مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of coping skills and career aspirations on career doubts among undergraduate students at Isfahan University. The design of this study, which is a basic research, is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all BA students of Isfahan University in the academic year 2018–2019. The sample group consists of 248 students (154 females and 94 males) that was selected using stratified random sampling proportional to the sample size. The data collection instruments includes Career Doubt Questionnaire (CDQ), Academic and Career Aspirations Questionnaire (ACAQ), and Coping Inventory (CI). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis in SPSS-23 software. The results indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between task-oriented coping skills, educational and career aspirations, and career doubts. There is also a significant positive relationship between disengagement orientation coping skills and career doubts. Besides, disengagement coping skills predicted 34% of the variance in career doubts in the first step and 36% in the second step along with academic career aspirations. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of coping skills other than engagement increases students' career doubts.Moreover, academic career desires along with disengagement-oriented coping strategies play a role in career doubts.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of psychological factors (personality traits, depression, and emotional support) with episodic and semantic memory (word fluency), with a mediating role of executive functions in adults aged 50 years and older. This research is fundamental in terms of its objectives. The research method is correlational and structural equations. The study population is all adults aged 50 years and older living in Tehran. From this population, a sample of 435 people (299 women, 134 men and 2 people of unknown gender) was conveniently selected from September 2014 to March 2016. The NEO-FFI Personality Questionnaire (short form), Depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) short version, episodic memory, word fluency, Stroop color word test, Corsi blocks, and reverse digit span test were used to measure the variables. Pearson correlation, bootstrap test, and structural equation modeling (SEM) methods were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and Mplus-8 software. Pearson correlation test results showed the relationship of personality traits of neuroticism and openness, emotional support, working memory and inhibition loss with episodic memory and word fluency. SEM results also showed that the modified model fit the sample data well. In this model, neuroticism and openness, emotional support, and inhibition loss predicted episodic memory and word fluency with mediation of working memory: This model may facilitate the explanation of episodic memory and word fluency function in the elderly.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effective familial factors in the anxiety of going home of female college students living in dormitories. In order to understand the familial factors, the study was qualitative and used a phenomenological approach. The statistical population of the study consists of single female students living in a dormitory who were pursuing a master's degree at Allameh Tabatabaei University in Tehran Province and graduated at the end of the academic year 2017-2018. Among these female students, 10 samples were selected by purposive sampling method, snowball sampling method and their perceptions of effective factors related to family in anxiety of going home were investigated through semi-structured interviews. The results were examined. The seven-step method was used to analyze the results. Data analysis resulted in the identification of 24 primary concepts that were classified into 12 subthemes. From the reclassification of these themes, 4 major themes or topics emerged such as dysfunctional family communication style, confused family boundaries, and lack of effective decision making. Inefficient parenting styles were identified and the research results were classified and tabulated. The results show that ineffective parenting styles in each of the areas of communication style, family boundaries, decision making, and kindness styles lead to anxiety about going home among female dormitory students. Therefore, by informing families, especially in the context of family education in public media and children's schools, it is possible to increase the likelihood of female college students going home and lay the foundation for the stability of the family institution.

The present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting women's perception of fertility during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method is qualitative and has a descriptive phenomenological approach. The statistical population of the study is 30-year-old mothers with one child and at least a bachelor's degree during the period from June 21, 2020 to November 5, 2020 in Tehran. 20 mothers were selected by purposive sampling according to the criterion type. The data of this study were analyzed based on the mothers' lived experiences and by conducting a semi-structured interview about the women's perceptions of fertility during the Covid-19 period. For the validity and formality of the interview questions, the professors of the Department of Psychology and experts in the field of qualitative research were consulted. Then all data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method and MAXODA version 12 software. The results of the present study are provided in 8 main themes, disease risks with 3 subthemes, stress with 6 subthemes, desire for pregnancy with 3 subthemes, economic conditions with 3 subthemes, psychological security with 4 subthemes, improvement of family relations with 8 subthemes, research and study with 2 subthemes, and foresight is obtained with 5 subthemes. As a result, due to the increasing public awareness of the importance of pregnancy, most women prefer to plan their pregnancy. Therefore, addressing the factors related to women's perception of fertility in the high-risk period of Covid-19 may lead to comprehensive maternal awareness and safe pregnancy.

