نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

To assess the effect of grazing gradient on some soil physiochemical properties in Incheh rangelands of Golestan province, soil properties such as potassium, organic matter, calcium, magnesium, calcium carbonate, electrical conductivity, bulk density, porosity, weighted mean particle diameter, saturation percentage and the percentage of soil particles at 50, 150, 350, 650 and 1050 meters was measured in the vicinity of pen. Systematic random sampling of soil from 0-15 cm depth was conducted and after soil characteristics measurement in laboratory, ANOVA test was used for data analysis and Duncan test was used for comparison of mean in five sites. Result showed that grazing intensity had an impact on some properties where soil organic carbon was increased, however, it was reduced again in the middle of grazing gradient. Moisture saturation percentage and magnesium followed the same trend, however, calcium and silt showed the reverse trend. As well as potassium, lime, aggregate stability, bulk density, sand, clay and electrical conductivity showed no significant difference in five sites. These factors indicate that soil in moderate grazing has the best condition.

Today, the use of environmentally friendly alternative technologies in various applications is a necessity. These technologies are less likely to lead to environmental pollution than conventional technologies. One of the environmentally friendly technologies as a subset of biotechnologies is phytoremediation. One of the branches of phytoremediation that has been considered by researchers in the last two decades is salt phytoremediation or in other words, phytodesalination. Phytodesalination has been used first as a technology to reduce soil salinity and then as a method to reduce salinity of saline water and wastewater.Although phytodesalination of saline water as an emerging and environmentally friendly technology has raised hopes for desalination with a view to sustainable water supply but it undoubtedly has limitations that may overshadow its use as a practical method. It seems that conducting a SWOT analysis with the aim of identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to this method and formulating related strategies to chart a brighter future for this technology, can be useful. One of the shortcomings of SWOT analysis is its qualitative aspect, so that in this method only a number of factors in the groups of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are determined without mentioning the relative importance of these factors and groups. In order to address this shortcoming, some researchers have used Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods to determine the relative importance of SWOT factors and groups. In this paper, after identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of phytodesalination by constructed wetland () containing halophytic plants, using expert opinions through Fuzzy AHP method (Buckley analysis), local and general priorities of the factors of each of the four SWOT groups have been calculated and the factors with higher priorities and as a result the types of strategies that should be adopted have been identified. The results show that in the group of strengths (S), factor S1, "environmental compatibility" had the highest priority (p = 0.47), after that, factors S4,“acceptable treatment efficiency” (p = 0.2), S3, “cost-effectiveness compared to other methods” (p = 0.18), S5, “the possibility of linking with bioenergy production methods” (p = 0.09) and S2, “by-products if useful plants are used” (p = 0.07) ) are ranked second to fifth, respectively. In the group of weaknesses (W), factor W1, "dependence on evapotranspiration" had the highest priority (p = 0.47), after that, factors W2, “complexity in plant-based systems and their management problems” (p = 0.19), W5, “ slow process and long time for growth” (p = 0.18), W4, “the problem of biomass disposal and the possibility of salt return due to it “(p = 0.11) and W3, “the inability of most halophytes to be used as useful crops” (p = 0.06) are ranked second to fifth, respectively.In the group of opportunities (O), factor O3, "reduction of water resources and the need to the use of unconventional resources" had the highest priority (p = 0.29) that followed by factors O4, “the existence of huge saline water resources (seas and saline rivers)” (p = 0.28), O5, “the possibility of using genetic engineering to modify salinity tolerance characteristics” (p = 0.24), O1, “ high biodiversity of halophytes” (p = 0.12) and O2, “high energy and carbon footprint in other desalination methods” (p = 0.06) as second to fifth ranks, respectively. Finally, in the group of threats (T), factor T4, "lack of appropriate financial incentives and non-participation of related economic sectors in salinity research" had the highest priority (p = 0.43) that followed by factors T1, “lack of understanding of water crisis and need to the use of unconventional water resources” (p = 0.28), T5, “ the possibility of extinction of some suitable plant species” (p = 0.12), T2, “lack of research priority by biotechnology and phytoremediation researchers” (p = 0.12) and T3, “the lack of systematic methods for selecting suitable species” (p = 0.06) as second to fifth ranks, respectively.After analyzing the factors of each group, the factor with the highest local priority in a group is selected as the representative of that group to compare the groups and the final results of the comparison of these representatives are considered as the weight of the group. Comparing the groups, it was found that the two groups of weaknesses and opportunities had the highest weight (p = 0.353), followed by the group of threats in the second place (p = 0.214) and the group of strengths in third place (p = 0.08). The final step is to calculate the global priorities of the factors. To do this, the weight of each group was multiplied by the local priority of the following factors. Due to global priorities the first important factor belongs to the group of weaknesses (W1). This factor is the main problem of the phytodesalination method in CWs, i.e. dependence on evapotranspiration. Evaporation from the CW media surface and transpiration from plants along with the upward capillary flow in the CW causes the upper CW surfaces to fill with salt over time. This saline layer will increase the salinity of the incoming water to CW. Therefore, the most important step in the success of this method is to control evapotranspiration and reduce its amount.The second most common factor is T4 in the threat group. This is due to the lack of appropriate financial incentives and the lack of participation of related economic sectors in salinity research. Therefore, according to experts, after solving the problem of dependence on evapotranspiration, the completion of research in the shadow of financial incentives is one of the most important factors in the success of the salt phytoremediation method in CWs wetlands. The third rank is a positive factor, i.e. O3 factor from the group of opportunities. This factor, which is reduction of water resources and the need to the use of unconventional resources, is an important opportunity for this method. In fact, this method can play a role as one of the solutions to the water crisis. The fourth place also belongs to an opportunity. This factor is the O4 factor i.e. the existence of huge sources of salt water (salt seas and rivers). The factor that, as an endless input, ensures the success of this method in terms of input stability. The fifth rank also belongs to a threat. This threat, factor T4, is a lack of understanding of the water crisis and the need to turn to unconventional resources. This lack of understanding exists both among the people and among the managers of the water sector. Therefore, it needs to provide the necessary education in this regard to strengthen this understanding. The next five factors are opportunity, weakness, weakness, threat and opportunity types, respectively. In other words, of the first ten factors, three are weakness, three are threats, and four are opportunities. Therefore, it seems that the strategies chosen for this system should be WT and WO.

 The objective of the study was to monitor the microbial quality of drinking water in rural areas of Mianeh County, determining the access of the rural populations to safe drinking water in terms of microbial quality and the role of Mianeh Rural Water and Wastewater Company (Abfar) in improving quality of drinking water. 50 villages (25 villages under coverage and 25 village's non-coverage by Abfar) were randomly selected based on proportional allocation and one sample from each village per month and a total of 150 samples were analyzed over 3 months based on 4 criteria: total coliform, Fecal coliform (Escherichia coli), free residual chlorine and pH. The findings indicated that the desirability of free residue chlorine in under coverage, non-coverage by Abfar, and total Mianeh’s villages were 28.23, 12.02, and 20.57 %, respectively. The index of lack of Escherichia coli in October and November and December was 92%, 92%, and 100% in the coverage villages, 64%, 84%, and 56% in the non-coverage villages, 78%, 88%, and 78% in all surveyed villages. According to the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO and desirability of Escherichia coli index, the microbial quality of drinking water in coverage villages, non-coverage villages by Abfar, and all villages were in the status of excellent (94.66%), poor (68%) and good (81.34%), respectively. In general, the microbial quality of drinking water in the coverage villages was more favorable than the non-coverage villages by Abfar. These results indicate the very important and effective role of the Rural Water and Wastewater Company in providing safe water in rural areas in terms of microbial quality.

Water supply management for drinking and public uses in towns and villages is very important. More than 80% of diseases worldwide are water-borne diseases. Therefore, water quality control and prevention of communicable diseases are very important in the management drinking water supply. The world's population will reach 8.5 billion in 2025. Worldwide, only 38% of people have access to safe drinking water. One of the World Water Organization's (WHO) goals is to provide safe drinking water for all until 2025. Most of the deprived people of safe drinking water live in Asia and Africa, mostly in rural areas.The World Health Organization reported that 1.1 billion people worldwide do not have access to safe sources of safe drinking water and in 2005, about 1.6 million children under the age of 5 (average 4,500 children a day) died from unhealthy and unsanitary drinking water. Also, according to the WHO report, 2.2 million people out of 4 billion people with diarrhea died each year due to lack of access to safe drinking water, of which about 85% live in small communities and villages. Based on scientific findings, insufficient quantity, inadequate quality, and poor sanitation of water resources are the main causes of the occurrence and prevalence of mortality globally, which can be prevented and controlled. Therefore, control of drinking water in rural communities is very important and needs special attention. To our knowledge, so far no comprehensive study has been conducted in Miyaneh County to evaluate the microbial quality of rural water. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to provide a clear picture of the microbial quality of drinking water in rural areas of Miyaneh County determining the access of the rural populations to safe drinking water in terms of microbial quality and the role of Mianeh Rural Water and Wastewater Company (Abfar) in improving quality of drinking water.

The target population of this descriptive cross-sectional study was all the villages with the population of Mianeh County. From this target population, 85 villages with health houses have been selected as the study population. From the study population, 50 villages (25 villages covered and 25 villages not covered by Abfar) were randomly selected as statistical populations based on proportional allocation. In this study, a total of 150 drinking water samples were taken over a period of 3 months (one sample from each selected village per month). The microbial quality of drinking water in 50 villages of Mianeh was measured based on 4 criteria, i.e. total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), residual free chlorine, and pH. All steps of sampling, transportation, and experiments were performed according to standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The cultivation of the samples to evaluate the number of total coliforms and fecal coliforms was performed using the most probable number (MPN) technique and the 9-tube method in two presumptive and confirmed phases. Residual free chlorine and water pH were measured using a DDP test kit in the sampling site. Finally, the statistical analysis of the results was performed by SPSS and Excel software.The results showed that the desirability index for lack of total coliform bacteria test in drinking water in the villages covered by Abfar was 84%, 92%, and 96%, in villages non-covered by Abfar was 64%, 84%, and 52% and in all the surveyed villages was 74%, 88% and 74% in months October, November, and December, respectively. Also, the desirability index for lack of heat-resistant E.coli bacteria test in drinking water in the villages covered by Abfar was 92%, 92%, and 100%, in villages non-covered by Abfar was 64%, 84%, and 56% and in all the surveyed villages was 78%, 88% and 78% in months October, November, and December, respectively (table 2). Based on the results, the percentage of residual free chlorine in the covered, non-covered, and total villages was 28.23, 12.02, and 20.57%, respectively (figure 2). The statistical analysis of results showed that there was a significant difference between the covered and non-covered villages by Abfar in terms of the amount of residual free chlorine and microbial contamination of drinking water to total coliform and fecal coliform (P < 0.001). The pH of drinking water in the covered and non-covered villages by Abfar was in the admissible limit of 6.5-8.5 (figure 3). There was not a significant difference between the covered and non-covered villages by Abfar in terms of pH (P= 0.43). In general, the performance of health workers in the process of drinking water except in daily measurement of residual free chlorine (with 100% coverage) was less than expected. Also, the performance of Abfar in regular and daily chlorination of drinking water in the covered villages was much lower than expected. So that, out of 25 villages covered by Abfar, only drinking water in 9 villages (36%) have been chlorinated, and the average free residual chlorine in 6 to 7 villages (24-28%) was in the admissible limit of 0.5-0.8 mg/L.

According to 2006 guidelines of WHO on evaluation of the microbial quality of drinking water, the microbial quality of drinking water in covered villages was in the excellent range (with the desirability index for lack of E.coli test 94.66%), in non-covered villages was in poor range (with the desirability index for lack of E.coli test 68%) and in all the surveyed villages was in a good range (with the desirability index for lack of E.coli test 81.34%) (Figure 6). In general, despite the poor performance of Abfar in the chlorination of drinking water, the microbial quality of drinking water in covered villages by Abfatr was very favorable compared to non-covered villages. These results indicate the very important and effective role of Abfar in providing safe drinking water in terms of microbial quality in rural areas. Therefore, the necessary measures should be taken to cover the villages by Abfar, as well as regular and continuous chlorination of drinking water in these villages. In addition, the performance of health workers in the process of controlling drinking water should be improved especially in villages with microbial contamination drinking water.(94.66%), poor (68%) and good (81.34%), respectively. In general, the microbial quality of drinking water in the coverage villages was more favorable than the non-coverage villages by Abfar. These results indicate the very important and effective role of the Rural Water and Wastewater Company in providing safe water in rural areas in terms of microbial quality.

Climate change and its consequences as an irreversible situation changed to the focal point for many researchers over the last two decades. These challenges are a result of the over-emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). According to the 2018 World Rankings, China (28%), USA (15%), India (7%), Russia (5%), Japan (3%), Germany (2%), Iran (2%), Korea (2%), Saudi Arabia (2%) and Indonesia (2%) are the top ten emitters. The economic damages on one side and the uncertain future of the planet because of this phenomenon on the other side has led to many international efforts to converge the countries, put emission reduction strategies and limitations on carbon footprints. Among the many meetings that have been held to reach a comprehensive international agreement, the COP21 Summit could be considered as the first global and legally binding agreement on climate change. The agreement was accepted and agreed on December 12, 2015, among 195 countries. The turning point of this agreement compared to previous efforts is that in this document not only 40 developed and industrialized countries, but also all countries, developed and developing, from 2020 are committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Various approaches are proposed to reduce emissions, which are placed at different levels in terms of economics and public acceptance. Each country seeks to avoid emission reduction responsibilities and to act as cost-effective as possible if forced to do that. Neighboring countries usually follow similar patterns. For example, oil-exporting countries, high population countries, similar climate regions, etc. are often adjacent to each other, and this issue affects the choice of methods to reduce emissions. Identifying patterns and trends which affect emissions in each region is important from two aspects. First, the factors affecting the emission of greenhouse gases, which can be derived from the climate of the region, the level of welfare or other issues, and the identification of prevailing patterns could be effective in identifying the drivers and factors involved in emissions. The second refers to the determination of emission reduction responsibilities based on the potentials and interests of each region and suggests different paths of reduction based on different regions of the world.According to extensive researches conducted around the world to predict or identify the drivers of greenhouse gas emissions, population, economic growth, climatic conditions, energy and carbon intensity are among the most important and influential parameters. These factors could increase energy consumption (mainly in the form of fossil fuels) and thus increases greenhouse gas emissions. Assessing emission drivers in a country or region could determine the basic needs and potentials for emission reduction, and this should be taken into account in shaping international reduction instructions and contracts. In the present study, the main factors and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions over four decades and among countries around the world are investigated for the first time and tried to identify patterns and trends in neighboring regions and countries. In this attempt, spatial statistics have been used to determine correlations and distribution patterns.

