فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی
پیاپی 67 (پاییز 1400)

Marriage is a unique relationship that enriches the relationship between the couples, and plays an important role on stability and satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to identify marital life enrichment skills based on Q methodology. Semi-structured interview was conducted to create the concourse with 24 ordinary people and 16 family experts in Bojnord, North Khorasan Province. Sample subjects were selected purposefully and the sampling continued until the saturation stage was completed. Thirty four sentences were categorized by experts in order of priority. The factor analysis of the Q group with the varimax rotation showed that there were six factors. The findings showed that, from the viewpoint of family experts, the most important skills for enriching marital life are respectively: self-knowledge and awareness of personality differences, comm.- unication skills, realism, religious and spiritual skills, emotional management, and awareness of the family's evolutionary cycle. The findings of this study can be used to educate couples who are at the beginning of their marital life. Family and marital counselors can also use these findings for premarital education as well as for teaching couples who are in the early years of their life.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of differentiation of couples from the original family in predicting the communication patterns and marital satisfaction in ethnic groups in Iran. In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population of the couples was Persian, Turkish, Kurd, Arab and Baluch. 250 couples (500 individuals) of the above statistical population who were composed of 50 couples of each ethnicity were selected through available sampling method and with the research tools including Hoffman's differentiation questionnaire (1984), Iranian Couple Interaction Coding System (2010) and ENRICH marital satisfaction questionnaire (1998) and were evaluated. The results showed that conflictual independence in men and emotional independence in women have demonstrated the largest contribution in theprediction of communication patterns and marital satisfaction of couples. Also in ethnicities, only in the Baluch men, conflictual independence was the predictor their marital satisfaction. A differentiated person in dealing with life's problems and has the ability to deal logically and rationally and can avoid emotional confrontation with issues. So these people have the ability to solve problems peacefully. The more differentiated a person is, the more he can lead his behavior thoughtfully and in accordance with the explicit principles.

The present study aims to study the role of secure marriage, cognitive flexibility, Hexaco personality dimensions on predicting covid-19 self-care behavior in married women. The method of this study was regression correlation analysis. 202 women were selected through Sampling method available. The subjects took part by filling Johnson Secure Marriage Index, Martin & Rubin Cognitive Flexibility Index, Hexaco Personality Dimensions Index and Pouyan Fard Covid-19 Self-Care Index. Statistical analysis included Pearson's correlation coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression. Based on Multiple Linear Regression test there was not a significant relationship between covid-19 self-care behavior and Hexaco personality dimensions. Also the results showed that cognitive flexibility slightly at defined variance of covid-19 self-care behavior which was not considerable. So, it can be concluded that we cannot attribute covid-19 self-care behavior to cognitive flexibility. Also, secure marriage has a significant relationship with covid 19 self-care behavior, and it can be mentioned that the more secure a marriage is, the more covid-19 self-care behavior.

This study aims to identify the major conflicts of parent-adolescent relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 1590 adolescents living in Tehran who virtually answered the Revised Parent-Adolescent Conflict Checklist (PACIC-R). The results showed that 97.93% of adolescents disagreed with their parents on at least one of the 47 issues raised inPACIC-R, and 77.30% of adolescents had a frequent conflict (once or several times per day) with their parents about at least one of these issues. Media use (phones, internet, gaming, and computer use) was the major conflict between parents and adolescents in 13 conflict domains, and 50% of adolescents argued with their parents about these issues at least once or several times per day during the COVID 19 Pandemic. Also, the areas of "parental behavior," "disciplinary issues," and "educational issues" were other major dimensions of parent adolescent conflict, respectively. In general, the present study examined 13 conflict dimensions of parent-adolescent and the role of age and gender differences in these dimensions.Due to the high frequency of daily conflicts in parent-adolescent relationships in the Covid- 19 pandemic and the risk factor of parent-adolescent conflicts in the area of media use in the occurrence of psychological harms such as Internet dependence in adolescents should beconsidered.