Sexual addiction is a growing disorder which is accompanied with many personal and social consequences. The current fundamental study aims to investigate and discover the factors affecting the development of sexual addiction, with a qualitative view at the experience, thoughts and feelings of patients with sex addiction. Using a qualitative method, 13 patients with sex addiction (10 male and 3 female) aged 21–50 were selected by purposeful sampling and interviewed in 2019 in Tehran with a semi-structured interview. Then, the data was analyzed by using a seven-step Colaizzi method. The results were categorized into three main categories including personal issues, family inefficiency and inattentiveness of the society about sex education, and further categorized into 11 subcategories. Our findings provide invaluable insights into sex addiction for physicians and other mental health providers. Given the lack of community planning and policy regarding the sex education for teachers, parents and youth, we emphasize the responsibility of parents in teaching healthy sexual behaviors to their children and adolescents.

This study aims to identify the psychological components related to student success in a blended learning environment. The research method is applied , and data collection was conducted using a qualitative approach through a systematic review method. To achieve the goal of the study, a systematic and comprehensive review of the research background was conducted based on Sandlowski and Barroso's (2006) seven-step model. For this purpose, resources from databases (Elsevier, Scopus, ProQuest, Eric, Emerald, Springer) and related keywords were searched. After reviewing 480 papers from theoretical and scientific sources related to the research topic based on specific criteria and removing unrelated papers, a full review of the remaining 58 studies was performed. The systematic review of the research background resulted in the identification of 5 components, 9 concepts, and 75 codes. The results of the meta-synthesis indicate that the psychological components of students who want to succeed in the blended learning environment at the university include the following: emotional strategies and components (positive emotions and motivational beliefs), communication (connection resources, communication skills), cognitive (high-level thinking and academic engagement), metacognitive (self-management in learning and self-perception of learning), and personality.Among these, the role of emotional and metacognitive strategies and components is more important than others. Therefore, they have a greater impact on the success of blended learning.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Goals and Aspirations inventory. In this applied study, a psychometric design was used and the statistical population consisted of students of Allameh Tabatabaei University during the academic year 2011–2012. Among the students of Allameh Tabatabai University, 250 people (115 girls, 135 boys) were selected through an available sampling method and answered the Aspirations Index (AI) and the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS). Validity and reliability, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were analyzed using SPSS-22 and Lisrel-8.8 software. The results of the first-order exploratory analysis confirmed the structure of the operational decade of goals and aspirations with 41 items in the Iranian youth population. In the second-order exploratory factor analysis, all ten subcomponents were classified into three indices: external, internal, and self-transcending aspirations. The results of the first and second level confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the good fit of the model and also the convergent validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.77 to 0.86 for the components and was 0.90 for the intrinsic aspirations index, 0.90 for the external aspirations index, and 0.82 for the self-transcendence index. Therefore, researchers and educators can be suggested to use this questionnaire in research related to assigning goals and aspirations and, if necessary, use this instrument to provide a basis for reviewing adolescents' life goals.

