نشریه آمایش سیاسی فضا
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، پاییز 1400)

One of the most important factors in the economic development of countries is the growth of the foreign sector of the international economy and trade. In other words, having extensive trade exchanges is one of the main factors of the economic growth of countries. In this regard, one of the new topics in the field of organizations is the application of the concepts of digitalization and information technology in the management of service and production organizations which take place in the fourth industrial revolution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the current situation of Iranchr('39')s customs in terms of the components of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The current study is applied research because in addition to the scientific aspect, it will also have a practical aspect for companies and organizations, especially customs. In terms of method, the present study is quantitative research examining the current situation, the obtained data are classified into seven main categories: Utilization of modern technologies, facilities and infrastructure, cooperation and interaction, policies and laws, management and planning, international and external factors and the structure of the organization. The results showed that the current situation of customs has been favorable in terms of the components of the fourth industrial revolution.

Revolution is one of the great social developments, the effects of which are very tangible and very effective in changing the political arrangement of the public space of societies. The main purpose of this study is a comparative study of the position of leadership in the classic revolutions and protest movements in the Middle East and North Africa called the Arab Spring with emphasis on the role of leadership. This article question is that “what is the difference between the classic revolutions and the recent uprisings of the Islamic-Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa in terms of the role of leadership in their formation and leadership?” The present study, which is descriptive-analytic in nature and the required data and information are collected in a library method using the teachings of revolutionary theories and political mobilization, as well as the teachings of charismatic leadership in Max Weberchr('39')s views, is based on this hypothesis that due to the lack of a leadership component, the protest movements in the Middle East and North Africa could not be as effective in the political planning of their surrounding space as in the classic revolutions. The findings also show that the leadership model is an important and decisive element in the success and failure of a revolution, and the multiplicity of leadership, the weak social base of leaders, the instability of the leadership and their different interpretations in protest movements in the Middle East and North Africa have only led to crisis and constant instability in the political space of the countries involved.

Détente as a policy seeks for decreasing tensions in foreign relations between states. Although there are lots of variables affecting the mentioned policy, this article basically concentrates on the role and status of military power in détente. The main argument is: there was a clear correlation between military power and détente in the Cold War era (especially between the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the two superpower) but in the post-Cold War era, we cannot see such a correlation between these variables, which means there has been substantial change in the correlation between military power and the détente policy. This research shows that, due to changes in the international system on the one hand, and an evolution in state attitudes towards the nature of power on the other, the role and status of military power has declined in the détente policy between states in the post-Cold War era.

Urban management governance is stated when it is intended to form in the city administration by facilitating the process, creating and increasing the participation of citizens in urban management framework. At this point, an assessment of urban management frameworks is imported and used. Challenges occur when evaluating these frameworks to enter extraordinary components. With these interpretations, the main problem in the metropolitan city of Tehran is the expediency in urban governance. The main question is that “what is the role of expediency in urban management which aims to facilitate the participation of citizens in the city? In this research, the PROMETHEE method was recognized as one of the best decision-making methods. The why of choosing this method is that it considers several criteria for comparing methods. Some of these criteria include ease of use, interpretation of the parameters, the sustainability of the results, the level of user interaction with the model and the ease of understanding the results. The framework of the urban administration framework of Tehran is composed of 14 main components and 53 sub-components, which is based on 14 main components including accountability, transparency, participation, effectiveness, equality, sustainability, observation and planning, legitimacy and bureaucracy, civil capacity, service provision, efficient economics, communication, communication, security, and expediency. The component of the expediency, giving the conditions of the status of Iranchr('39')s sovereignty, has shown a completely significant effect.

The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the function of civil divisions in the implementation of spatial planning plans in Kermanshah province. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the research is applied. The present study is based on the findings of a questionnaire taken from 218 specialized citizens of Kermanshah province (professors and students of political geography, spatial planning and regional planning) and the structural analysis model for confirmatory factor analysis is used to analyze the data. Based on the estimation of standardized coefficients of the structural and model based on the confirmatory factor analysis of the research and the level of significance (α = 0.068) obtained in the diagram, spatial consistency indices and corresponding information with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.84, proportionality of administrative-executive frameworks with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.90, the resource efficiency and territorial capacities with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.97 are effective. Among the components of efficiency of territorial resources and capacities, the degree of unity and social cohesion of the population groups of the province to advance development goals with 0.77, among the appropriateness of administrative-executive frameworks of land management programs, arrangement and rational establishment of national divisions (Cities, districts, etc.), in terms of the arrangement of ethnic and religious groups in order to optimally implement the provincechr('39')s spatial planning plans with a direct score of 0.65 and among the components of the division of space and related information, the zoning component within the province based official criteria within the province with a direct effect of 0.79 had the greatest impact on the implementation of spatial planning.

With the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Islamic ideological discourse as the most important element in the discursive field of the discourse of modernism was able to articulate with other sub-discourses and according to its capabilities, credibility and populism was able to bring the transcendence of their discourse to the foreground in comparison with the dominant discourse and especially in relation to rival discourses. This new discourse with the creation of a new ideal space emerged as a discourse of hegemony and created a dominant political construction in this period in the history of Iran. What further led to the hegemony of this Islamic ideological discourse over rival discourses, along with Ayatollah Khomeinichr('39')s charisma, was the adoption of a strategy right under the guise of a policy of solidarity between different groups in the sense that Laclau and Mouffe envisioned. It signifies the creation of an organic alliance between groups, parties, organizations, and the masses with the aim of turning social affairs into political ones. This study deals with a fundamental approach and using an analytic-descriptive method i.e discourse analysis, investigates the dominance of Islamic ideological discourse over the political construction of space in the first decade of the revolution. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between space, power and discourse in the Foucaultian sense and its effect on the political construction of space. The central signifier of this discourse is the Islamic ideology that emerged in opposition to and in the negation of the centrality of the previous discourse, Western modernism. Also, the space-place notion in which this discourse is manifested is the Islamic nation where the element of land is eliminated and extended to the realm of the world, instead.