فصلنامه زن در فرهنگ و هنر (پژوهش زنان)
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

To study every culture, different approaches and tools are applied. A tool to study a society's culture is to analyze and identify the concepts of its culture. One of the basic cultures in every society is feminine & femininity. By studying the conceptual statements in a language on the feminine & femininity, one can find out the feminine's cognition system. This paper aims to study the way of feminine conceptualization by ordinary women on Instagram and their understanding of femininity experience & basic metaphors which interconnect the meanings of femininity. To realize the paper aim, by applying cognitive linguistics approaches, particularly the theories of Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M, answer to these questions: 1. what metaphors are constructed by ordinary women speaking Persian on the feminine & femininity on Instagram social network? 2. Which macro conceptual domains are the bases of semantic construction by ordinary women speaking Persian on the feminine & femininity on Instagram? 3. Which source domain (the conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions) is the most used by ordinary women speaking Persian for the target domain of the feminine & femininity on Instagram. Target domain is the conceptual domain that we try to understand. The virtual ethnography called netnography has been applied to gather the research data and MIP (metaphor identification procedure) to analyze the data. By analyzing the shared posts on Instagram by 90 selected ordinary women. 250 conceptual metaphors were extracted which have been categorized in 11 macro conceptual domains.

Early eleventh century A.H. / seventeenth century A.D., the Safavid period is one of the significant times in the history of Iran socially and culturally. Isfahan city and the court were the places for offering immoral behaviors without any restriction publicly, such as female sexual pleasure in the social sphere. Despite the common tradition in Persian painting, erotic paintings with unconventional sexual themes and related female acts were prevalent. This study tried to identify the reason for the prevalence of these paintings in the Isfahan school in the Safavid period based on Reflection theory in the sociology of art. The study aims to find the causes of this phenomenon's prevalence in the paintings of this period. This study hypothesized social conditions involved in the prevalence of these paintings in the art of that period that Safavid king's politics in Isfahan city affect it. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out by collecting information in the library and studying visual documents (painting). The paintings of this period that contain feminine sexual themes and acts were the research samples, purposefully selected. This study showed that the concrete and customary conditions of female sexual status in the social context of Isfahan affected the prevalence of these paintings in the Safavid period. The role of Shah-centered (absolute monarchy) approaches in the Safavid government should be considered. The court prevalent the immoral behaviors in society due to the Shah's personal interests, economic, political-military benefits. This current eroticism in society became ordinary in the paintings and presented in the thematic, visual, and women’s role characteristics in the works considerably.

In contemporary times, the role of women in the art of painting has played an important role. One of the female contemporary American artists is Mary Beth Adelson, who recreates the works of art of the past with the faces of women and protests against the absence of women in the history of art. In her works, which are based on the element of femininity in the image, there are signs of women's art thinking in reconstructed paintings of women. One of these paintings that is studied in this research is the Last Supper painting, which has been reconstructed with a piece of the face of women artists in the contemporary world. Lucy Lipard's theories are used for the basics of research, which are based on aesthetics and feminine form. In this study, the work of Adelson's Last Supper is studied analytically with Ara Lipard, a theorist in the field of women's art. The present research is qualitative and the methodology of this research is comparative and the method of collecting research information is based on the library method. The questions in this study are: What is the form of femininity in Adelson's Last Supper, and is it compatible with Lucy Lipard's theory? The purpose of this study is an analytical study on the works of Akif and its adaptation to Lipard's theory of female form. The results of this research show that in Adelson's last supper, femininity is the main subject of this painting, the image of contemporary women artists has been used and has replaced the companions of Christ. He reconstructs the face of Christ with a painting by Georgia Akif, one of the pioneers of women's art in contemporary art. This work is similar to Lucy Lipard's theory of feminine form in terms of feminine form,