To evaluate and determine the distribution pattern of effective factors and emissions drivers in the first step, it is necessary to collect data related to each one. These data have been collected for all countries of the world (based on the availability of information) over four decades (2012-1971). Studied factors in this study include population, GDPcapita, energy intensity, carbon intensity and carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion of each country. Population data are based on the results of the 2015 World Census by the United Nations (UN, 2016). Information on the economic situation of countries, including GDP (US $, 2005), and carbon intensity is extracted from the World Bank Statistics Database (World Bank, 2016). Energy intensity data are calculated based on information provided by the Energy Information Administration of the United States (EIA) (EIA, 2017). To determine the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel consumption data of each country and the emission coefficients for fuel types are used.In the next step, global warming potentials (GWP) are considered to determine the equivalent carbon dioxide emissions (CO2eq). In the present study, data related to carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuels were obtained from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC- 2017). For some areas, based on the country's fuel consumption data and the guidelines proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), emissions have been calculated.The spatial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions over a long period is evaluated using ArcGIS 10.3, spatial statistics tools. The studied period is classified into four decades (2001-2010, 1991-2000, 1981-1990 and 1971-1980) and the pattern of spatial distribution and clustering maps for the countries of the world were examined. In the first step, the global spatial autocorrelation analysis (global Moran) and then Moran index values were obtained. In the next step, local spatial autocorrelation (local Moran’s I) is applied to investigate the distribution of clusters. Due to a large number of maps, only the maps of the last decade (2001-2012) are shown and other decades are theoretically examined.

In the present study, the most important factors and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions (including population, GDP, energy intensity and carbon intensity) and distribution patterns were analyzed over four decades (1971-2012) and among all the countries. According to the results of Global Moran’s I index and based on the upward trend of autocorrelation, the countries in the case of GHG emissions follow an increasing trend, the relationships are becoming stronger over time and the convergence of countries in the field of emissions is improving. The peak of convergence back to around 1990, when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The trend of global Moran’s I autocorrelation for other parameters are examined and the results indicated a positive and clustering pattern. Population, GDPcapita and energy intensity in all countries over 41 years have been accompanied by an increasing trend and convergence. The results also show the High-High clusters of spatial autocorrelation for carbon dioxide emissions in studied decades. Population growth as an important driver of climate change often has been studied in developing countries in East Asia and Africa. The role of the population in increasing emissions has been documented and has always been discussed in emission scenarios. The present study showed that the greatest impact of the population could be seen in the Asian region and it is the most important driver of this continent. Climatic conditions and the development pattern of a country play an important role in energy intensity. Considering issues such as energy prices and the concepts such as consumption optimization, the impact of this index can be studied in different parts of the world. Most Asian and a few African countries experience high energy consumption along with low incomes and productivity due to access to oil and gas resources. While, the development pattern in most of these countries is based on industrial development with high consumption of fuel and minerals. However, most of developed countries (mainly in Europe and the United States) are moving towards clean and low carbon services and industries. Also, development and investment in new and renewable energy or clean fuels can lead to the convergence of developed countries. Various factors influence the emission of greenhouse gases, and this study has evaluated the behavior of different countries in this field. In conclusion, the prominent role of Asian countries in population growth, Western Europe and North America in GDPcapita, high energy intensity in Asian countries and a few African countries, and finally high carbon intensity in Asian countries and the United States, have led to an increase in emissions. The existence of similar activities and needs, the same climatic conditions, and the existence of fossil fuel resources (such as oil and coal) in certain parts of the world have been fueled these convergences. With this approach, identifying effective and local factors could be effective in formulating emission reduction scenarios and responsibilities, and each region of the world will take steps to reduce emissions in accordance with the existing potentials. However, the current treaties classify most countries in terms of developed or developing, and there is no focus on the factors and incentives for countries to be evaluated, and as a result, many countries consider it unfair to participate in these treaties and reduction goals and don’t ratify them.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the remote sensing data and evaluate the capability of artificial neural network in estimating soil organic carbon in Abidar and Toos Nozar forest parks in Sanandaj. Soil samples were prepared from 120 points at a depth of 0-30 cm and soil organic carbon was determined by walk-block method. Remote sensing data set was performed based on two statistically significant methods of correlation coefficient and stepwise linear regression. The artificial neural network MLP was used to estimate soil organic carbon. The results indicate that using the full potential of the electromagnetic spectrum can be effective in improving the accuracy of estimating soil organic carbon. lowest error rate in the training phase (0.001) was related to the stepwise linear regression method and the highest error rate (0.036) was related to the fixed number of input parameters. the artificial neural network MLP showed that it has a high ability to extend the experimental data to other areas.

The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of BTEX compounds in gas stations with VRU, to compare the health of personnel working in gas stations with and without VRU system, to evaluate the health risk and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of BTEX in Isfahan. According to NIOSH1501 instructions, active sampling method was used, samples were collected by individual sampling pump and activated carbon adsorbent was used and finally the samples were collected for 75 minutes. BTEX compounds were extracted with carbon disulfide solvent and assayed by ion flame gas chromatography. BTEX values were lower than the maximum exposure in all fuel stations. Significance level in blood parameters less than 0.05, benzene carcinogenic risk in all cases and sites was lower than the allowable value and non-carcinogenic risk less than 1 was calculated.

Amirkelayeh Wetland is one of the three international wetlands in Giulan province, which is registered by the Ramsar Convention and is managed as a Wildlife refuge.The purpose of this study was a comprehensive evaluation of the capabilities and problems of Amirkelayeh wetland based on the results of ecosystem integrated management plan. In this research, first, strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats are identified using the SWOT model. Then, appropriate strategies were developed based on these factors and ranked by QSPM method. Rich habitat, high species diversity, and bird watching ability were the main components of strength. Wetland pollution, hunting and trapping, and land-use changes were the main components of weakness.The opportunities consisted of international fund, laws, management plan and environmental flow requirements. Non-implementation ecosystem integrated management plan and environmental flow requirements also eutrophication were the main threats components. ranking of strategies showed the implementation of ecosystem integrated management plan can be an effective step in Amirkalayeh wetland sustainable development.

This study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals (Lead and Cadmium) levels in the water of the Damavand River. Samples were collected from 10 stations over a three month summer period in 2015. parameters were measured according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater and the institute of standards & industrial research of Iran guidelines. Temperature, pH and turbidity were measured in situ. There were no significant differences between temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, BOD, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate and phosphate in the stations at 95% confidence level. Significantly (P<0.05) highest level of COD was for station 10 (24.47±7.45 mg/lit) and the lowest one was in station 4 (8.34±5.56 mg/lit). Significantly lowest levels of lead and cadmium were obtained at station 1. There were no significant variations (P>0.05) between lead levels in the stations 8, 9 and 10 and also between cadmium concentrations in the stations 8 and 10; these stations had the highest levels of the heavy metals. result was due to effluents from industrial units in the downstream of the river. were significant differences between temperature, pH, BOD, calcium, magnesium, sulphate and phosphate in the months at 95% confidence level

The present study was conducted to investigate the some characteristics and of water use efficacy of Ziziphus spina christi and Prosopis cineraria under different irrigation levels in the 2018-2019 crop year. Different irrigation levels consisted of 75, 50 and 25 percent irrigation and irrigation at field capacity (control), which was applied in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed that the mean water consumption or in other words evapotranspiration per year is equal to 35.41, 49.86, 62.43 and 79.34 liters for treatments of 75, 50, 25% of field capacity and control in the plant. Was aside. Also, the highest amount of evapotranspiration in July and in the studied treatments were equal to 5.58, 7.71, 9.81 and 12.38 liters, respectively.. The average amount of water consumption in Prosopis cineraria plant was equal to 23.03, 32.59, 41.94 and 53.92 liters for treatments of 75, 50, 25% of field capacity and control. In the case of Prosopis cineraria, the maximum evapotranspiration rate was 7.55 liters for the control treatment and 6.31, 4.96 and 3.59 liters for the 25, 50 and 75% irrigation treatments, respectively.

Potato is an important vegetable that grows all over the world and is considered as an important product in developing and developed countries for human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and its origin is from Peru, and after wheat, rice and corn, it is the fourth product in the food basket of human societies. According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under cultivation of this crop in Iran in 2017 was 161 thousand hectares and the crop harvested from this area is about 5.1 million tons. Traditional methods of determining potato varieties were based more on morphological features, but with the production of new products, there was a need for methods that were faster and more recognizable. Meanwhile, high-performance artificial neural network can be used to classify cultivars. Artificial neural network can classify and detect cultivars, is flexible and is used in most agricultural products. Azizi conducted a study on 120 potatoes in 10 different cultivars using a visual and image processing machine with a MATLAB R2012 software toolbox to detect texture, shape parameters and potato cultivars. First, potato cultivars were classified using LDA method, which obtained 66.7% accuracy. This method also erred in distinguishing the two cultivars Agria and Savalan and also classified the two cultivars Fontane and Satina in other classes. They also used artificial neural networks to classify potato cultivars, in which the network was 82.41% accurate with one hidden layer and 100% accurate with two hidden layers. In this study, it was found that different types of potatoes can be identified and identified with a very high level of accuracy using the three color characteristics, textural and morphological features extracted by the visual machine and the use of a non-linear classifier artificial neural network. Categorized.By determining and examining the existing relations between the force and the deformation of agricultural products up to the point of surrender, the range of forces harmful to fruit can be determined so that harvesting and transportation machines are designed in such a way that the forces from them do not exceed this range. On the other hand, one of the ways to determine the degree of ripeness of the fruit is to touch and press it with the thumb, which is an experimental way and depends on the skill of the person touching. The mechanical penetration test of the fruit can be an indicator to check the ripeness of the fruit by quantifying this diagnosis and using this diagnosis to determine the optimal harvest time.

First, 5 different potato cultivars were prepared from Ardabil Agricultural Research Center and kept at a temperature of 4-10 ° C. One day later, 21 samples of each potato cultivar were prepared using a cutting cylinder and then data were collected. To determine the toughness of the samples, the Centam device available in Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. Each potato cultivar was subjected to compressive force at three levels of loading speed of 10, 40 and 70 mm / min with 7 repetitions. Then the amount of toughness was calculated according to Equation (1). Then linear diagnostic analysis (LDA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to classify potato cultivars. LDA is a supervised method used to find the most distinctive special vectors, maximizing the ratio of variance between class and within the class, and being able to classify two or more groups of samples. ANN and pattern recognition were used to find similarities and differences in the classification of potato cultivars. For this, 1 neuron was considered for the input layer, the hidden layer with the optimal number of neurons will be considered and five output neurons with Depending on the number of output classes the target will be considered. In network training, the logarithmic sigmoid transfer function and Lunberg-Marquardt learning method were used (Figure 4), and the error value was calculated using the mean square error. For learning (70%), testing (15%) and validation (15%) all data were randomly selected. Training data was provided to the network during the training and the network was adjusted according to their error. Validation was used to measure network generalization and completion of training. Data testing had no effect on training and therefore provided an independent measurement of network performance during and after training. All of the calculations and matrix classification were performed using MATLAB R2018a and X 10.4 Unscrambler software.Toughness in 5 different potato cultivars was obtained using Centam machine and Equation 1. The values obtained for the toughness of 5 potato cultivars were analyzed using Mstatc software. The results of analysis of variance were significant for the toughness of 5 different potato cultivars at the level of 1% and its coefficient of variation was 2.28. LDA and ANN methods were used to detect potato cultivars based on the values calculated for toughness. Detection results of cultivars using LDA were equal to 70.48% (Figure 6). Also, the accuracy of ANN method according to the perturbation matrix was equal to 72.4% (Figure 7).

In this study, the amount of toughness for 5 different potato cultivars was calculated using Centam machine available in Mohaghegh Ardabili University with the help of Equation 1. Chemometrics methods including LDA and ANN were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of data to identify and classify potato cultivars. Thus, LDA and ANN were able to identify and accurately classify different potato cultivars with an accuracy of over 70%. The obtained toughness has the ability to be used as a method to distinguish different potato cultivars. The use of this method in identifying potato cultivars will be very useful for factories such as chips factory and processing units, and it is also expected that similar methods related to mechanical properties such as crispness and stiffness with the help of chemometrics methods to optimize production and The processing of agricultural products should be used in the food industry, which has led to more customer friendliness and, in addition, can reduce agricultural waste.

