فصلنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی
پیاپی 51 (پاییز 1400)

Many studies have investigated the effect of exercise on diabetes-related factors. The main purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of continuous and Interval endurance training on glycemic factors in type 2 diabetic patients in a systematic and meta-analysis review of Iranian studies. In the present study, databases of ScienceDirect, Scopus, science of the Web, SID, Magiran, and Scholar with special keywords. After initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated and Inclusion criteria were articles that were analyzed. Two hundred thirty-one articles were reviewed and 25 articles met the criteria for systematic review and meta-analysis. Accordingly, 908 diabetic patients were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups, respectively: 494 and 414. The mean age of the subjects in the present study was 50 years. The results showed that both interval and continuous exercise improved glucose indexes. (p = 0.001% CI = -1.24 -0.86, Z = -10) and insulin (p = 0.001; SE = 0.18, 95% CI = -1.62 -0.917, Z = -7) and insulin resistance (p = 0.001; SE = 0.05, 95% CI = -0.34 -0.13, Z = -4.52). There was a significant difference between continuous and interval exercise on glucose and insulin levels (p= 0.002 and p = 0.0001). But there was no difference in insulin resistance (p = 0.42). Continues and interval endurance training improves blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance levels. Interval training is more effective in improving glycemic index, although further studies and higher quality are still needed.

Due to the antioxidant effect of exercise and Urtica dioica(UD),the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these interventions on changes in blood glucose and necrotic cells in the CA3 region of the type 1 diabetic rat hippocampus.In this study,76 Wistar rats were divided into healthy(control,exercise,UD,UD-exercise) and diabetes (control, exercise,UD,UD-exercise)groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(45mg/kg) and 48 hours after injection, blood glucose levels above 300mg/dl were the criteria for confirmation of diabetes.After confirmation of diabetes, endurance exercise protocol with moderate-intensity(5days/week)and daily gavage of hydro alcoholic extract of Urtica dioica was performed at 50mg/kg for six weeks. 48 hours after the last session, the rats were sacrificed and the hippocampal tissue was extracted and fixed in 10% formalin for staining of crystal violet for necrotic cell count. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests using Bonferroni post hoc test at significance levelα=0.05. Results showed that six weeks of endurance exercise and consumption of UD extract significantly reduced blood glucose concentration in the diabetic-exercise(p=0.001),diabetes-UD(p=0.001)and diabetes-exercise-UD(p=0.001)groups compared with the diabetes-control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the diabetes-UD and diabetes-exercise-UD(p=0.001)and diabetes-exercise and diabetes-exercise-UD(p=0.002) groups.The interaction between endurance exercise and consumption of UD extract significantly decreased the number of necrotic cells in the diabetes-exercise-UD group compared to the diabetic-control group (p=0.029).Finally, 6 weeks of endurance exercise and consumption of hydro alcoholic extract of UD can have protective effect on preventing necrosis of CA3 cells of diabetic rat hippocampus.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) of elderly women. To do so, 30 non-athlete women (age: 60 to 70, weight 72.34 ± 2.5 kg and BMI: 28.8 ± 4.07) participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into three groups of control, water exercise with BFR and water exercise without BFR.  Both training groups performed aerobic exercises with water resistance (eight weeks, three days, one hour). Cuff pressure in the training group with BFR was 110 to 220 mm Hg. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. Statistical test of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for data analysis. Findings of the study indicated that two training groups had a significant increase in BMD, IGF-1 and T-score compared to the control group (p≤ 0.05). There was significant increase in the amount of GH only in the BFR group compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Moreover, the result showed significant increases in BMD, GH, IGF-1 and T-score in water exercise with BFR group compared to the water exercise without BFR group (p≤ 0.05). The results of the study indicated water exercise improved the effect of anabolic factors to prevent decreasing bone density, in older women, but water exercise with BFR induced a more beneficial effect on BMD rather than water exercise without BFR. Therefore using water exercise with BFR is recommended for older women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on leptin to adiponectin (L/A) ratio and glycemic control indices in type 2 diabetic patients. Among men with type 2 diabetes, 24 person [mean age (48.7 ± 0.71 years) and BMI (30.7 ± 3.3 kg / m2)] randomly divided into two groups of aerobic exercise (n = 12) and control group (n = 12). The aerobic exercise program was performed as eight weeks of running, five sessions per week, for one hour with an intensity of 50 to 75% of the HRR. Leptin, adiponectin, L/A ratio, HbA1c, plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and insulin sensitivity were measured in pretest and posttest. Analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the intergroup test showed that plasma leptin levels and L/A ratio decreased and adiponectin levels increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). Moreover, insulin, glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR levels in the aerobic exercise group decreased compared to the control group and the level of insulin sensitivity increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). Despite these results, the correlation test indicated no significant relationship between L/A ratio with glycemic control indices (P> 0.05). The improvement in L/A appears to be due to the effect of aerobic exercise on changes in BMI and fat percentage; however, the improvement mechanism of glycemic control indices probably has other pathways than adipokines that need to be studied

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different models of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on risky decision-making in male team sports referees. Twenty four Football, Futsal, Vollyball, Basketball, and Hanbal referees aged 19-38 at level 3 to national level with 2-18 years of experience voluntarily took part in this study. After the familiarization session, in a double-blind, sham-controlled crossover design, each subject visited the laboratory on three different occasions separated by at least 72 hours in between and was exposed to anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation types over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). Before and after each stimulation type, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Impulsivity (IMP) Go/No Go psychological tasks were performed. The difference between the mean values of the variables (Delta) at pre and post-intervention were calculated and used for statistical analyses. The results showed that delta IGT was significantly higher in Anodal and Cathodal stimulation compared to sham stimulation (p=0.003, p=0.01, respectively). On the other hand, a significantly higher delta IMP was observed in anodal and sham stimulation in comparison with cathodal stimulation (p=0.0001, p=0.002, respectively). As a novel finding, these results indicated the positive effects of anodal stimulations over the right DLPFC in factors associated with risky decision-making in male sports referees. To conclude, these results pave the path for using tDCS as a possible strategy to boost risky decision-making in male sport referees. However, more research is needed to ascertain this conjecture.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate toxin used to control agricultural pests. These toxins cause oxidative stress and apoptosis in various tissues of the body, including the heart. SERCA2a and NKX2-5 are genes that regulate contractile function and heart growth. Previous studies have shown a positive effect of physical activity on the expression of these genes in heart failure, but so far, changes in these genes following the use of physical activity in chlorpyrifos poisoning have not been studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the independent and interactive effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on the expression of SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in the heart tissue of rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. Thirty-six Wistar male rats were divided into six groups (six in each group) with the names healthy control, sham, poison control, aerobic exercise poison, eugenol poison, and toxic + aerobic exercise + eugenol. Aerobic training was performed on a rodent treadmill (five sessions per week, each session lasting 20 minutes at a speed of 26 meters per minute) for four weeks. Eugenol at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight was fed to the rats of the supplement groups (five days a week for four weeks using gavage). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test and P <0.05 was considered as a significant change. The results of the current study showed that poisoning significantly reduced the expression of SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in cardiac tissue. Exercise (no supplementation) increased the SERCA2a and NKX2-5 genes in the hearts of poisoned rats. Exercise-eugenol interaction did not cause a synergistic effect. Overall, in the present study, exercise seems to be a more important factor than eugenol in reducing the effect of chronic intoxication on the heart. Further studies with higher doses of eugenol supplementation are needed.