فصلنامه بررسی های حسابداری و حسابرسی
پیاپی 105 (پاییز 1400)

The purpose of this study is to try to understand the emergence and development of Academic accounting in Iran and the role played by Iranian universities in this regard, as well as how to develop Academic accounting education in Iran and finally compare the development of Academic accounting teaching with countries in the region and the impact of academics and universities. The West, especially the United States of America and England, is in the field of Academic accounting in Iran.

The research method of the present study is qualitative (oral history with content analysis approach), interpretive research paradigm and research method from the perspective of exploratory purpose. The method of data collection is unstructured interviews with experts who have played an important role in the emergence and development of accounting in Iranian universities. The stages of this research include compiling research questions, data collection, data encryption, writing analytical notes, recording ideas and interpreting data, writing and compiling a documentary history of the development of academic accounting in Iran.

The results led to the formation of a category communication network in which 30 main categories related to the development of accounting education in Iranian universities were identified and explained. </em>Also, based on the interviews, specific answers were given to the main research questions and the development of Academic accounting education in Iran was clarified.

Academic accounting education has undergone extensive changes in Iran since its inception until today and it can be said that modern accounting is a product of the university and this role in Iran has become more colorful since the creation of postgraduate courses. The results indicate that in general, thirty factors have played a role in shaping the current face of Academic accounting in Iran. Experts believe that Academic accounting education and research in Iran owes much to Western countries, especially the United States and the United Kingdom, and has a higher quantity and quality compared to neighboring countries in the region. Most of the interviewees are worried and dissatisfied with the state of Iran's higher education system. They believe that education in Iran does not have its real place and usually other factors and goals other than education are superior to Iran's higher education system. Therefore, according to the current situation, the quality of education in universities has gradually declined and other factors such as commercial, political, economic, etc. approach play a role and require proper management of the education system at the macro level of the country.

The aims of this study is to propose an appropriate model for identifying and classifying the factors affecting the pricing of the accounting information quality in Iran, further provide strategies for improving the contribution of the accounting information into the Iranian capital market.

In this research, thematic analysis method was applied on the data collected through interviews, as research instrument. For this purpose, 17 semi-structured interviews were performed with experts and authorities in the field of the capital market. The research method was validated in the coding, analysis, and modeling stages to ensure the quality of the research results.

A total of 21 factors affecting the quality assessment of financial reports by investors were identified. Moreover, based on the roles of the different constituents of the capital market, some solutions were proposed for improving the state of the accounting information quality pricing in Iran. Finally, the findings were presented in the form of a qualitative model.

In the process of obtaining information for economic decision-making, the contribution of each investor to accounting reports depends on their investment goal, level of financial knowledge, and percentage of. The micro investors who consider long-term horizons for purchasing the stocks based on a relatively good deal of financial knowledge are expected to price the quality of accounting information under the effect of various factors. Mainly four groups of factors were found to affect the pricing of accounting information quality, including the capital market conditions, political and economic circumstances of the country, special characteristics of the entity, and behavioral attitudes of the investors. As the main elements of the capital market, the legislators, financial reporting practitioners, and investors can take steps, as proposed in the form of solutions in this research, toward improving the state of pricing the accounting information quality in Iran

Low balling is one of the major challenges of the auditing profession. Low balling can be unintentional (the phenomenon of the winning curse) or consciously as intentional behavior to enjoy future benefits. The present study focuses on the winner's curse phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the winner’s curse phenomenon in low balling on the auditor's efforts in performing the audit tasks.

This study done using laboratory method and game theory. 115 people participated in the games in year 2020 using the sampling method of available sample from the statistical population of accounting students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. The first game is in the simple conditions of the audit market and the second game is an audit market with complex conditions that theoretically include important features of the audit services market. These games were programmed in Z-Tree software. At the time of data collection, due to the specific conditions of Covid-19 disease and the Impossibility of attendance of participants in the laboratory, from the virtual method was used. In this way, using Oracle VM Virtual Box, FileZilla Client and Zunleashed software, links were sent to the participants and they entered the lab space without the need for any special software and just by clicking on these links.

The results showed that auditors in both markets, on average, offer prices less than the Risk Neutral Nash Equilibrium. These results are evidence of the existence of the winner's curse phenomenon in the market of auditing services. In addition, the number and extent of this phenomenon in complex conditions of the audit market is greater than the simple conditions of the audit market. Also this study shows auditors who face unexpected losses from the winner’s curse are looking for an opportunity to recoup loss, and therefore, they decide to reduce their efforts to perform audit tasks. Plus, the present study aimed to compare the theory of expected utility and mental accounting showed that mental accounting can be a correct explanation for the behavior of auditors when face the winner's curse phenomenon. The results also showed, the auditors whose under performance was identified and were fined for it, less likely to reduce their efforts in subsequent periods. Auditors, whose underperformance was not identified and who were not fined, are more likely to reduce their efforts in subsequent periods.

The results showed that uncertainty in the cost of the audit leads to low-balling due to the occurrence of the winner's curse phenomenon and this source of low-balling threatens the quality of the audit. But when auditors experience penalties for low quality in previous periods, the quality of the audit improves.

One of the recent debates in the banking system is whether the bank opacity is an optimal approach or not. On one side, the bank opacity is known as an important factor to banking crisis as it prevents users to better analyze the banks. On the other hand, the bank transparency as the opposite side of bank opacity may end in spreading financial crisis as it causes depositors to run to withdraw their deposits (bank runs). Bank regulators are responsible to monitor banks and making decisions regarding troubled banks. Regulators may decide to forbear instead of corrective actions for many reasons. Regulatory forbearance provides the troubled bank with the opportunity to recover and prevents costly intervention of regulators. However, some researches shows that the regulatory forbearance may let the troubled bank take more risk and ends with an increase in the cost of intervention. Forbearance is the most common practice of regulators especially in financial crisis during which limiting the loss of depositors' and creditors' confidence is one of the core purposes. Also, if the troubles of a bank get disclosed to outsiders, the regulator will be under pressure to close the banks. This study has implications for the debate of bank opacity and its role in bank regulators' policy selection.