 The occurrence of drought in Sistan region and consequently the entry of sediments into the water reservoirs of semi-wells has provided favorable conditions for the formation of dust storms and has caused great damage to the natural and human life of the region. One of the important objectives of this study is to investigate the destructive effects of droughts on the region, especially on Chahnimeh. The studies performed in this study include the use of physical and chemical analysis methods of samples to determine statistical parameters and use its results in interpreting the transport and sedimentation conditions of particles, determining critical foci of wind erosion, drawing curves Granulation and interpretation of multiple phases of the samples, which together with the results of the study of sediments in the desired location, leads to determining the type of sedimentation environment and determining the origin. Drought analysis using five indices of normal percentage of precipitation (PNPI), standardized Z criterion (ZI), precipitation amplification classification (PC), mean deviation (SDI) and precipitation anomaly (RAI), on seasonal precipitation information and statistics And four synoptic stations were performed annually in Zabol, Zahak, Hirmand, Hamoon. The results showed that the index (SDI) compared to PNPI, ZI, Sd and RAI methods on a seasonal and annual scale provided more acceptable estimates. Zabol has experienced droughts on a seasonal and annual basis based on the SDI. The highest frequency of drought in spring is from the index (PC) and in summer is related to PNPI, ZI, Sd and RAI indices. On an annual scale, the highest and lowest frequency estimates were observed with 64% and 41%, respectively, in the PC and PNPI method indices. The origin of sediments in the wells is based on the results of the erosive winds in the region, which are north to northwest with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (120-day wind in Sistan) and the most important harvest facies, abandoned lands, sandy lands and areas they are the bedrock of Hamoon Lake and the northern plains.Drought is a natural phenomenon of ecosystems that can occur in any region and have major impacts on that region (Freire et al, 2019). Drought is one of the most important natural disasters that causes a lot of damage to agriculture and water resources (Pirmoradian et al. 2008). In addition, this phenomenon is called calm and creeping phenomenon. For this reason, drought is said to be more complex than other natural disasters in that it covers a wider area. In other words, it is the most costly (Fontaine et al, 2009 is a natural disaster in terms of reduced agricultural production and the suffering of farmers. (Downing and Bakker, 2019). Occurrence of drought in Sistan region and consequently decrease of vegetation and drying of Hamoon Lake as well as 120-day winds, have provided suitable conditions for wind erosion and occurrence of dust storms. The chahnimeh are large natural pits at a distance of 50 km from the city of Zabol, to which the excess water of the Helmand River is directed through a canal. These pits are organized to store water and are drained from two Helmand branches with an area of one canal. ChahNimeh water reservoirs, which are the only source of drinking water for the people of Sistan, will be seriously threatened by quicksand in the next few years, and if the influx of sand into these reservoirs is not prevented, the life of this important and very sensitive water source in the region will be endangered. In Sistan region, in a period of almost 30 years, in 1318, 1328, 1337 and 1349, ie almost every 10 years, a drought has been fatally repeated and since 1997, this region has experienced the effects of the recent drought. Bears. Studies show that 14 provinces of the country are affected by wind erosion, of which Sistan and Baluchestan province with 229174 hectares has the highest rank (Iranmanesh et al., 2005). Undoubtedly, the main cause of wind erosion in the study area is the occurrence of sandstorms due to 120-day winds in Sistan. During the last two centuries and especially in the last few decades, destructive and harmful effects have entered the human environment and due to the misuse of natural resources, deserts have expanded rapidly (Ahmadian, 1999). According to the estimation of the wind potential intensity in 60 meteorological stations of the country, Zabol station has the highest frequency and speed. This region is also the second largest occurrence of sandstorms in Asia with an average of 80.7 days per year over a five-year period (1990-1995) (General Department of Natural Resources of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, 2004).In order to conduct this research, first, with direct field observations and field operations, to determine the harvest areas, the sediments in the chahnimeh, transport areas and possible harvest areas were sampled and based on mineralogical characteristics and study. The genetic relationship of the samples to the primary origin of the sediments was investigated. In order to identify the harvest areas, sampling was done from the sand accumulation site, from different points around the reservoirs and from possible harvest areas, and the genetic relationship (similar properties) of the three areas (harvest, transport and sedimentation) was analyzed. Physical and chemical sediments were studied. Also, four synoptic stations (Zabol-Zahak-Helmand-Hamoon) were studied for this research. In order to analyze the seasonal and annual drought, five indices of normal percentage of rainfall (PNPI), standardized Z criterion (ZI), precipitation amplification classification (PC), mean deviation (SDI) and precipitation anomaly (RAI) are used. Drought is an exceptional and unfortunate event that always changes human, plant and environmental ecology in general. Field studies have shown that in the last few years drought, the movement of sand dunes has been so great that it has caused the burial of a large number of residential houses and the invasion of agricultural lands. The damage to water supply facilities and canals is not less than other centers, so that compensating for all this damage will impose a lot of cost and time on society.

The wheel is one of the simple and important components of the tractor because it must bear the weight of the car and also communicate the car with the ground. The tire pressure determines the tire stiffness, which has a significant effect on the tire contact surface and ground pressure distribution. Adjusting the air pressure inside the tire as a possibility to reduce soil compaction and improve the tensile efficiency of agricultural tractors. The shape of the contact surface of a wheel with the ground has a certain complexity due to the curvature of the wheel and the flexibility caused by the load on the wheel and the internal wind pressure of the wheel. Hence, several models have been proposed by researchers to estimate this parameter in accordance with wheel and surface conditions. Checking the contact surface of the wheel with the soil is important in two ways: Energy loss and Negative impact on product growth and production.

Wheel and soil tests are mainly performed under controlled conditions and are usually performed in the form of single-wheel testers in the soil storage environment. In these environments, it is possible to have more control over the wheel and soil variables. A typical agricultural tire (Barez Co., Iran, 8.25-16) with the following specifications was used in the experiments: HLFS flower tire specifications, rim width 175 mm, outer diameter 840 mm and cross section width 220 mm. Two soils were used in this study: sand which was clay loam clay with 13.8% sand, 79.31% sand and 6.89% of the tested soil, from a sieve score of 200 which is the size of Its holes, about 0.075 mm, had passed. The experiments were performed after preparing the soil storage and the single-wheel tester set. Prior to each experiment, the soil inside the canal was completely shaken by nail pruning to a depth of 20 cm. Then, with the help of a timber installed to the wheel carrier, the soil surface was leveled well. By placing the tester set on the track, a dynamic load was applied through a power screw. Dynamic loads on the wheel were considered 1814.85, 2207.25, 2599.65, 290.05 and 3384.45 kN at five levels. The amount of load is measured by the load cell and read on the screen and finally stored. The tire pressure was applied at three levels of 100, 200 and 300 kPa by a 600 liter compressor, 8 bar pressure and 5.5 hp. Wind pressure was measured and controlled by a Borden Gauge sphygmomanometer. After placing the tire on the ground (under a certain wind pressure and load), some gypsum powder was sprayed around it. The tire was then lifted off the ground and photographed from a fixed distance by the wheel on the ground with a digital camera. All images are processed using AutoCAD 2015 software (Autodesk, Inc., USA) to calculate the numerical value of the contact area (figures 2, 3). Equation 1 was used to determine the contact pressure between the tire and the soil. The experiments were performed factorially in a completely randomized design with three replications. Independent variables were: soil type (in two levels of clay and sand), vertical load (in five levels of 1814.85, 2207.25, 2599.65, 295.05, and 3384.45 kN) and tire pressure (in three levels of 100, 200 and 300 kPa). The dependent variables were: the contact surface between the wheel and soil and the contact pressure between them. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software (SAS Institute, USA) and Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the means.

In this study, the effects of tire pressure and vertical load on the wheel in two clay and sand substrates on the contact surface and contact pressure between soil and tire were investigated. Table 1 shows the analysis of variance of the test data obtained from the tests. The results showed that the simple effects of soil type, tire pressure and vertical load on the wheel on the tire contact surface with soil were significant at 1% level. Regarding the contact pressure between the tire and the soil, except for the simple effect of soil type which was significant at the 5% level, the other simple effects were significant at the 1% level. In addition, dual and triple interactions were also significant on the contact surface and contact pressure between the tire and the soil at the 1% level. Figures 4 and 5 show the trend of changes in the tire contact surface with the soil. As can be seen, the contact surface area increases with increasing vertical load on the wheel and decreases with increasing tire pressure. Figures 6 and 7 also show the trend of contact pressure changes between the tire and the ground. As it is known, the contact pressure between the tire and the ground has increased with increasing vertical load on the wheel as well as the tire pressure. Based on the findings of this study, it was found that with increasing tire pressure at different loads on the wheel, the contact pressure between the wheel and the soil increased. The changes in contact pressure were linear in terms of changes in tire pressure in sandy soil and at loads of 2207.257 and 2599.6599 kN in clay soil. However, in clay at loads above 2599.65 and below 2207.225, contact pressure changes did not show linear behavior. Also, similarly, the contact surface of the wheel with the soil changed under the influence of these factors, but in reverse. The contact surface in sandy soil had an inverse linear relationship between tire pressure and in clay, except for the mentioned loads, it had the same inverse linear relationship. In at all, it can be stated that with the change of tire pressure and vertical load on the wheel, changes in contact surface and contact pressure in sandy soil were almost linear and in clay soil were only linear in some conditions. It seems that because sandy soil had a more uniform texture composition, this linear relationship occurred, but since clay soil didn’t have a more uniform composition, a linear relationship did not occur.

There are various probability distribution functions that can explain the distribution of different diameter classes in forest stands, which are used for modeling bio organisms. This study aimed to compare different probability distribution functions in order to find the best distribution function of trees in different diameter classes for oak tree species as well as forest stand in Arasbaran forests. The results of this study were obtained based on data of 30 sample plots in Ilgenechay watershed of Arasbaran. That, diameter at breast height (DBH≥5) of all trees (1501 trees) including 240 oaks was measured in the sample plots. Given diameters were classified in one cm diameter classes. In order to show the distribution of different diameter classes, the functions of Gamma, Beta, Weibull, Normal and Lognormal were developed using Easy Fit and SPSS. The results showed that the Gamma model is the best distribution function for both oak and forest stand. In addition, the highest tree density was in 11 and 10 cm diameter classes for oak and forest stand respectively. Gamma function parameters obtained α=11.101 and β= 1.1508 for oak and α=7.1062 and β= 1.6329 for forest stand. These results can be used in management strategies and conducts forest stands towards sustainable development.

 Introduction

The diameter distribution is a key method to describe the uniformity and growth of a stand. It provides crucial information for forest inventories on different levels of structure and dynamics of the area regarding variability of density within size classes. Furthermore Diameter distributions are crucial decision– making tools for forest management. They directly affect the choices concerning silvicultural and harvesting stages activities. For instance, timing and intensity of thinning and harvesting, as well as harvesting equipment are dependent on the diameter distributions. There are various probability distribution functions to explain the distribution of different diameter classes in the forest stand, which are used for modeling bio organisms.Arasbaran deciduous forests are located in the northwest of Iran as a Biosphere Reserved which covers an area of 78560 hectares. The altitude varies from ca. 256 m to more than 2000 m. the importance of the area is in having a rich flora (about 97 trees and shrubs species) and unique vegetation among the vegetation of the country. According to the previous researches, Carpinus sp. and Quercus sp. are the dominant species in forests of Arasbaran respectively.This study aimed to fit distribution functions of Beta, Gamma, Normal, Lognormal and Weibull for modelling the distribution of trees in different diameter classes in order to find the best distribution function for oak species as well as forest stand in Arasbaran forests. Regarding the importance of Arasbaran forests, this study can lead to the better recognition the stand structure in order to sustainable management of Arasbaran forests.

The results of this study were obtained from an area of 93 ha located in research forests in Ilgenechay watershed in Arasbaran and the data collected from 30 sample plots. The diameter at breast height (DBH≥5) of all trees (1501 trees) including 240 oaks was measured in the sample plots. Given diameters were classified in one cm diameter classes. In order to determine the distribution of different diameter classes, the functions of Gamma, Beta, Weibull, Normal and Lognormal were developed using Easy Fit and SPSS. Maximum likelihood technique was developed to estimate model parameters for diameter distribution. Likewise, The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic, Chi-Squared and Anderson-Darling were used to evaluate the goodness of fits. The Results showed that the average density (number of trees), mean basal area and percentage of seedling and coppice trees were 1627.7(N ha-1 ), 20.6(m2 ha-1 ), 63.7% and 36.3% respectively in the study area.Due to, the mode is less than the median, and they are both less than the mean, therefore the distribution is skewed to the right for both oak and forest stand. Based on The represented histogram, the diameter distribution of oak displayed approximately a bell- shaped curve. In addition, the highest tree density was in 11 and 10 cm diameter classes for oak and the forest stand respectively. The goodness-of- fit statistics indicated that, all models displayed appropriate fits to the data for the oak distribution but the Gamma function provided the most accurate fit. Which the Gamma function parameters obtained α=11.101 and β= 1.1508. While the results revealed that the Gamma function provided the just reasonable fit for the forest stand distribution which the Gamma function parameters obtained α=7.1062 and β= 1.6329.

The diameter-class distribution is one of the four interrelated components, i.e., species composition, quality, volume and diameter distribution of uneven-aged forest stands. The highest diameter class of 23 cm in oak trees, the maximum DBH of 34 cm in the forest stand and non J-shaped curve of diameter distribution, all indicated young forest stand in the study area and human disturbance in the forest stands due to charcoal practices in the past decades in Arasbaran.In order to improve the forest stand structure based on sustainable development (achieving uneven-aged forests with J-shaped curve of diameter distribution), we needs to recognize the behavior of the diameter distribution of trees and forest stands. So these results are necessary for the multi-objective and sustainable management of forests and recommended for all different tree species and parameters in different ecological conditions

Dust phenomenon is one of the most harmful natural disasters in low rainfall regions of the world, especially in Iran, which brings many environmental problems in these areas. It is also one of the environmental challenges in the Middle East and Iran in recent years. This phenomenon has become one of the main problems in arid and semi-arid regions today, which has adverse social, economic and environmental effects and it can be said with certainty that one of the environmental hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world are dust storms, This environmental event is considered as a climatic hazard and causes or exacerbates cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and many allergies in the human body, Large amounts of dust are transported every year from the deserts of North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Syria to different parts of Iran. Depending on global warming and wind speeds such as Harmatan and other strong local winds, these dusts are drawn to an altitude of 3,000 meters and above and are transferred to the areas in front of these systems by entering the wind systems of the Mediterranean and North Africa. Dust is one of the most common atmospheric phenomena and one of the biggest environmental problems in arid and semi-arid regions, which has devastating effects on the inhabitants of these areas every year. In recent years, pollution caused by dust particles has become one of the environmental problems, especially in developing countries. Considering that Iran is also located in the arid and semi-arid region of the world and a large area of the country is considered as an arid and semi-arid region, it is necessary to study this phenomenon.