An archetype is the reflection of universal concepts and perceptions of a single subject in the collective subconscious. One of its main concepts is the mother archetype, widely present in ancient myths and stories in terms of variety in meaning and form. This study investigated female character based on Gustav Jung's theories about the Mother Archetype. A previous relevant study investigated the mother archetype and Jung theories in literary works such as poetry and fiction. Only two works have investigated the play The Sky Horses Rain Ashes, which differ from this study in terms of scientific theory and character study. The questions that this study sought to answer are as follows: 1) How have the components of the mother archetype been reflected in the play The Sky Horses Rain Ashes? and 2) How is the mother archetype represented in the personal subconscious of the character of the play The Sky Horses Rain Ashes? The main goal was to show that the use of the mother archetype in the play is aimed at raising and processing its character. The results indicated the representation of female symbols and elements in the real and virtual forms of the mother archetype in the characters of the play. The reflection of the mother's archetype in the real form includes: creativity, support, purity, divinity, giving hope, liberation, reflection of life in the subconscious mind (doubt, mother complex, pain, suffering, loneliness) and that in the virtual form is in natural elements, including the effect of past life on the subconscious mind in the symbolic form of the mother's uterus, rebirth, guardianship, and security provision. This study was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and written library sources.

The presence of women in the architecture of the Pahlavi period is an important event that researchers did not pay much attention to, so women architects and their works remain unknown and it is necessary to develop this type of research. The purpose of this study is to determine which of the common architectures of their time, women architects whose works were published in the Journal of Art and Architecture, in designing their works? In this regard, the method of historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical research, the method of collecting documentary and library information, the method of analyzing coded data have been used. Common Pahlavi architecture is an independent variable and women's architectural works are a dependent variable. The statistical population is the works of women architects in the Pahlavi era, some of whom, whose names and works were published in the Journal of Art and Architecture in 1976, constitute the sample population. The results show that women: Rosemary Griffone, Nectar Papazian, Franca Gregorio Hesamian, Giti Afrooz Kardan were followers of modern style and they often used concrete and glass, strip windows, simplicity and brutalism, free facades and plans as a way to modernize their works. And ladies: Nooshin Ehsan, Leila Farhad Motamed, Kayhandokht Radpour, Mina Samiei, Shahrzad Siraj, Franka Gregorio Hesamian followed the regional-modern Iranian style and solutions such as using a sloping roof, central courtyard, arch and porch, concept and architectural geometry They used Iranians to connect modern architecture with Iranians architecture. Ladies: Rose Marie Griffone and Nasrin Faqih were followers of the regionalist style and there are bricks in their work.

This paper is an interdisciplinary study based on a qualitative analysis of gendered aspects of eight election photos for the fourth and fifth City Council elections in Tehran, Shiraz, and Ahvaz. This paper examines how femininity and masculinity ideas, gender stereotypes, and gender roles are represented in male and female candidates' election photos. The candidates' photos are collected through selective sampling among available election photos on the Internet. By applying Berger's critical gendered analysis and theories of nonverbal communications, this paper looks at candidates' embodiment, physical appearance and gaze. More importantly, this theoretical aspect is combined with comments about the technical elements of photos such as lighting, photoshop, and graphics and their effects in reproducing and recreating gendered stereotypes. This paper argues that while female candidates are represented as objects of the male gaze by emphasizing their physical beauty and embodiment, men's appearance and body language signify power, ability to change, decisiveness and problem-solving. Finally, this paper shows how, even in political photos, men and women are represented based on the binary understandings of active/male and passive/female sexualities. By looking at the gendered meanings behind the candidates' election photos, this paper discusses the significant role of media, photography, and representation in reproducing gender roles. Also, it emphasizes the use of photographs as a qualitative research method for understanding the gendered aspects of Iran's current socio-cultural context.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the components of philosophical thinking in the book Family Management and Lifestyle (especially for girls) in the twelfth grade of the second year of high school. The method of this descriptive research is content analysis and the information society including a volume of the second year high school textbook in the academic year 1399-1400 and the research tool of the content analysis form according to the criteria of philosophical thinking Component) is. In this way, after identifying the unit of analysis and the desired components as criteria for analysis, the book was analyzed using the technique of William Rumi. In addition, chi-square test was used to determine the distribution of components in the content of the book. According to the analysis of conflict coefficient (ISE = 0.94) obtained from the content of the book, it can be stated that the attention of the family management and lifestyle book (for girls) of the twelfth grade of the second year of high school to the components of thinking Philosophically, it is relatively desirable (engagement coefficient less than 1) and semi-active. Also, the result of Chi-square test (Sig: 0.006, Chi-Square: 26.316) showed that the distribution of components in the book is significantly unbalanced. So that the cognition component with 5.36% frequency has the highest frequency and the decentralization component with 2.42% frequency has the lowest frequency in the components of philosophical thinking.