This study was conducted since inflammation is one of the underlying mechanisms of many autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, etc. The aim of this study is to collect and compare research findings on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and attachment styles with the level of CRP-IL-6 inflammatory markers. A systematic search of Pub Med, Springer, and Elsevier from 2000 to 2019 yielded approximately 30 English-language papers. Finally, 11 papers met the research criteria and were included. In the included studies, a total of 16,867 subjects were screened for CRP inflammatory markers and 6728 subjects were screened for IL-6 markers. And the random effect meta-analysis results show that people who were exposed to abuse as children, childhood maltreatment, or severe stress or psychological trauma had significantly higher baseline CRP (Z = 3.2, 95% CI= 0.05-0.09) and more IL-6 (Z = 3.1, 95%CI = 0.19-3.19) in adulthood. This systematic review suggests that the experience of severe abuse and stress in childhood contributes to the development of preinflammatory conditions in adulthood. Given the sensitivity and importance of this topic, further research is needed to elucidate many intermediary mechanisms.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the therapeutic alliance in treatment effectiveness through mediation of client engagement. Individuals who had approached counseling centers of welfare organization, oil company, and Tabriz municipality in 2019 were selected as the statistical population. The statistical sample of the present study consists of 324 participants (225 women and 99 men) who were selected through purposive sampling based on entry and exit criteria, after obtaining their consent. The Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR), Client Engagement (CES), Client Satisfaction (CSQ), and Client Outcome (COM) questionnaires were used to collect data, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Amos24 software. Results showed that therapeutic alliances with client engagement mediation were able to explain changes in treatment effectiveness. In addition, the results of the mediation test showed that client engagement partially mediated the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome, but fully mediated the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and client satisfaction. The results of the fit indices indicated that the measured model was in good agreement with the theoretical research model. In conclusion, this study showed that client engagement was a mediating variable in explaining treatment efficacy, so therapists should pay special attention to the role of client engagement in treatment efficacy in addition to selecting appropriate treatment approaches.

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of thinking skills development program (based on Brookfield's model) on academic achievement, academic resilience and critical thinking The method of the study is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest with a control group and was applied based on the purpose. The statistical population of the study consists of male high school students of Alborz Province of the 2018-2019 academic year who participated in one of the nationally validated pilot tests for the college entrance examination. The sample consists of thirty male high school students at one of the high schools in Karaj who were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The measures used in the study included: examinations test scores, Samuels’ Academic Resilience Inventory (ARI) and Ricketts Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CTDI). The program was conducted in 8 sessions of 90 minutes group training for the experimental group while the control group received no training. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the program using the software IBM SPSS (version 23). The results show that implementing the Thinking Skills Development Program for studensts improved critical thinking (in three components: innovativeness, cognitive maturity, and engagement), academic achievement, and academic resilience (in two components: problem-oriented-positive and future-oriented). Communication skills were not statistically significantly different) among high school students. The results of the study confirm that it may be useful to include the program in the curriculum for high school students who fail the pilot tests for college entrance exams.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the Needs Support Intervention Program's virtual group training on employee satisfaction and well-being with their basic psychological needs. The research method is applied in relation to the purpose and the research design is a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the study comprises all employees and their immediate supervisors in Maroon Oil and Gas Producing Company in 2020. From this population, 30 supervisors were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group (15 individuals in each group). Of the employees in each supervisor group, 2 to 3 individuals (83 in total; 81 men and 2 women) were selected through simple random sampling to study the effect of the intervention. The instrument of the study includes Tafvelin and Stenling's Needs Satisfaction at Workplace Scale (NSa- WS) and Zheng et al.'s Employee Well-Being Scale (EWB). The intervention includes the Needs Support Intervention Program training in eight 90-minute sessions. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-24 software. The results showed that Needs Support Intervention Program training had a significant effect on satisfying the needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as well as on increasing the well-being of employees (p<0.05). According to the results of this study, teaching the Needs Support Intervention Program is an effective intervention that organizations can use to improve employees' well-being and meet their psychological needs.

The present study aims to investigate the study of psychometric properties of Arjmandnia questionnaire on parenting methods among families with visually impaired children. The method of the present study was descriptive survey and correlation study a fundamental purpose. The population of this study includes all visually impaired parent residing in Tehran during 2019-2020, of which 300 mothers including 185 parents of male students and 115 parents of female students were available for sampling and visits to schools for visually impaired children in Tehran city were selected. Data was collected using Arjmandnia Parenting Style Questionnair (APMQ) and Bumrind's Modern Parenting Style Scale (BPS) and analyzed using SPSS 24 and LISREL 8.8 software. The model fit indices were appropriate and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the structure of the 5-factor model of the scale was correct. The components of Arjmandnia parenting style include democratic parenting, cooperation with spouse in parenting, family role, exthedra parenting and parental dependence. In addition, all 28 questions of the questionnaire were approved. Cronbach's alpha and correlation tests indicate a favorable evaluation of this scale and its components. The Arjmandnia Parenting Styles Scale is a suitable Iranian instrument to study parenting styles and can be used in families with visually impaired children or in samples similar to the sample of the present study.