The main purpose of this study is to explain the causes of occurrence and routing of dust storm springs in Kermanshah in the three-day period from October 26 to 28, 2018. In the first stage, using meteorological data, the days associated with the dust storm were determined. In the second stage, for synoptic analysis of the causes of the storm, from the ECMWF European Center for Medium-Term Forecasting Database with a resolution of 0.125 degrees, including geopotential height of 500 hPa, omega of 700 hp, sea level pressure SLP, components Orbital and meridional wind at the level of 300 hPa, special humidity at the level of 700 hPa due to higher resolution and satellite data of soil moisture to a depth of 10 cm were used in the study area. Using the above data in using GRADS software; Wind patterns and synoptic systems effective in transporting fine dust to Kermanshah were drawn. In the third stage, using the HYSPLIT model, dust particles were detected at three levels of 200, 1000 and 1500 meters above the ground at a time interval of 6 to 48 hours before the occurrence of dust. WRF-CHEM numerical weather simulation model was used to prepare numerical maps of particle concentration distribution and dust storm path to western Iran. In the present study, using version 3,6,1 of the WRF-CHEM paired model, simulations were performed for 3 days from 26 to 28 October 2018 using GFS analysis data for initial and boundary conditions. In this implementation, the advanced MADE-SORGAM schema was used as the emission pattern of airborne particles, which in turn is based on the regional model of airborne particles. In MADE design, airborne particles in three models with a diameter of less than 0.1 μm, cumulative with a diameter between 0.1 to 2 μm and large with a diameter greater than 2 μm with a log-normal distribution were included in the air quality simulation process. In the last step, MODIS images were used to determine the sources of dust diffusion to the west of Iran, and also by using the optical depth detection index of AOD aerosol, the numerical distribution map of dust aerosols in the atmosphere was obtained.

According to the results of the analysis of synoptic maps, in fact, the main cause of the dust wave phenomenon from 26 to 28 October 2018 in Kermanshah, in addition to the instability caused by low surface heat pressures, Saudi high-pressure movements that cause currents to converge towards Have become western. Deployment of a low pressure section in the middle levels of the atmosphere is well visible in this event, so that despite the instability in the middle level of the atmosphere, lack of sufficient moisture in the systems transferred to the west of the country, currents flowing through the deserts of Iraq and Syria. Sufficient both in the surface and in the depth of the soil inside the country and in neighboring countries has led to the formation of a dust spring and its transfer to the study area. Also, the examination of the tracking maps obtained from HYSPLIT shows that two general paths for the transfer of dust to the study area can be identified: 1- The northwest-southeast route, which passes through dust cores formed in the deserts of Iraq and Syria, transports dust to the western half of Iran; This route can be considered as the entry of dust into the area at an altitude of 1000 to 1500 meters. 2- The southwest-west route of Iran and the city of Kermanshah, which at an altitude of 200 to 1000 meters, which is the main source of dust on October 27 and 28, is the source of particles in this route Kuwait, northern Saudi Arabia and part of Iraq. Examination of the particle path shows that these particles were first transported to higher levels by low pressure systems located in the area and then pulled to the ground in two paths. The soil moisture map also shows a severe lack of moisture up to a depth of 10 cm in the soil that at the same time with the passage of unstable systems and western currents over the areas, subsoil particles are easily separated from the ground and transferred to the study area. By simulating dust storms from the west wind by the WRF-chem model, it showed that the main source of dust is located in the western and central deserts of Iraq, Syria and northern Saudi Arabia.

The aim of this study is to identify and manage HSE risks in the chemistry laboratory of Najafabad University. First, the risk was identified in the laboratory using the Delphi method. A Delphi implementation and monitoring team was formed, which consists of ten specialists. Then, all the indicators used were collected based on the study of literature and research in this field and the initial questionnaire was prepared. This questionnaire was sent to the experts for review to answer the questions based on their importance. Then, the answers received in the first period eliminated. Then a new questionnaire was sent to the individuals with suggested indicators. After collecting the first round of questionnaires, the second round of questionnaires was distributed and the output indicators of the first round were examined. This operation was repeated in the third round and finally HSE risks were selected in the chemistry laboratory of Najafabad University. Then, the identified risks were analyzed by FMEA method. Based on the results, iodoform test and synthesis of dibenzalone acetone were identified as the most dangerous were analyzed. In this round, the indicators that did not score in the first round were activities in terms of harmful effects on health. Qualitative analysis of some anions was in the second place and elemental analysis was in the third place. Qualitative decomposition of some anions was identified as the most important risk in terms of safety hazards. The synthesis of dibenzalone in the second place and permanganometry were recognized as the third high-risk in this category. The synthesis of adipic acid in the second place and the decomposition of group V cations in the third place were recognized as the most important risks in terms of environmental hazards after the synthesis of methyl salicylate. Synthesis of methyl salicylate was recognized as the most important risk in all three dimensions of safety, health and environmental hazards.

Due to the variety of educational disciplines, various laboratory operations are performed in the university laboratory, which can be exposed to various harmful chemical, biological and safety factors. The most important injuries caused by these factors include burns and corrosion caused by acids, respiratory injuries caused by inhalation of gases and toxins, liver, kidney, central nervous system and cancer due to poisoning caused by heavy metals and organic solvents, infectious contaminants caused by microorganisms. It has been transmitted to humans, and fires and electric shocks have also been reported. Laboratory wastes are classified as hazardous wastes due to their toxicity, corrosion, flammability and reactive properties. The establishment of HSE management system in organizations, companies and small and large industries in the world is always done based on a series of guidelines. The ultimate goal of the HSE management system is to protect people in the community, property and the environment. Prevention of injuries and accidents, health, safety and environment in order to sustainable development and increase productivity by considering the health and safety of employees, customers, contractors and others requires the existence of a structure of health, safety and environmental management system. HSE management system has been a management tool to control and improve the performance of health, safety and environment in all development programs and industrial projects or organizations, by creating a creative cultural context and a new and systematic approach to sustainable development and human dignity, in an integrated and By converging and integrating the manpower and facilities and equipment and by using the efficient training system, periodic audits, continuous evaluation and improvement, minimize the adverse effects of industry on the environment and increase its desired effects by ensuring the overall safety of all employees and colleagues. Organization, equipment and facilities and zero accidents and injuries caused by work by controlling or eliminating unsafe conditions and improving the health of people by applying management, engineering and executive control strategies at all levels of the organization as well as environmental protection as human capital.

In this study, Delphi and FMEA methods were used. Following the preparation and preparation of a preliminary study questionnaire, the questionnaires were distributed among 10 specialized and experienced people in the laboratory of Najafabad University; Expert opinions on hazards were evaluated in the laboratory of Najafabad University and FMEA method was used to analyze the data. The Delphi method is used in cases where insufficient and unreliable knowledge is available or there are limitations in the application of mathematical rules, formulas and models. In other words, the judgment is left to the experts. This method polls people in order to examine the attitudes and judgments of individuals and expert groups as well as to create coordination between views. These surveys are conducted in several stages using a questionnaire and without requiring people to attend a certain place. At the end of summarizing, evaluating and analyzing the set of views and opinions of individuals, is the basis for goal setting, program development or decision making. The main idea in designing the Delphi method process is that the respondents can express their views without being influenced by reputable and famous people and people who have good speaking power in meetings. In this method, by eliminating the effect of the ability of individuals to speak, all opinions and ideas are collected and after analysis are returned to the questioned members. Thus, anonymity and feedback are essential elements of the Delphi method. One of the advantages of this method is that experts and specialists can reconsider their opinions without losing their prestige and credibility when they realize that their opinion is wrong for compelling reasons.Participants in the Delphi study in the present study include 10 professors of chemistry at Najafabad University and HSE management.

Preparation of lead chloride from lead nitrate and crystallization, acid and base titration, determination of calcium carbonate by acidimetric-alkaline assay, limonene extraction, distillation, crystallization, soap preparation, decomposition of group I cations, decomposition of group III cations, measurement of iron to Furic acid method, measurement of iron by spectrophotometry, measurement of chloride ion by Wilhard method, determination of liquid surface tension, determination of liquid viscosity, refractometry, application of conductivity in the study of chemical reaction kinetics, iodine reaction kinetics with acetone, preparation of boric acid from borax, Preparation of low-risk potassium metapridate, elemental analysis, decomposition of group V cations, iodoform test among moderate risks and qualitative decomposition of some anions, permanganometry, synthesis of adipic acid, synthesis of methyl salicylate, synthesis of dibenzalstone were identified as risk Therefore, it is necessary to design control measures to eliminate the risks or reduce any of the factors affecting the RPN.

Some freshwater resources available in certain watersheds of the world have seasonal limitations and depend on the ability to store water in dry periods. In other areas, restrictions affect the rate at which groundwater aquifers re-feed, the snow melting rate, or the capacity of forest soils to store water. Qarachai watershed is one of these sources in Markazi, Hamedan and Qom provinces, originating from the two main provinces and flowing into Qom Lake. According to the purpose of this project, which is to study the discharge and physicochemical parameters of Qarachai River in order to protect and rehabilitate this source, sampling was performed in four shifts in 68 stations and includes physical, chemical, biological parameters, heavy metals, chlorine toxins, phosphorus, detergents and petroleum hydrocarbons. Results illuminated that the water streams of Tafresh, Bazneh Shazand have an essential role in the flow of Qarachai river during the sampling periods. Mohajeran and Tafresh water treatment plants are of poor quality in terms of biological parameters and also have a high salinity level within Boyaychi bridge stations to the river water station.

Protection and optimal use of water resources is one of the principles of sustainable development of any country. Current surface water or rivers are the most important water resources that play an important role in supplying water required for various activities such as agriculture, industry, drinking and production electricity.Awareness of water quality is one of the important requirements in planning and development of water resources and their protection and control. It is obvious that in order to be aware of the quality of water resources and produce the required information, the quality of water resources should be monitored. Because having comprehensive, accurate and reliable information with appropriate time periods can be an important factor in decisions and policies (Ministry of Energy, 2009) Monitoring the quality of water resources, various issues such as parameters to be measured, station location. Water shortage in Iran is an inherent issue and to a large extent depends on the climatic and natural features of Iran. But over the past decades, the issue of population growth and consumerism, inefficient agriculture and other factors have increased the severity of water shortages in Iran, and this is also true in Markazi province. Therefore, in addition to the inherent and physical shortage of water resources in Markazi province, the shortage due to some ill-considered measures due to the lack of systemic and forward-looking approach in policy-making and macro-management of water resources in this province have also been involved. What can be easily deduced from the study of the Qarachai River is that this river has a vital role in the central and western regions of the country, on which the lives of millions of people directly and indirectly depend, and an important role in the ecological balance of this region. Therefore, considering the key role of Qarachai river, especially in Markazi province, where most of its route passes in this province, without having a protection and realistic plan, it will not be able to withstand this amount of pressure in the medium term and without a doubt with many problems. Therefore, the Qarachai River protection program in Markazi province will be an important step in reviving and reducing the pressures on this important river in the country.

Qarachai River watershed is one of the sub-basins of Namak Lake in the central provinces of Hamedan and Qom, and its most important Qarachai River passes through the cities of Astana, Shazand, Arak, Hamedan, Tafresh, Saveh and Qom. In field surveys, it begins with the identification of different uses in the region that can have water abstraction, including rural and urban settlements, agricultural lands, industrial units, aquaculture units, tourist sites and so on. The most important factor in determining the choice of parameters is determining the purpose of the monitoring program. In other words, by determining the objectives of the monitoring program, the parameters to be measured can also be determined. In general, three environments of water, particles (suspended matter and sediment) and living organisms can be considered to monitor water quality, but monitoring activities are mainly performed on water samples. Water quality and particles (suspended matter and sediment) They are usually determined by physical, chemical, and biological analyzes. Water quality can often be measured by one variable or a set of more than a hundred different variables. The range of chemical, physical, and biological variables is well described.The variables selected in the monitoring programs depend on the objectives of the monitoring program and the existing and projected water uses. Drinks and household uses, agricultural land irrigation, industrial and recreational uses of each Requires a specific water quality The simplest combination of variables to be measured in monitoring discussions can include temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and total suspended solids. The best time interval for sampling is monthly, which in the present plan, according to the agreements made, is to be sampled from the river in four (seasonal) seasons.If possible, the number of samples taken from each sampling station for a period should be between 3 and 5, in the present plan, one sample is taken from each station. But in this sample, all the conditions for that sample to be representative in the desired station, such as the distance from the side and the middle depth of the current will be observed.In the present study, 65 sampling stations in 7 study areas including Shazand, Astana, Nahrmian, Shara Block, Komijan, Razan-Qahvand, Khanajin, Tafresh and Saveh in Qarachai basin have been selected for sampling.

Among the tributaries of Qarachai River (Azna Astaneh, Toure Nahrmian, Bazneh Shazand, and Abkamard Tafresh (which have a hydrometric station), Toure Nahrmian branch with an average discharge of 2309 liters per second in sample periods Sampling has more discharge than other tributaries. Also the tributaries of Kamard Tafresh, Bazneh Shazand and Azna Astaneh with an average discharge of 1122, 1194 and 1096 liters per second during the sampling periods, respectively, play an important role in the river flow. They have coffee. Diversion dams along the Qarachai River from Poldoab water station to Joshirvan station, especially in low water seasons, use a large part of the river water for agricultural purposes, so that in agricultural seasons, water flow is usually In the Qarachai River downstream, Joshirvan decreases and causes the river to dry up in the downstream stations. The important point in the flow of Qarachai river is the decrease or stability of the flow of Qarachai river along the route outside Markazi province. This point is also confirmed by examining the measured flow in Omarabad hydrometric station located on the branch of Hamedan province in recent years. In other words, Hamedan province not only does not have a share in increasing the flow of Qarachai river, but also in some sampling periods such as April 2016, the flow between the outlet of the province was equals 7290 liters per second (47% reduction).

