schemas (P <0.01), this effect was stable during follow-up period (P <0.01). Also, there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of efficacy and both treatments are equally effective.

Each of the behavioral cognitive and acceptance and commitment interventions as an effective intervention can be used in medical centers to improve the quality of life and emotional schemas of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and generalized anxiety disorder.

Divorce tendency resulting from marital conflicts, which lead to less marital satisfaction and marital adjustment can be decreased by therapy approaches including Gottman’s couple therapy.

The present study aims at investigating the effectiveness of Gottman’s couple therapy on marital satisfaction and marital adjustment in married women seeking divorce.

Quasi-experimental design involving pre-test, post-test, and a control group was used to addres the purpose of the present study. All the women referring to three counselling centers in Isfahan in 2019 comprised the research population out of which 30 married women seeking divorce were selected as the research sample through convenievnce sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Data were collected using couple satisfaction index (Funk & Rogge, 2007) and dyadic adjustment scale (Spanier, 1976). The experimental group women were trained for 10 ninety-minute sessions. Both groups responded to the questionaries at pretest-posttest stages. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANCOVA) were used to analyze data .

It was revealed that Gottman’s couple therapy would increase couples’ satisfaction and improve marital adjustment and, in turn, the subscales of marital adjustment, i.e., satisfaction, attachment, agreement, and affection in women seeking divorce (P <0.001).

Gottman’s couple therapy along with the seven research-based principles for a successful marriage proved to be an effective and efficient method to increase marital satisfaction and marital adjustment and could be used by therapists in family interventions to improve marital relationships.

According to the performed research, different variables effects on the middle-aged women happiness but health status, financial distress, social support, self-esteem and positive thinking role have ignored as the perfect modeling.

This research has performed for studying type of happiness, health status, financial distress, social support, self-esteem and positive thinking role in middle-aged women whom live in Arak.

This research has been as the descriptive, correlation and structural equations. Statistical society included women whom are 36-55 years old and live in Arak in 2019. 408 persons were selected for performing research. All of them filed in the public health questionnaires (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979), financial distress (Provitz et al., 2006) social support (Zimet et al., 1988) self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1963) positive thinking (Ingram and Wisnicki, 1988) and Oxford happiness (Hills and Argil, 2002). Pearson correlation methods and structural equations modeling were used for data analysis.

The results indicated that health variable (0.12, 0.15 and 0.18) financial distress (-0.18, -0.36 and -0.22) and social support (0.46, 0.55 and 0.43) has significant effects on self-esteem, positive thinking and happiness. In addition, that self-esteem and positive thinking variables has direct and significant effects on happiness. The results indicated that three variables, health variable (0.13) financial distress (-0.10) social support (0.12) has indirect and significant effect on self-esteem, positive thought and happiness on middle-aged women.

Thhis modeling is used for improving middle-aged women happiness and the principles of happiness, different types of social support, health status, financial distress, self-esteem and positive thinking and effective antecedents can be addressed in educational, social and communication media. A systematic review of previous research reveals that many factors explain self-injury behaviors in individuals. The measurement of self-injury and its relevant statements is of great importance; however, this aspect is disregarded in Persian research.