The purpose of this study is to predict the propensity to have extramarital affairs based on psychological androgyny and wisdom considering the mediating role of the sexual relationship. This study is basic and the research method was descriptive and a structural equation modeling. The statistical population includes married women in Urmia in 2017–2018, and 800 of these women were selected through an available sample. The research instruments were the Extramarital Affairs Scale (EAPS) by Zafar Gholizadeh, Khademi & Tasbihsazan Mashhadi (2021), the Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) by Bem (1974), the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) by Ardelt (2003), and the Sexual Relations Scale (SRS) by Hughes & Snell (1990). The results showed that all variables in the study, except for exchangeable orientation, had a significant negative relationship with the propensity to have extramarital affairs (P≤0/01). The data were analyzed using Pearson moment correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling technique with SPSS version 22 and AMOS software, and to test the significance of the indirect paths, Sobel test was used. The results indicated that the model fit well, with both psychological androgyny and wisdom directly and indirectly (via sexual relationship) predicting the propensity to have extramarital affairs. Psychological androgyny and wisdom appear to play a key role in the propensity to have extramarital affairs, along with other factors including how people perceive their sexual relationships, and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in the counseling situation.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between “communicational patterns” and “emotional atmosphere” of the family of origin with the “attitude towards marriage” according to the mediating role of “self-differentiation”. This study was performed by correlation method of path analysis. The statistical population was single students in Tehran and the sample consisted of 325 students(230 girls/90boys). The instruments used were Marriage Attitude Scale(MAS), Family Communicational Pattern(RFCP), Emotional(Hill-Bern), Self-differentiation(DSI-SF). Data were analyzed using path analysis using SPSS-24 and AMOS software. The results showed that among the communication patterns of the family of origin, "dialogue" and “conformity” pattern have a significant relationship with self-differentiation. There was a significant relationship between the “emotional atmosphere” of the family of origin and self-differentiation. There was a significant relationship between self-differentiation and optimistic, realistic and ideal attitude towards marriage. The results showed that self-differentiation mediates the relationship between the "dialogue" patterns and "emotional atmosphere" of the original family with an optimistic attitude about marriage. It can be concluded that by improving the communication patterns and emotional atmosphere of the family of origin and thus increasing the self-differentiation of individuals, one can help to acquire an optimistic, realistic and idealistic attitude towards marriage.

solving and information processing speed of elementary students. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test design, post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all sixth grade elementary school female students in Khorram Dareh city in the academic year of 2020 of whom were selected as the sample by available sampling method and divided into two groups of control(n = 15)‌and experimental(15 people) were located. The experimental group underwent computer cognitive rehabilitation training with Captain Log software for 10 sessions(two 40-minute sessions per week) and the control group did not receive any program.Data were collected using the Basader Creative Problem Solving Questionnaire (1995) and the Stroop Computer Classic test and analyzed by SPSS software and analysis of covariance. The results showed that after Intervention program,‌The results showed that after presenting the computer cognitive rehabilitation program, there was a significant difference between the post-test scores of the experimental group and the control group. (P <.0/01).‌Thus It can be concluded that providing intervention based on computer cognitive rehabilitation programs has been effective in improving creative problem solving and increasing the speed of information processing of elementary students.