CO pollutant gas is an odorless and highly toxic gas and is one of the toxic pollutants caused by incomplete combustion in cars. In this study, the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon pollutants produced by gasoline and CNG vehicles has been analyzed. These studies have been done according to the amount of vehicle mileage. Attempts have been made to select vehicles so that the amounts of CO and HC emissions produced in gasoline and CNG vehicles are in the same range for a more accurate comparison. According to studies, the amount of carbon monoxide pollutants produced in a CNG vehicle with 733,000 km is almost equal to a gasoline vehicle with 242,000 km. Also, the minimum value for a CNG vehicle with 210,000 km is 0.39. While in the same mileage for gasoline vehicles, this value is estimated at about 0.58. In the case of hydrocarbon pollutants, the conditions are better for CNG vehicles and they produce fewer pollutants in the same kilometers. Thus, the amount of hydrocarbon pollutants produced in 733,000 km of CNG vehicles is slightly different from its amount in 242,000 km of gasoline vehicles.

Today, vehicles are considered as one of the main causes of pollution in the world. Therefore, the issue of increasing environmental pollution has caused serious strictures to be considered to control the amount of pollution produced by vehicles. CO pollutant is a colorless, odorless and highly toxic gas that is one of the causes of incomplete combustion in cars. The toxicity of carbon monoxide is due to the fact that the tendency of hemoglobin to combine with CO is 200 to 250 times that of oxygen. Therefore, due to the importance of environmental pollutants created by cars, many researchers have done research in this field. Mehdi Niajalili et al. have investigated the effect of using optimal wires in the car ignition system on its emissions. The researchers used low-resistance wires in the ignition system and investigated the effect of using these wires on pollutants such as CO, HC, CO2 and O2. The researchers finally stated that the use of optimal wires can reduce the CO parameter in the output of healthy vehicles by up to 60%. It also reduces the amount of HC pollutants to an acceptable level.Dehghan et al. have also researched on the emissions of several vehicles. These researchers conducted their research in the city of Shiraz. They analyzed CO, CO2 and HC pollutants in vehicles and evaluated the relationship between the year of production of the vehicle and the amount of emissions of these pollutants. They stated that there was a significant and negative relationship between the year of production and the amount of CO and HC production, so that with the increase of the year of car production, the amount of these pollutants decreases.In this study, 8 Pride cars with different vehicle mileage and production years have been analyzed and the CO and HC parameters produced by these cars in two categories of CNG and gasoline based on the vehicle mileage of the said car have been investigated.

In this section, eight cars, including four gasoline cars and four CNG cars are considered. Then, using the vehicle gas analyzer device called QROTECH (QRO-401) the exhaust gases of study vehicles are recorded and analyzed. This device, which has high accuracy and strength, can be used within two to eight minutes after turning on. This emission control device is also capable of measuring CO, HC, NOx, O2 and CO2 emissions. It is noteworthy that all study cars are Pride type and have similar conditions and are considered only with differences in the fuel system (gasoline and CNG). In the selection of cars, the criterion of the range of pollutants produced and the mileage of the car is considered and the year of production of the car has no effect on its selection. In addition, there is no obligation to include the production range of vehicle pollutants in the standard range.In the next step, the reported values are analyzed. As mentioned, the criterion for selecting cars was the mileage of the car and the year of production did not affect the selection of studied cars. In addition, vehicles have been selected so that the high and low percentages of CO gas for both groups of vehicles are in close range, so that the results can be better analyzed. According to research, the percentage of CO pollutants in CNG vehicles is much lower. So that the CO pollution produced in 733000 km in CNG vehicles with the same parameter in one third of a kilometer of gasoline vehicle mileage is equal. According to investigation, with the increase of vehicle mileage, the amounts of CO and HC emissions increase, but according to vehicle data, the growth of CO emissions in gasoline vehicles is higher. According to research, similar results are obtained for HC. That is, with the increase of mileage of gasoline vehicles, the growth rate of HC pollutants increases more than CNG vehicles. The amount of this pollutant at 733000 km in CNG vehicles is estimated at 230 ppm. However, in gasoline vehicles, the amount of HC pollutants at 242,000 km is measured at 240 ppm.Conclusion Due to the fact that vehicles are one of the most important sources of pollution in cities, this paper examines the impact of vehicle mileage on the production of CO and HC pollutants in gasoline and CNG vehicles. These cars, all of which are Pride, have similar physical conditions and are selected only with differences in the fuel system. According to studies, with increasing vehicle mileage, the amounts of CO and HC emissions in both gasoline and CNG vehicles are increased. But in the gasoline type, the slope of increasing these parameters has been evaluated more. Thus, the values of these parameters in 733000 km of CNG vehicles are almost equal to the same parameters in 242000 km of gasoline vehicles, and these values confirm that the pollutants produced by gasoline vehicles during long-term operation can have more effects on the environment. Therefore, by promoting CNG vehicle technology and using more of these vehicles in urban traffic, the amounts of CO and HC pollutants can be significantly reduced in the long-term. This creates healthier air and a cleaner environment.

Integrated coastal zone management attempt to integrate the various policies affecting the coasts, as well as, gathering local and national stakeholders to raise awareness, support and implement these policies. The most important issue in the coasts management is the partial and sectoral organization and functions of stakeholders in the coasts. The long term goal of integrated coastal zone management is to balance the benefits of economic development and human use of coasts, protect, preservation and reconstruction of the coasts, minimize coastal damage, and earn benefits of accessing and public use of coasts.‫‬There has not been done a comprehensive research that can coordinate the uses of development approach with conservation approach in the coasts of Sirik city with considering to the great capacities and potentials of coasts, as well as, the threatening and destructive factors in the Sirik city coastal areas, yet. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to develop a model for evaluating the integrated coastal zone management on the Sirik coast using multi-criteria decision making techniques (MCDM). In present research, important criteria of protection and development were identified to establish integrated coastal zone management, and also we weighted these criteria and prioritized options and provided practical solutions for integrated coastal zone management target coasts.‬‬

In order to collect information for this applied type research, which was conducted at the Sirik coasts in 2019-2020, the combined method of library studies and survey approach have been used through interviews and questionnaires. Then, integrated Delphi and analytic network process (ANP) model were used to analyze the findings and determine the appropriate evaluated criteria and prioritize them. In this regards, the integrated Delphi and ANP model consist of the following steps:Step 1: Selection of the Delphi group and develop an evaluation modelStep 2: adjusting the interdependencies and perform pairwise comparisons among clusters or elements with ANPStep 3: Developing a super matrix by ANPAccording to the research framework, the proposed model for evaluating the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in the form of an integrated model was developed and implemented as Figure 1.‫‬‬‬Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the proposed model for evaluating integrated coastal zone managemen.

Step 1: Selection of the Delphi group and develop a modelThe criteria considered in the evaluation of integrated coastal zone management in Sirik city including 4 important criteria: Environmental, economic, socio-cultural, and land usage. Also, after determining the criteria, the desired options were assessed and selected, then the decision-making team suggested three suitable options consist of Sirik, Kouhestak and Geroug to design the evaluation model.Step 2: Setting the interdependencies and perform pairwise comparisons among clusters or elements by ANPThe strategic and fundamental part was formed at this stage of the research. In this stage, pairwise comparisons were performed. Since, there is only one cluster to assess the objective of the research, then there is no clusters comparison at this stage. But the comparisons of the elements within the clusters and options must be calculated (Table 1).Table 1 - Pairwise comparison matrix of key criteriaNormalize Land use Sociocultural Economic Environmental Strategic goal0.483 3 7 5 1 Environmental0.172 1.3 3 1 Economic0.094 1.5 1 Sociocultural0.251 1 Land useCR = 0/04- The final pairwise comparisons were done among the studied options that the desired options of were Sirik, Kouhestak and Geroug.Step 3: Developing a hyper matrix with ANPAll data within the pairwise comparison matrix were normalized, then calculated as the initial super matrix called unweighted matrix.In the next step, the unweighted super matrix is multiplied by the normalized column, which resulting to the unweighted super matrix.Then, the weighted matrix is powered to the extent that there is no difference between the successive elements of the super matrix with the power of K and the super matrix to the power of K+1 using the Super decisions software. At this stage a limited (limit) super matrix was obtained. In the achieved super matrix, all row numbers are equal. Based on this matrix, a score of 0.286 was obtained for Sirik and, in order to establish integrated coastal zone management based on defined criteria, the Sirik city was a superior option compared to other cities in the whole studied area.In the final step, using the normalization of weights, to prioritize the three cities or options under review, the results of their review and evaluation are obtained in Table 2.‫‬‬‬Table 2 - Ranking matrix of optionsRanking Ideal Normal Total Alternatives1 1.0000 0.5723 0.286 Sirik2 0.4720 0.2710 0.135 Kohestak3 0.2762 0.1567 0.079 Geroug

The objective of this study is to analyze and evaluate the implementation of integrated coastal zone management in the Sirik city. Hence, the combined Delphi and analytical network process model was used, which is a multi-criteria decision-making technique. In this study, after analyzing the evaluation criteria of integrated coastal zone management through Delphi method, the identified options were evaluated and prioritized based on key environmental, economic, socio-cultural and land use criteria using analytical network process method.The result revealed that environmental criteria with a score of 0.483 and socio-cultural criteria with a score of 0.094 had the highest and lowest weight, respectively. Finally, considering the weight of the set of criteria as well as the weighting and ranking of the options, the city of Sirik was selected as the top option.According to the result of analyses, to the integrated coastal zone management, and its evaluation based on the principles and criteria of environmental resource protection, the following suggestions are indicated: Identification of sensitive coastal zones for the protection and development of these areas as an approach to establish an integrated coastal zone management system; Preventing sectoral planning by different organizations to load various development projects in the coastal-marine ecosystem without considering the environmental requirements; Creating and strengthening a comprehensive plan for the protection and development of coastal environment in order to protect sensitive coastal-marine resources along with the development of environmentally friendly land uses for integrated coastal zone management; It is suggested that the researchers study other involved and effective issues to identify and evaluate the effective criteria on integrated coastal zone management, which be helpful for amelioration management of the studied coastal areas through the reported algorithm.

Environmental Education (EE) is a broad concept that addresses a range of methodological, thematic, and audience issues. Over the past three decades, environmental educators have sought to provide distinctive goals, definitions, standards, and guidelines to help educators and facilitators understand how to differentiate environmental education from other educational practices and how to make it effective.Environmental education is a very important discipline for achieving sustainable development (SD), because it as been identified as the prerequisite for any effective and long-term action is to explain the principles, frameworks and principles to achieve sustainable development. One of the obstacles to the successful implemention of Sustainable Development Plan and achieving maximum effectiveness results is scattered, simple and incorrect perceptions of the concept of environmental education, its function and dimensions among people. Chapter Thirty-six of Agenda Twenty-One (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) introduces public participation as the introduction to sustainable development and public education as the introduction to participation. This transnational international document emphasizes that content must include environmental education and sustainable development.Many paragraphs of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development statement (Rio de Janeiro 2012) repeatedly emphasize that people are at the center of sustainable development and that member states must commit to providing environmental education in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. These trainings are vital because they promote the development of social capital and environmental insight, and expose people to a social transformation approach with their rights and responsibilities, and move from unsustainable one-dimensional economic development to far-reaching sustainable development.Despite the fact that books, articles, national and international transcendental documents in the field of environmental education are now available, a comprehensive definition of this concept to cover all theoretical and scientific aspects, and a theory or conceptual model that determines features, strategies, executive arms and results is not available. This study aimed to fill this gap and provide a comprehensive approach to the field of effective environmental education.

The present research has been done by documentary method with an explanatory-analytical approach. In this regard, the analysis of national and international documents, articles and books in the field of environmental education continued to the point of theoretical saturation. The findings of this study led to the presentation of clear theoretical and practical definitions of effective environmental education, and the presentation of the conceptual model of "effective environmental education". In this conceptual scheme, an attempt was made to integrate facts, descriptions, analyzes, and interpretations, and to clarify existing criticisms, characteristics, strategies, executive arms, and results of effective environmental education. Finally, suggestions were provided based on the findings.

Many experts believe that the best way to strengthen the values of the environment in society is to provide environmental education. In this regard, the present article has been done with the aim of creating a discourse and in response to the question of what is effective environmental education. Because education has a social and moral commitment, learning environmental teachings, provided they are applied and problem-oriented, leads to individual activism and a sense of responsibility and intergenerational commitment. Without striving for quality and efficient education to institutionalize ethical principles, achieving sustainable development will also be impossible.The results of this study are in line with the results of the World Conference "Science for the 21st Century, a New Commitment", which comprehensively examined the future orientation of science and education in communities and people's expectations. Therefore, effective education equipped with moral restraints or in other words "ethical education" is recommended.The results of this study indicated that in the theoretical dimension, effective environmental education could be defind an intertwined set of perceptions, interpretations and analyzes related to the process of transmitting insights, attitudes and active actions . In the executive dimension, effective environmental education includes categories such as macro planning by policy makers and officials, production of content and application of knowledge received by learners at different levels of society. Effective education can be policy-making, teaching and guidance, as well as conducting research.The authors of this study, along with Mehr Mohammadi (2013), who cites a problem called Hyperfactualism, as quoted by David Easton, argue that no organization wants a cluttered mass of information and an over-indulgence in facts unless in the form of an intellectual framework that enables people to study or ask better questions and interpret observations. In this regard, in the field of research in effective environmental education and to avoid the problem of hyper-realism, efforts were made to consolidate facts, descriptions, analyzes, interpretations and criticisms in the form of a comprehensive conceptual model, so that the characteristics, strategies, executive arms and the resuls of environmental education become more transparent.As shown in the conceptual model, effective environmental education has five characteristics, nine strategies and five executive arms; the interaction of all these cases will deliver effective environmental education. The result of effective environmental education is also shown in the development of learners' ecological identity, increasing social capital, educating ecological citizens and creating a platform for citizen participation in social management. Finally, due to the vastness of the field of environmental education research and the lack of research to theorize and provide conceptual models in this field, researchers and experts are advised to focus on each of the dimensions of effective environmental education in future research. Finally, recommendations were provided to all involved groups. For example, it is recommended to policy makers in scientific institutions to allocate parts of their expertise and budget to research projects that specifically focus on the basic principles of environmental education and research that seeks to increase the effectiveness of this process to achieve sustainability in quantitative and qualitative methods. Environmental facilitators in environmental education centers such as nature schools are advised to try to give learners the power of analysis by conveying a general and inferential view, so that they can make the right decisions in accordance with the principles of sustainability in various situations. Educators in all public and private institutions, organizations and agencies that are responsible for the serious task of environmental education are recommended to benefit from the experiences of others while sharing their experiences presenting articles, lectures and other formats.