To test the hypotheses, the OLS regression model is used for panel data analysis. Bank opacity is measured via 2 more popular methods used in recent researches. In addition, to control for confounding effects of different years, we added dummy variables to the regression models. The data obtained from the financial statements of 20 commercial banks from 2014 to 2020.

Results show that the banking system suffers from crisis during the period of investigation and the bank opacity has a positive relation with regulatory forbearance. Furthermore, the results show that opacity is more important for forbearance when </em>(1) regulators’ incentives are greater (as measured by bank connectedness) and (2) outsiders’ incentives to monitor are stronger (as measured by the proportion of nondepository debtholders). In addition, results indicate that bank opacity has negative relation with the probability of failing during a crisis.

The findings indicate that the opacity enables regulators to forbear and contribute to the debate regarding bank opacity being optimal or not. This study furthers our understanding of the role of accounting in helping bank regulators to better define approaches they can take during a financial crisis. These results suggest that bank opacity can be desirable during a crisis period.

This study investigated the effect of effective tax rates and the quality of corporate governance on tax evasion and corruption by using financial variables.

Multiple regression model was used to examine research hypothesis </em>.Data was selected by referring to the financial statements and explanatory notes of the companies listed on Tehran stock exchange, and a sample containing 1600 year - company entries for the period between 2003 to 2018 were selected. Data were analyzed by using Excel and Eviews software.

There is a significant positive relationship between the effective tax rate and tax evasion and corruption of companies listed on the stock exchange, but by adding the quality of corporate governance variable to the above relationships, no significant effect on the relationships </em>between the effective tax rate and tax evasion and corruption was found.

The findings of the research can be explained from two dimensions. The first dimension is the negative effect of corporate governance quality on tax evasion and corruption, and the second dimension is the lack of effect of corporate governance quality on the relationship between effective tax rate and tax evasion and corruption. Given the fact that corporate governance quality is not fully developed in Iran and its current mechanisms and structures have not yet been implemented in a standard and comprehensive manner, its effect will reduce. Also, the size of the company based on the theory of political power, sales growth according to theory of tax effect, and the rate of return on assets because of affecting the performance of companies, have a positive effect on tax evasion. Changes in tangible fixed assets due to the difference between accounting profit and profit based on calculating higher or lower taxes (depending on tax laws and accounting applicable to property, machinery and equipment) also have a positive effect on tax evasion, while tangible fixed assets have a negative effect on tax evasion. Besides, fluctuations in sales and rate of return on assets positively affected tax corruption, while sales growth, the ratio of market value to stock book, and the age of the company, based on life cycle theory, negatively affect tax corruption.

This study was conducted to investigate the exploratory factor analysis of the challenges and obstacles of the implementing IFRS in Iran </em>from the point of view of CFOs of the listed companies, banks and insurance companies.

The research method is descriptive and exploratory. The data of this study was collected from 127 people as the sample. The data collection tool was a 52-questions Non-standard questionnaire. The initial reliability of the questionnaire was 93% by Cronbach's alpha method. After distributing, collecting and analyzing the questionnaire data by exploratory factor analytical method, obstacles were extracted.

To evaluate the sampling adequacy, the sampling adequacy index is 0.717 and the value of Chi-square statistic for Bartlett test is 4165.46, which can say that doing exploratory factor analysis is reasonable. After confirming this hypothesis, factor analysis was performed on the subjects' answers to 52 questionnaire questions using principal component method and Varimax rotation. Preliminary statistical characteristics performed by the principal component analysis showed that the special value of 10 factors was greater than 1; Together, these 10 factors explained 62.73% of the total variance of the variables.

Based on the results of the study, obstacles to the implementation of the international financial reporting standards in Iran were classified into 10 main components, including: insufficient knowledge about the international financial reporting standards, political and legal factors, ownership structure and capital market, administrative system and cultural characteristics, lack of a comprehensive evaluation system, resistance to change, financial rules and regulations, economic conditions, disagreement between stakeholders, lack of conceptual framework.

The purpose of this study is to test the use of visual financial ratios to predict the bankruptcy of companies using a convolutional neural network and compare it with traditional models.

The research period was 2009 to 2018. The sample companies have been selected from the ones which were listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in two groups of bankrupt companies (66) and non-bankrupt companies (66). Since the work of convolution neural network is to recognize images from existing images, first the financial ratios were converted into images as research data through MATLAB 2019 software, then, the situation of the sample companies were predicted and diagnosed with the help of convolution neural network and under Google net architecture.

Convolutional neural network models performed accurate images and predictions with 50% accuracy. On the one hand, in order to strengthen the results and determine the effectiveness of the first hypothesis, three other hypotheses were proposed to be compared to Altman, Spring-gate and Zimski models. The results of all three indicated that the convolution model was not confirmed as accurate compared to these three models.

Advances in computers and the use of deep learning, which is a kind of improvement in artificial intelligence, affect the prediction of bankruptcy through visual financial ratios. However, to consolidate the test results of the first hypothesis, three practical models of bankruptcy prediction including Altman (1983), Springgate (1978) and Zimski (1984) were tested, the results of which did not confirm the accuracy of the convolution model compared to these three models.