Personality is a unique factor that can lead to abnormalities, and empathy is an emotional-cognitive trait of a person. Developing a model of the interaction of these variables can be a step towards expanding the study fundamentals of the mental system. In this study, after conducting the Milon3 on eligible candidates,, 40 individuals were selected in a targeted method and were matched into two groups of normal people and people with personality disorders. Then the subjects were placed behind the eye tracker system in the cognitive laboratory and answered the DIT ethical judgment questionnaire and the IRI interpersonal response scale while capturing their eye movements' details. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression model in SPSS software. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between personality disorder and moral judgment (p = 0.03) but empathy as a moderator was not significant in this regard. Competitive study of two empathy measuring instruments was not significant in the present study. The results indicate that personality disorders reduce moral judgment in individuals. The present study was a first step in the application of new eye tracker technology in the study of psychological structures.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Integrative therapy short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy & cognitive-behavioral therapy in increasing ego strength and reducing generalized anxiety disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all individuals with generalized anxiety disorder referring to counseling centers in Hamadan during 2017 - 2019, subjects with a diagnosis of general generalized anxiety were selected based on Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HRSA), and psychiatrist diagnosis and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group individually received Integrative therapy for 15 sessions of 90 minutes, the control group was on the waiting list. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that by controlling for pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between post-test scores of experimental and control group on ego strength and generalized anxiety (p<0.05). As a result Integrative therapy was effective on increasing ego strength and decreasing general anxiety of the experimental group.

This paper aims to investigate the continuum of narcissism and the mediating role of self-knowledge processes in the relationship between self-compassion, self-esteem, and narcissism in clinical and non-clinical samples. The present study is basic in terms of its objectives and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. The research population consists of government and private employees in Shiraz and clients of psychological and psychiatric hospitals. 140 employees as non-clinical sample and 128 patients as clinical sample were selected by random sampling method. A total of 268 subjects (135 men and 133 women) participated in the current study (2019). Self-knowledge processes were measured using the self-control scale, self-knowledge scale, and mindful attention scale. Goal instability and superiority scales were used to measure narcissism, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Self-Compassion Scale were used to measure self-esteem and self-compassion, respectively. The statistical method used in the study to examine the mediating role of self-knowledge processes was path analysis. SPSS 24 software were used to analyze data. The results showed that self-knowledge processes played a mediating role in the relationship between narcissism and self-esteem and self-compassion in both the clinical and non-clinical groups (ps <0.05). These findings highlight the importance of self-compassion as a healthier pole in the development of the narcissism continuum and indicate the mediating role of self-knowledge processes in this development.

The purpose of this study is to explain marital commitment among married women based on early maladaptive schemas and locus of control with the mediating role of spirituality. The research method is purposive and descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consists of all married women who visited a total of 1095,000 households in the neighborhood in 2019, of which 347 individuals were selected through two-stage random sampling. Study instruments included the Marital Commitment Inventory (MCI), the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), and the Rotter Locus of Control Scale (RLCS). The data in the present study were analyzed using structural equation modeling and SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software. In the present study, the indirect path coefficient between early maladaptive schemas (β=-0.079, P=0.001) and locus of control (β=-0.171, P=0.001) with marital commitment was negative and significant. Based on the present results, it can be said that early maladaptive schemas and locus of control influence the level of spirituality of married women, which in turn increases or decreases their marital commitment.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on executive functions in children with oppositional defiant disorder. The method of this study is quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group and the study is applied in terms of objective. The statistical population of the study includes girls with oppositional defiant disorder studying in first to third grade in Tonekabon City during the 2019-2020 school year. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select 39 samples through screening, which were divided into three cognitive-behavioral play therapy and parent-child interaction therapy and control groups through homogenization and randomization. The present research instruments include the Child Symptom Inventory (CSI), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), the cognitive-behavioral play therapy package, and the parent-child interaction therapy package. The data of the study were analyzed using the covariance analysis method and SPSS-24 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on behavioral regulation with an Eta coefficient of 0.765 and metacognitive skills with an Eta coefficient of 0.779 in children with oppositional defiant disorder (P=0.001). Both therapies seem to be effective in improving the executive functions of children with oppositional defiant disorder, but cognitive-behavioral play therapy was more effective.