Abstract Today, proper planning and comprehensive use of the environment is based on recognizing the potential of the land. The selection of recreational places such as tourism development should be based on ecological, social and economic components, no development will lead to sustainable development without proper studies and planning for development. Given the population growth and human need for recreational spaces, sometimes studies for tourism development seem necessary. Due to the importance of parks and green space in human life, in this study, appropriate locations for the development of natural tourism and optimal location for tourism development were measured and selected. For this purpose, from the method of global networks and criteria for selecting the location of the forest park, water resources, road access, landscape, climate, forest percentage, and topography were examined according to the conditions of the region. The sum of the scores per square showed that the score obtained by the squares is between 25 and 50 points. The result indicates the ability of the measured units to evaluate from inability to weak to develop recreation.

Studies for land use planning and allocation at all national, regional, regional and local levels is one of the levers of sustainable development. The environment is the most important component of human life. In a way, one of the most important challenges for governments in this century is environmental crises. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the right methods of ecological resource management with a sustainable development attitude. (Nakhaei et al. 2010). Urban green space provides a pleasant environment for urban dwellers with longevity, stress reduction, relaxation and sports opportunities, and allows them to connect with nature and engage in outdoor activities. In fact, green space and its use is of particular importance to planners. (Lee and Ghosh 2018, Chen 2017, Roland and Debrah 2014). A quiet environment, such as parks, waterfront areas and more Recreational spaces are an integral part of a city and are beneficial to the physical and mental health of individuals (Gupta et al. 2012). Studies on vegetation indicate the sign and its effects (Akpinar et al. 2016 and Yang 2009). Psychological studies have also shown this (Cutter et al. 2018).

Topographic map of Ardabil city, section 1, scale 1: 50,000 of the country's surveying organization and other required maps were prepared and based on the network method, the map was divided into square pieces. Based on the UTM lines on the topographic map, the square was selected and the length of each side of the square (dimensions of each side of the grid 12 cm on the map) was considered. (Barzeh Kar, AH, 1384). Finally, 20 evaluation units were obtained. Then, the effective factors in this method, which include (height difference to the region itself), the percentage of forest relative to the area, water resources, landscape and road, were identified and extracted from the topographic map. Analysis and identification of ecological resources was done in the units and scoring and scoring was done according to the criteria of forest park selection and the relevant ecological model using the network method. Also, using satellite images of Google Earth software and frequent field visits, the characteristics of the areas were reviewed and identified, and finally scoring was done and compared with the relevant model, and then recreable and non-recreable areas were separated. From the topographic map of scale 50000/1 of the country's surveying organization to prepare maps of height from the surface, extract information map of water resources and access routes and roads and to estimate the percentage of forest and canopy density from vegetation map information of scale 1.25000 The General Department of Natural Resources of Ardabil Province was used. Landscape information was also obtained through field visits and navigation and Google Eearth software. Recreational power assessment was performed based on the network ecotourism model in three steps. In the first room, physical resources such as (altitude, water resources, length of road per unit and access, topography) and biological data (vegetation) in the area were identified. And landscape information was reviewed by Google Earth field surveys and satellite imagery. Then, climate data were prepared and analyzed and summarized. In the final stage, in order to evaluate the ecological potential of the area to select the location for the forest park and recreation, the characteristics of the units were compared with the ecotourism model of the networks for the forest park location. And suitable units were determined for the development of recreation. In the first step, the structure of the network was described with the aim of evaluating the recreational potential of the region to select the location of the forest park. There is water, perspective and access. In the next level and the final stage, the total score of each unit measured in 5 classes is between 100-50 and quality classification in 5 classes. Table 1) and in the fourth level, suitable places for recreation and suitable areas for recreation development, after comparison with the following classes, were placed in several classes of powerlessness, weak power and medium power. Classes 3, 4, 5 indicate suitable places for tourism development.

In this study, in order to determine the potential of the land for the development of ecotourism activities, the networking method was used. And the results showed Table (2) - Most units do not have the capacity according to the network model to develop recreation. It should be borne in mind that any model for use in different areas may have advantages and limitations. In other words, the specific model of each region is a function of the specific conditions of that region. Therefore, with heavy field operations and complete and accurate knowledge of the characteristics of the area, the model should be determined so that the best and most accurate result in the evaluation can be achieved. This study showed that according to the results of this method, the degree of land quality for the development of recreation in the units is significantly different, so the place of recreation development should be determined along with studies. Given that people are the main beneficiaries of recreation areas, the manner and function of their choice of recreation space can be of great help to researchers in planning recreational projects. Recognizing the places where the density and pressure of the population is higher and the reason for this density makes it possible to properly evaluate and design the distribution of facilities and to transfer the pressure of recreational use to less visited places that Is one of the main objectives of this study and moderated the environmental damage caused by tourist density. One of the basic steps to promote the development of any country is the optimal use of all its resources with scientific management. Due to the increase in population and the need for recreational areas, it is sometimes necessary to identify areas prone to ecotourism use through ecological potential assessment studies. For this purpose, it is suggested to use newer evaluation methods. And the results of these researches should be compared with the previous methods and results, so that better results of land capability for the desired land use are of great importance. The need to protect and support areas with special habitats is more important than the development of tourism.

Environmental pollutants in industrial effluents such as organic dyes and other chemical compounds have many destructive effects on human health, other living organisms, and the ecosystem nature. Toxic dyes are considered a major source of global environmental pollution problems. So, research on the removal and reduction of these pollutants is of great interest. In this study, first, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose using high‐ intensity ultrasonication as a mechanical method without any chemical treatment and the use of acidic corrosive substances. Then Cu/nano cellulose (Cu/NCC) nanocomposite was synthesized using nanocrystalline cellulose as support and ascorbic acid and hydrazine as reducers. The structure of as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by various analyses such as ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and x-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The catalytic activity of the nanocomposite was investigated in the removal reaction of methyl orange (MO) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) organic pollutants. The results demonstrated the catalytic removal of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol in a short period (210-330 s) with a rate constant (0.0041 – 0.0063 s-1), respectively. The use of nanocrystalline cellulose as a substrate and ascorbic acid as a reducing agent in the synthesis process, which are environmentally friendly, and the appropriate catalyst efficiency, and reduction of dye removal time are the advantages of this work.

In today's life, due to changes in lifestyle and the industrialization of societies, the risk of increased environmental pollution, especially organic pollutants resulting from industrial effluents, threatens the health of humans and other living things. Accordingly, the effort to remove pollutants from industrial wastewaters has become one of the most important problems for many scientists around the world. Organic dyes are known as one of the most harmful and widely used pollutants in industrial effluents. Research has shown that 700,000 tons of dyes are produced every year, most of which are azo dyes - dyes with at least one azo group (R1 – N = N – R2) - is assigned (Ravikumar et al. 2018). Methyl orange as an azo anionic dye is the most widely used in the paper-making, printing, cosmetics, and dyeing industries. This dye is highly toxic, and due to its biodegradability, is one of the environmental hazards and has very destructive effects on human health and other organisms (Heidari & Aliramezani 2021; Ravikumar et al. 2018).4-Nitrophenol is one of the most widely used and resistant pollutants in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, paper production, petrochemicals, fungicides, pesticides, insecticides, preservatives, explosives, and dyes (Heidari & Karbalaee, 2019). Due to high toxicity, very high stability in the environment, and good solubility in water, compared to other phenol derivatives, it has many detrimental effects on the environment and the health of organisms. It causes severe irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. However, its reduced form, 4-aminophenol, is of great commercial importance as an intermediate for agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pigments, and other industrial products (Liu et al. 2016). On the other hand, using noble metal catalysts such as Au, Pt, Ag, Ni, due to their high catalytic activity and optimum selectivity, is very common. But the utilization of Cu due to the reasonable price, high efficiency, compatibility with the environment and body of living organisms, and very high stability has been suggested. (Jiang et al. 2018; Kgatle et al. 2020)In this work, nanocrystalline cellulose was produced from microcrystalline cellulose powder using a simple and green method without any toxic and common corrosive chemicals such as sulfuric acid. Copper metal composite based on nanocrystalline cellulose (Cu/NCC) was synthesized using ascorbic acid as a green reducing agent. It can be used as an effective catalyst in the catalytic reduction of organic pollutants of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol in an aqueous solution.

• Synthesis of nanocrystalline cellulose First, 3 g of microcrystalline cellulose powder was weighed and 100 ml of deionized water was added to it. The mixture was stirred magnetically for 24 hours at room temperature. After placing it in an ice bath in an ultrasonicator for 15 minutes, then place the suspended mixture in a centrifuge for 4000 rpm, and dry at 60 °C (Heidari & Karbalaee, 2019). • Synthesis of cellulose/copper nanocrystalline composite (Cu / NCC) 0.2 g of the nanocrystalline cellulose with 20 ml of deionized water was mixed for 20 minutes, then 40 ml of 0.1% copper sulfate and 1 ml of 0.02 M ascorbic acid was gradually added and refluxed in an oil bath at 110 °C. After 20 minutes, 2 ml of NaOH 2 M was added and reflux for another 20 minutes. After the second 20 minutes, 1 ml of 35% hydrazine was added to the solution drop by drop, and a sharp change in color from light green to brick was observed, The mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes. The precipitate was removed and placed in a vacuum oven at 60 ° C for 24 hours to dry completely. To obtain the nanocrystalline / copper (CuNP / NCC) product (Goswami & Das, 2018). • Catalytic reaction of cellulose/copper nanocomposite in the removal of organic pigments: 0.25 ml of organic dye (methyl orange, 4-nitrophenol), 20 mM and 0.25 mL of 5 mM sodium borohydride, and 19 mL of deionized water were mixed, then 44 mg of catalyst was added. The UVVis absorption spectra were recorded at a constant time interval (30 s).

In summary, nanocrystalline cellulose was prepared using ultrasonication without any chemical treatment method. It was used as green and biodegradable support for copper nanoparticles synthesis. As-prepared nanocomposites showed the high catalytic activity for the reduction of organic pollutants such as methyl orange (MO) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in a short time in the presence of excess sodium borohydride with pseudo-first-order kinetics. This nanocomposite as an environmentally friendly, green, and cost-effective catalyst expands the use of nanomaterials for environmental protection.

The role of the environment in human health has always been considered. The public places are part of the environment around the human being, which are important because of the role they have in the health of the individual and society. Hairdresser shops are among the public places where their sanitation and hygiene is important. Neglect to hygienic standards and the use of contaminated tools and equipment such as towels, brushes, razors, etc. can cause the transmission and spread of many diseases. In the last twenty years, hairdressing has undergone fundamental changes due to changes in the materials and techniques used and improved vocational training. The transmission of dangerous diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis was identified and considered. Hairdressers can spread diseases such as fungal infections (direct contact), head lice, staphylococcal, scabies (contaminated with towels, combs and aprons), hepatitis B and C, tetanus and AIDS (razor blade). In hairdressers, contact with skin irritants, frequent exposure to water, shampoos, conditioners, and some cleansers may also occur. In hairdressing salons, some chemicals are known to be allergenic and potentially carcinogenic. Sometimes in hairdressing salons, in addition to the usual activities, tasks such as mole removal and tattooing are performed, which can cause diseases such as warts and alopecia. Hairdressers are also one of the largest groups affected by occupational dermatitis. In general, blood-borne infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B and AIDS, are more important. A key factor in the transmission of hepatitis B, C, and even AIDS is razor-sharpening by hairdressers. Various factors are involved in the transmission of diseases through hairdressers, the most important of which are the lack of awareness of hairdressers about the principles and essentials of hygiene, lack of facilities and the provision of personal hairdressing equipment, Improper space and unsanitary beauty salons, lack of sensitivity in the operators and clients regarding the observance of hygienic principles of hairdressing, and failure to perform disinfection or incomplete disinfection. Sanitation and hygiene of hairdressers are very important to prevent the transmission of many diseases. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the health performance of women’s and men’s hairdressers in Baft city according to health indicators and infection transmission in 2019.

In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, the study population included all men's and women's hairdressers in Baft (38 women's hairdressers and 11 men's hairdressers) which were evaluated by census. The tools used in this study were the standard checklist extracted from the form of hairdressing regulations, which was completed in three sections: personal hygiene, building health and improvement, and hygiene of tools and equipment, and a total of 28 questions. Data were collected in collaboration with environmental health experts through direct observation and interviews with administrators. The questions had three options: "Compliance with regulations", "Non-compliance with regulations" and "Not applicable", each of which was assigned scores of 1, 1- and 0, respectively. Then, based on the total scores obtained in each section, the classification was done in three levels: favorable (score above 60%), average (score 30% to 60%) and unfavorable (score less than 30%). Statistical analysis of data was performed by Excel and SPSS software version 19 with a significance level of 0.05 (analytical statistics: Fisher's exact test, descriptive statistics: number and percentage of frequency). In order to observe ethics in the present study, the names of the centers under study were avoided; In addition, the inspections were carried out with the prior consent of the relevant authorities and centers and with the code of ethics IR.SIRUMS.REC.1399.032 from the Deputy of research and technology, Sirjan University of Medical Sciences. Personal hygiene status was undesirable in 36.8% and 36.4% of men's and women's hairdressers, respectively. In 40.82% of hairdressers, the use of public equipment was not prohibited. The hygiene status of tools and equipment was unsatisfactory in 42.1% and 45.5% of men's and women's hairdressers. Building hygiene was poor in 36.8% of women's and 27.3% of men's hairdressers. 20.41% of hairdressers were poorly ventilated. According to Fisher's exact test, no significant difference was observed between the health performance of male and female hairdresser’s shops in all three indicators including personal hygiene, building health and improvement, and hygiene of tools and equipment (P-value ˃ 0.05). It was indicated that both groups generally had relatively similar health functions. It can be due to the lack of quality of health education courses for operators and staff and subsequently the need for continuous monitoring of hairdressers and improving the quality of these train courses.

Achieving optimal health conditions is of particular importance due to its direct relationship with human health. Failure to follow the principles and disregard for hygienic standards in hairdressers can lead to problems and transmission of various infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and AIDS. The present study showed that there are shortcomings in the observance of health performance indicators in the studied hairdressers. Personal health status was reported to be unsatisfactory in 36.8% and 36.4% of men's and women's hairdressers, respectively. In 40.82% of hairdressers, the ban on the use of common equipment was not observed, and the health status of tools and equipment was unsatisfactory in 42.1% and 45.5% of men's and women's hairdressers. Building hygiene was unsatisfactory in 36.8% of women's hairdressers, 27.3% of men's hairdressers, and 20.41% of hairdressers lacked proper ventilation. The results of statistical analysis and Fisher's exact test showed that in all three areas of personal hygiene, tool and equipment hygiene, and building improvement and building hygiene, there is no significant relationship between men's and women's hairdressers (P˃0.05). The shortcomings in three indicators of environmental health status, showed the need for continuous monitoring of hairdressers and improving the quality of health education courses for operators. Prohibition of the use of common devices is recommended due to the possibility of disease transmission. To prevent respiratory problems caused by the use of chemicals and dyes, proper ventilation also seemed necessary.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the health, safety and environment indices of parks and ranking the effective indices in the management of health, safety and environment in Rasht based on their importance. At first, the effective indices including 9 safety indices, 6 health indices and 6 environmental indices, were prepared in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed with interviews with experts in the field of management and design of parks and green spaces. Cronbach’s alpha is measured as an index of reliability, the value of Cronbach’s alpha was 0.85 in this study. It shows questionnaires are reliable. Finally, the indices were ranked based on parks using the TOPSIS method. The results showed that in general, the women's park was ranked first in terms of safety indices, Tohid Park was ranked first in terms of health indices and Mafakher Park was ranked first in terms of environmental indices. The total ranking of parks in Rasht based on safety, health and environmental indices showed that the women's park is in the first rank, Tohid and Mafakher parks are in the second and third ranks, respectively.

Population growth, the proliferation of motor vehicles, the rise of industry, and the life of human societies in general, along with growing technology, are among the causes of abnormal noise that causes noise pollution. The effects of noise pollution are harmful and threaten the health of living organisms, especially humans. Industrial development improves the quality of human life, which in the absence of proper and accurate control, causes environmental pollution.With the mechanization of life, noise pollution has penetrated the most private parts of citizens' lives. This has been particularly effective for high-risk groups such as children, the elderly, pregnant women, and the mentally ill. Therefore, it is clear that today in urban life, we are witnessing the occurrence of environmental pollutants such as noise pollution, which is currently one of the most important environmental pollution affecting the health of citizens. In recent years, noise pollution has always been one of the main concerns of living in urban environments and has affected the quality of life of people around the world. Noise pollution is known as one of the factors affecting the quality of human life.Environmental pollution has attracted more and more global attention in the last three decades. Meanwhile, the issue of noise pollution in cities in most countries, is a global problem that is considered an important category to determine the quality of life of citizens. With these descriptions, it can be said that this phenomenon is clearly visible a serious risk factor, especially in the crowded and noisy intersections of the city. On the other hand, the situation of noise pollution and its influential components in busy and crowded squares and intersections can be an income for the gradual organization of the relevant problems. However, this problem is a long-standing and obvious problem in cities, especially in busy intersections. These squares and intersections have not been examined as they should be and perhaps in terms of noise pollution status in order to have specific reactions in proportion to the load of noise pollution and the reflection of its effects. And it is not clear which of the city's intersections has more noise pollution than the other to prioritize intervention for planning and management to reduce this phenomenon. Therefore, in "Study", the situation of noise pollution in squares and busy intersections of Ardabil in three specific time intervals during the day has been investigated.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The required information has collected in the form of field studies and the use of questionnaires, interviews, observations and library-documentary studies according to the nature of the problem and the purpose of the research. In order to assess the situation of noise pollution during three different hours in squares and central and busy intersections of Ardabil city, different components were selected. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of Ardabil, which has 525,702 people, of which 382 people were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula. In order to increase the accuracy of the work, a total of 420 questionnaires were distributed and completed by stratified random sampling method (70 questionnaires for each of the selected fields). The results of calculating the Cronbach's alpha test for a questionnaire of 0.823 were obtained, which indicates the high reliability of the research tool.All data processing steps were performed with Excel and SPSS software, and finally measuring and determining the time of noise pollution at different hours in the range The study was conducted using Friedman test, which has a high scientific validity in this field. Since it is appropriate to use Friedman test for intra-group designs (dependent samples), so in the present study, Friedman test has been used. This means that the Friedman test is a generalized Wilcoxon test and is the nonparametric equivalent of the repeated measures test. In this test, we have a group of people or subjects who have been assessed in at least two situations or two different time periods. The goal is to compare changes in scores (median) over several (2 or more) situations or time periods. Researchers generally use this test to rank or prioritize.

Environmental pollution has attracted more and more global attention in the last three decades. Meanwhile, the issue of noise pollution in cities in most countries, is a global problem that is considered as an important category to determine the quality of life of citizens. Since the pollution situation in different squares is not the same, for this purpose, recognizing the severity and weakness of this problem in each of the squares and intersections of the city and the variables affecting it can improve the performance and better decision of city managers in Have the above dilemma. Therefore, in Study 2, the situation of noise pollution in squares and busy intersections of Ardabil in three specific time intervals during the day has been investigated. Based on the status of noise pollution by components affecting it and according to the results of the implementation of Friedman test extracted from the questionnaire, the highest level of pollution in Shariati Square and then the market in the third period and the lowest level of pollution in all 3 time periods. Sarein station is dedicated. In view of the problem in order to reduce and control noise pollution in the studied squares and intersections, the following solutions are proposed:The most important and practical action in this field is voice control. Because the highest amount of noise pollution in these areas is due to the movement of cars and motorcycles; Culture-building to avoid any noise pollution through the media in the field of familiarity with the rights and duties of citizenship; Strengthen the green cover of the range; Designing and proposing the withdrawal of new street constructions and the creation of a green terrace; Encourage people to use public transportation or bicycles and walk, organize the location of stations and vehicle stops and paths leading to intersections; Use of urban furniture resistant to atmospheric factors to eliminate abnormal noises; Use of sound barriers such as vertical walls with wood, plaster, glass, concrete, stone, tall and wide metals suitable for street spaces; Construction of green space; Increasing the level of urban green space, especially trees, to reduce pollution and consequently prevent physical and mental complications in residents.

Grape is a creeping plant that has ivy in front of some of its leaves. France, Italy and Germany are among the most important grape producing countries in Europe, and Iran is one of the most important centers for grape production and cultivation in the world due to its favorable geographical and climatic conditions. Grape fruit is divided into two types, seeded and seedless, each of which is found in different colors of red, yellow, black and almost green. In areas where the maximum temperature is not more than 40 degrees Celsius and the minimum temperature is not less than 15 degrees Celsius below zero, grape fruit grows better. Grapes are made from raisins, jellies, raisins, jams, vinegar and juice, and various products are made from grape seeds. This product is a good source of potassium, fiber and a variety of vitamins and other minerals. Is. According to available reports, there are about 800 to 1000 grape cultivars in Iran, and some of these cultivars are of great economic importance, especially for fresh consumption and preparation of raisins. In Iran, edible grapes are of the genus Winifra, and in addition, there are two types of Labrosca grapes, which are scattered in the north of the country, and wild grapes of the subspecies Westeris in the northern forests and wetlands of the Zagros Mountains. Grapes are widely distributed in terms of climate and have recently been cultivated in temperate and tropical regions in all parts of the world. By recognizing grape cultivars before fruit growth, it is an effective step in determining the purpose and use of the harvest product, in the meantime, the type of grape cultivar can be identified using new post-harvest technologies. One of these methods is to use an electronic nose to identify volatile compounds in grape leaves and to identify its cultivar. Electronic nose has been used in extensive research to identify and classify food and agricultural products.

First, 3 varieties of grape leaves were obtained from vineyards located in Bonab city of West Azerbaijan province. These 3 cultivars were: Jovini, Aq Shaliq and Qara Shaliq. 200 grams of each of these leaves were prepared. After preparing leaves from different grape cultivars, first the samples were placed in a closed container (sample container) for 1 day to saturate the container space with the aroma of grape leaves, then the sample containers were used for data collection with the case of the electronic nose.In this research, an electronic nose made in the Department of Biosystem Engineering of Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. This device uses 9 low-power metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor sensors.The sample chamber was connected to the electronic nose and data collection was performed. The data collection was done by first passing clean air through the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to clear the sensors of odors and other gases. The sample odor was then sucked out of the sample chamber by the pump for 100 seconds and directed to the sensors, and finally fresh air was injected into the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to prepare the device for repetition and subsequent tests. 30 replicates were considered for each sample.The study began with the chemometrics method with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect the output response of the sensors and reduce the data dimension. In the next step, linear detection analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to classify 3 grape cultivars. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the simplest multivariate methods and is known as an unsupervised technique for clustering data by groups. It is usually used to reduce the size of the data and the best results are obtained when the data are positively or negatively correlated with each other.Linear Detection Analysis (LDA) is the most common monitored technique for separating samples into predetermined categories. This technique selects independent data variables to differentiate the sample that is to follow the normal distribution. The LDA is based on linear classification functions in which intergroup variance is maximized and intragroup variance is minimized.

The scores diagram (Figure 2) shows the total variance of the data equal to PC-1 (82%) and PC-2 (11%), respectively, and the first two principal components constitute 93% of the total variance of the normalized data. When the total variance is above 90%, it means that the first two PCs are sufficient to explain the total variance of the data set. Grape cultivars are well differentiated by PCA method. Therefore, it can be concluded that e-Nose has a good response to the smell of grape leaves and grape cultivars can be distinguished from each other, which shows the high accuracy of the electronic nose in detecting the smell of different products. The correlation loadings plot diagram can show the relationships between all variables. The loading diagram (Figure 3) shows the relative role of the sensors for each principal component. The inner ellipse shows 50% and the outer ellipse shows 100% of the total variance of the data. The higher the loading coefficient of a sensor, the greater the role of that sensor in identifying and classifying. Therefore, the sensors located on the outer circle have a greater role in data classification and it is clear that the three sensors TGS2620, TGS822 and TGS813 have played an important role in identifying grape cultivars from their leaf aroma.LDA and SVM methods were used to identify and differentiate grape cultivars based on the output response of sensors. Unlike the PCA method, the LDA method can extract multi-sensor information to optimize resolution between classes. Therefore, this method was used to detect 3 grape cultivars based on the output response of sensors. The results of detection of cultivars were equal to 100% and also the accuracy of SVM method for detection of 3 grape cultivars was equal to 83.33% (Figures 4 and 5).In this study, an electronic nose with 9 metal oxide sensors was used to identify and differentiate grape cultivars using their leaf aroma. Chemometrics methods including PCA, LDA and SVM were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex data using electronic sensor array. The electronic nose has the ability to be used and exploited as a fast and non-destructive method to distinguish grape cultivars from leaf odor. Using this method in identifying grape cultivars will be very useful for consumers, especially processing units and food industries in order to select appropriate cultivars.

Over the past few decades, the pattern of food consumption in many countries of the world has been influenced by lifestyle changes. One of the most prominent is the increase in food consumption outside the home. Food hygiene and its distribution areas have been considered, because the slightest negligence leads to many problems for the individual and society. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers foodborne diseases to be one of the most important problems in the contemporary world, which is increasing in developed and developing countries. The rise of foodborne illness around the world has led to widespread government efforts to improve food safety and health. The major part of food contamination is in the stages of preparation, storage, transportation, distribution and also under the influence of individual, physical and functional factors of food preparation and distribution centers, which monitor food hygiene in these steps can prevent diseases and health problems. Environmental health indicators of food preparation and distribution centers should always be considered because of the direct relationship with the health of consumers. Today, health training courses are held with the aim of increasing the level of awareness of food supply center operators and consequently reducing the incidence of health problems and foodborne illnesses. One of the goals of health education is to prevent health problems and achieve desirable individual and collective behaviors in relation to health issues and affairs. Given the importance of the role of health education, it seems that holding efficient training courses can effectively help improve the health performance of food preparation and distribution center operators. In various studies, the role of education in the attitude and behavior of different groups has been studied, but so far no study has been conducted to evaluate the usefulness of health courses held for all public places and food preparation and distribution centers and accurate information not available in this case. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of implementing health courses for food services staff regarding health indicators.

The statistical population of the study was all food preparation and distribution centers in Baft city, including 8 restaurants and 15 food preparation and distribution centers. All of them were surveyed by census in the present descriptive cross-sectional study. Inclusion criteria included activities as a center for cooking and food distribution regardless of whether or not to pass a health course. The data collection tool was a checklist extracted from the form of the regulations of the health regulations of food preparation and distribution centers and public places in three sections: personal hygiene, building health and improvement, and hygiene of tools and equipment. The work was done in a total of 42 questions. The checklists were completed by researchers in collaboration with environmental health experts and in the form of field observations and interviews with relevant officials. Each of the questions included three options: "Compliance with regulations", "Non-compliance with regulations" and "Does not apply", each of which was assigned scores of 1, 1- and 0, respectively. In each of these cases, the scores were collected and according to these scores, classification was performed at three levels: favorable (above 60%), moderate (30% to 60%), and unfavorable (less than 30%). Findings were statistically analyzed by Excel and SPSS software version 19 and the significance level was 0.05 (analytical statistics: Fisher's exact test, descriptive statistics: number and frequency percentage). In order to observe the ethics of the research, ethics code was obtained IR.SIRUMS.REC.1399.024 from the esteemed deputy of research and technology of Sirjan University of Medical Sciences. The results of the present study showed that about half of the restaurants had poor personal health status and among the items examined, the personal hygiene index of restaurants was the lowest value related to passing the guild training course, so that only 37.5% of The waiters, workers and employees of the restaurants had passed the guild training course (Figure 1). In the present study, about 87% of employees of restaurants and ready-to-eat food preparation and distribution centers had health cards. Although based on the information in Figure 1, in general, the state of personal hygiene in restaurants in the city of Baft was assessed as weaker than ready-made food distribution and distribution centers and personal hygiene was reported to be good in only 12.5% of restaurants (Table 1). Based on the results of the statistical test, there was no significant difference between personal hygiene in restaurants and ready-to-eat food preparation and distribution centers (P = 0.152). Regarding the status of the building improvement and hygiene index, unlike restaurants (Figure 2), among the food preparation and distribution centers, the lowest score was related to the optimal storage conditions for perishable food, of which only 40% were in good condition. As shown in Table 2, based on Fisher's exact test, no significant difference was observed between the training of guilds and personal hygiene, building improvement and hygiene, and hygiene of tools and equipment in the food preparation and distribution centers (P˃0.05) which shows that the training courses does not have much effect on the performance of these centers and more efforts are needed to increase the efficiency of these courses.

Achieving optimal health conditions in restaurants and ready-to-eat food preparation and distribution centers is of special importance due to its direct relationship with people's health. The research showed that in some cases, there are shortcomings in personal hygiene, hygiene of tools and equipment, improvement and building hygiene, and some parameters do not have favorable conditions. About half of the restaurants had poor personal hygiene, and only 37.5% of restaurant attendants, workers and employees had received guild training. 12.5% and 60% of restaurants and ready-to-eat food preparation and distribution centers, respectively, had poor building hygiene. The health status of tools and equipment was unsatisfactory in 62.5% of restaurants and 26.7% of food preparation and distribution centers. Based on the results obtained from Fisher's exact test, no significant difference was observed between passing the guild training course and performance in all three sections of personal hygiene, tool hygiene, improvement and building hygiene (P˃0.05). Therefore, holding classes in the current way does not have a significant impact on improving the performance of restaurants and ready-to-eat food preparation and distribution centers, and improving the quality of these courses requires more attention from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in monitoring centers. Relevant, in particular, is cooperation and partnership to improve the quality of trade union training and thus promote public health and prevention of foodborne illness.

The increasing pace of change in the early decade of the 21st century has led to the emergence of an age of uncertainty and an environment full of opportunities and threats to today's complex systems. In this volatile and rapidly changing environment, traditional planning tools such as outsourcing, forecasting, and foresight alone will not work for the medium to long term. In fact, it should be said that the current problems of human society due to the lack of accurate knowledge of the future in the past on the one hand and astonishing developments in technology along with the accelerating process of globalization on the other hand, recognizing future developments and striving for architecture is necessary and avoided. Zanjan province has experienced rapid growth in the number of urban population, number of urban settlements and economic activities in the last 4 decades. Due to the challenges of the natural and environmental structure of the province, including the province in semi-arid and arid conditions, exploitation of mines and economic, development activities and the spread of pollution, reduction of some animal species, destruction of biological resources, severe soil erosion, harvest unprincipled sources of water resources and destruction of riverbeds, etc. make it necessary to conduct research on the environmental status of the province in the next few years based on the current situation and future forecasts based on scientific methods. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main and influential factors on the environment of Zanjan province and finally select the most appropriate scenario and help reduce environmental problems in the future by evaluating the available information and documents in the field of environment and based on land management. Has been.

Method of the present study is combination of library, documentary and survey methods and in terms of nature is based on futures research methods. Gathering information about the environmental status of the province is based on land management studies and analysis of the environmental status of the province and preparing maps related to ArcGIS software using the layers in the province. In this study, influential factors were determined according to the opinion of experts and specialists and using a questionnaire in the form of Delphi method (Delphi technique) and to analyze the research information, the method of interaction analysis was selected. MICMAC software was also used to analyze the effect of factors on each other and also Scenario Wizard software was used to perform scripting calculations. In this study, using the Delphi method, a questionnaire was prepared in two stages. In the first stage, the questionnaire was designed as an open-ended question and was provided to experts (25 experts) and they were asked to identify the effective factors in the environment of Zanjan province in the central issues, taking into account various and comprehensive areas, including economic. , Introduce social, cultural, political and environmental. The result was the extraction of 53 possible factors affecting the environment of Zanjan province. In the second stage, after identifying the effective factors, the variables were entered into the interaction analysis matrix, and then the standard interaction analysis questionnaire was provided to the experts. The calculated indirects were analyzed and after identifying the effective factors and uncertainties, finally the final key factors identified as the main underlying factors in the scenario were used. As a result, by preparing favorable and credible scenarios, strategies for the environmental situation of Zanjan province have been stated.

In order to analyze the future of environmental research in Zanjan province, first through Delphi method and focus groups and based on the discussions in the theoretical and methodological frameworks and environmental challenges of the province, the opinions of experts in the field of environment through an open questionnaire, 53 effective factors in the environment. Biology of Zanjan province was extracted. Then, by placing these factors in a matrix of 53 by 53, the effect of each of these factors on each other was determined in the form of a questionnaire. The results show that the environment is more dependent on the human factor and legal structure than anything else. As laws and regulations and environmental management have an important role in the future environment of the province, in the next stage, economic and investment structures are effective. On the other hand, the natural environment and natural areas have the most direct impact in the future, in the second stage, all types of environmental pollution are affected. Then the fields of agriculture and natural resources are the most affected. In general, it can be inferred that human factors are the most influential and natural factors and natural resources are the most influential. Based on the results, it was determined that one of the most important factors in the future of Zanjan province's environment with a landscaping approach is Zanjan province's environmental management and the economic situation of the province and the country, which as two driving forces can affect the future of Zanjan province's environment. Give. These two forces were identified as the axes of the scenario, based on which three scenarios with the titles of the first scenario (marigold) - economic stability - integrated environmental management of the province, the second scenario (in search of spring) - economic stability - lack of integrated environmental management Biology of the province and the third scenario (spring death) - economic instability - lack of integrated management of the province's environment were developed.According to the the lack of selected certainties and the main axes of the scenario, three scenarios for the future environment of Zanjan province were conceived. In the most favorable scenario, we will face economic stability and integrated environmental management of the province. In this scenario, the situation of environmental indicators will increase and the province will develop in all environmental areas. Public participation and capacity building will also increase in this scenario. In fact, this scenario shows the optimal environmental situation of Zanjan province. In the second scenario, when economic stability and lack of integrated environmental management prevail in the province, the scenario of parts of the environment, including the protection of natural areas and endangered species due to lack of management costs and human resources are most affected. In general, in this scenario, the environmental situation of the province will be degraded in some sectors and will be protected in some sectors. In the latest scenario, which is faced with economic instability and lack of integrated environmental management, all sectors of the environment, including the protection of natural and endangered species, polluting industries and urban and rural waste management, are most affected. In general, in this scenario, the environmental situation of the province will be destroyed in all sectors.

Apple is one of the most important trees in temperate and cold regions, which has attracted many consumers due to its pleasant flavor and high economic value. Traditional apple micropropagation by methods such as cuttings and seed cultivation have disadvantages such as dispersal of traits, hard rooting, spending more time growing, over-consumption of chemical fertilizers, and contamination with a variety of pests and diseases. Glass has partially solved these problems and has created breeding plants, free from diseases and pests and high and strong growth rate. The apple tree (Malus x domestica L.) is one of the most important seed plants of the Rosaceae family in cold and temperate regions of the world. A number of apple varieties are used as a base, one of the most common of which is the MM106 rootstock due to its good compatibility with different apple cultivars. The study of apple characteristics in in vitro conditions has been considered by many researchers due to the precise control of environmental conditions. The use of cytokinins is generally accepted as one of the essential strategies for branch proliferation in plant tissue culture.

The plant materials used in this study were prepared from the young and growing branches of three-year-old apple trees MM106 in Tabriz, Khalatpooshan Research Center of Tabriz University. The prepared branches were transferred to the laboratory with a length of 15 to 20 cm and were divided into small pieces of 1 to 1.5 cm, in which there was at least one bud in each cut piece. After disinfection, the specimens were branched under the hood with a binocular loop. Murashig Skog (MS) basal culture medium was used in this study. Explants are the most important source of infection in plant tissue culture. The disinfection step is performed to remove most bacterial and fungal infections. After splitting into smaller pieces, the young shoots were washed with running water for 5 minutes and then disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes and 70% ethanol for 5 minutes and then sterilized 3 times with distilled water. Laminar hoods were washed. After disinfection under the hood and using binocular loops, the explants were cultured at the tip of the branch and the buds were transferred to the culture medium containing MS and growth regulators after scaling. The number of shoots per experimental unit indicating fertility was obtained by counting emerging lateral shoots.Bradfor method was used to determine the concentration of total soluble proteins. In this method, first 0.5 g of each leaf sample was crushed and crushed by liquid nitrogen in a Chinese mortar and then 50 mg of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was added to each sample. Then 1.5 ml of potassium phosphate buffer (pH = 7) containing sodium metabisulfide (0.019 g per 100 ml of buffer) was added and the contents of the mortar were transferred to 2 ml microtubes and placed in a refrigerated centrifuge at 15000 rpm. Minutes at 4 ° C for 20 minutes. The samples were then slowly removed from the refrigerator and 500 μl of the top phase of the extract was mixed with 175 μl of 50% glycerol and the resulting solution was transferred to 2000 μl microtubes and stored in a freezer at -80 ° C. To read the protein adsorption reading, 20 μl of the extract was mixed with 500 μl of Bradford solution and 2 minutes after adding the extract to the Bradford solution were read using a spectrophotometer based on spectroscopy at 595 nm. Factorial experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design. The number of roots per experimental unit, which indicates the percentage of rooting, was obtained by counting emerging roots. The diameter of the branches was measured using a digital caliper and the measurements were expressed in millimeters. The length of the branches was measured using a ruler and the sizes were expressed in centimeters and then recorded using data analysis software. The fresh weight of the samples was measured on a scale of three zeros after being taken out of the culture medium, then to determine the dry weight, it was transferred to a dryer containing infrared light (to preserve the material and color of the sample) and measured using a scale. Calculations were performed by SPSS statistical software at a probability level of 5% and graphs were drawn by Excel software.

This study studied the effect of BAP and TDZ cytokines on proliferation and creating a suitable environment for MM106 apple tissue culture in a completely randomized design with three replications. Each experimental replicate consisted of five planted branch tips. After collecting the samples from the apple orchards of Khalatpooshan Research Station and disinfecting them with 70% ethanol, the microsamples were transferred to MS medium containing two concentrations of 0.5 and 0.6 mg BAP and 0.2 and 0.4 mg TDZ. The results showed that the suitable culture medium for Plastochron MM106 index was 0.4 mg TDZ and 0.6 mg BAP (number of leaves with average leaf 1.87). The effect of TDZ and BAP treatment on MM106 apples was significant at 1 and 5% probability levels, respectively. The highest fertility index was 0.4 mg / l TDZ and 0.3 mg / l BAP and the lowest fertility index belonged to the control (Figure 2). In this experiment, the leaves formed per shoot were counted in seven-day time sequences for 2 months. Plastocron index or time required for the emergence of each leaf, which indicates the degree of fertility and organ production. The results showed that the effect of TDZ and BAP treatment on MM106 apple was significant at 5% probability level. The highest amount of plastocron index was 0.4 mg / l TDZ and 0.6 mg / l BAP and the lowest selectivity index belonged to the control (Figure 3). The results of determination of soluble proteins showed that TDZ and BAP treatment on apple rootstock was significant at 5% probability level. The amount of total soluble protein in the treatment of 0.2 mg / l TDZ and 0.6 mg / l BAP on MM106 apple was significantly higher compared to other treatments. The lowest ratio of total soluble protein content was related to the 0.3 mg / L BAP treatment (Figure 4).

Salt stress is one of the most critical factors impacting plant growth and yield. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of salt stress on grain yield and some agronomic traits of canola (Brassica napus L.). Five spring canola cultivars including Sarigol, Delgan, Zaffar, Zarfam and RGS003 were selected and treated with 6% and 20% sodium chloride. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was performed. Main effects of cultivar, NaCl stress and interaction of NaCl stress × cultivar in all agronomic traits were significant at 0.01 probability level. The highest and the lowest seed yield was found in Delgan and Zarfam, respectively. The highest thousand-seed weight of Sarigol, Delgan, Zaffar and RGS003 was found in the control condition while in Zarfam cultivar was found under 6% NaCl treatment. In Sarigol and Zarfam cultivars the largest number of pods were found under 20% and %6 of NaCl treatments. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that grain weight per pod and number of pods per plant had the highest effect on grain yield and explained 95% of grain yield variations. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis showed that four factors explained 80.81% of total variations. The first factor explained 36.07% of total variance and was named as an effective factor on vegetation growth. The second factor explained 16.28% of the variation and was identified as the grain yield and its components factor. In this research, Sarigol cultivar was introduced as the most tolerant cultivar due to the highest grain yield under NaCl stress conditions.

Biological rehabilitation is an effective way in preventing desertification process. Saxaul trees have distributed in Central Asia including Iran. It is a psammophyte species, and grows in sandy deserts, on sand dunes. This species is drought resistance, wind, salinity and limited nitrogen. So, it is widely planted to rehabilitate the arid areas in Iran since 1955. Water scarcity is going to be the major global issue. Supplying water in arid climates is the first step in tree planting. Therefore, different irrigation techniques were considered to invent new water supplying methods for Haloxylon. Ammodendron seedlings. The average annual rainfall in the study area (Sejzi Plain) is about 99 mm and annual evaporation is 1675 mm. The wind speed varies from 1 to 16 m/s. The experimental treatments were considered in a completely randomized design with five replications. Suitable water supplying techniques for saxaul sapling in these arid conditions based on the results are; pitcher irrigation, aquasorb usage, surface stone coverage and Plastic isolation of the planting pits, respectively, as compared with the normal planting and watering. The saplings irrigated with the pitcher technique as the most efficient way show 84 % higher length and 88% greater canopy diameter.