This study aims to investigate the role of demographic characteristics, attachment style, and emotional nature in predicting psychological distress during the COVID- 19 period. The research design was des criptive and correlational. The statistical population included all citizens of Gonbad Kavus, of which 370 people responded to the research tools by available sampling method. The questionnnaires were the psychological distress, adult attachment style, affective temperament, and demographic characteristics questionnaires. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS-24 software. Data were analyzed using the statistical method of chi squared test, Wald test, odds ratio, and logistic regression. Data analysis showed that in the group with moderate to severe psychological distress compared to no distress, the level of education (OR: 1.12) and marital status (OR: 0.87), anxious mood (OR: 1.58) and also need for approval (OR: 1.08) were risk factors for psychological distress, while the gender (OR: 0.85), economic status (OR: 1.03), self-esteem (OR: 0.98), and discomfort with closeness(OR: 0.92) were protective. Similarly, in the group with moderate to severe psychological distress compared to the group with mild distress, cyclothymic (OR: 1.17) and depressive (OR: 1.32) were risk factors and gender (OR: 1.15), economic status (OR:0.23), were protective. Psychologists and decision makers should pay attention to this issue.

COVID-19 has greatly affected the social life in the present era and its dangerous consequences on people’s lives have been a serious social concern. One of the most important characteristic of this disease is that it is highly contagious. Obviously in families, which the couples are at the center, living in the same house and having many direct and indirect contacts, the possibility of transmission of this disease is high if one member contracts the disease. Despite the medical aspects of this issue, there are also important legal aspects. This article specifically seeks the answer to the question that whether the disease carrier is liable if they transmit the disease to their partner. For example, if the receiver dies, is it possible to hold the carrier responsible? Jurisprudence and legal studies show that if the carrier knows that they are carrying the virus, in some situations it constitutes a deliberate crime which can be punished but if the carrier does not know about it, it is not accepted that they are liable for compensation.

The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of aggression and alexithymia in the relationship between parenting styles and tendency to drug addiction. The method of the present study is descriptive-correlation of structural reg ression. The statistical population of the study are all students of Bahonar University of Kerman and Payame Noor of Rafsanjan, from which 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. Participants completed the Baumrind parenting styles questionnaire, Addiction tendency, Toronto alexithymia scale, and Aggression. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural regression. The results show that there is an increasing (direct) and significant relationship between aggression (p= 0.013) and alexithymia (p= 0.015) with tendency to drug addiction and parenting styles, in addition to direct effect, indirectly also affect tendency to drug addiction through aggression and alexithymia. Based on the calculations, a significant confidence interval was obtained from the Bootstrap method to investigate the mediating role of aggression and alexithymia variables in the relationship between parenting style (liberation scale, authoritarian scale and rational authority scale). Accordingly, the mediating effect of aggression and alexithymia on the relationship between parenting style and tendency to drug addiction is confirmed.

According to the academic literature,infertility is a feeling of helplessness thataffects the general Psychological health inwomen. Psychoanalytic theories believethat infertility is a defensive response toambivalent feelings about maternity andindividual goals. This research aims toinvestigate the discriminating power ofwork family conflicts questionnaire andDefensive Styles Questionnaire (DSQ) ininfertile and fertile women. Work family conflicts questionnaire andDSQ, were administered on a sample of47 working infertile women (52.8%) inNovin infertility clinic and 42 (47.2%)fertile women. Discriminant functionanalysis result showed that 67.7% ofsamples can be differentiated accordingthese two variables (Wilks’ Lambda=0.85, X2= 10.14, p<0.05). Results showedthat infertile women, compared to fertileones have more conflicts and more defensivemechanisms. According to psychoanalytictheories these results can beexplained as psychological suppression offertility. Intolerance of ambivalence andconflict between career goals and desiresfor parenthood has a psychologicalsuppressing impact in fertility.

The aim of this study is to compare the strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and mindfulness in people who have or have not committed infidelity which was done using a descriptive comparative research method. From all divorce applicants in Mashhad courts, 100 people (50 people who have engaged and 50 people who have not engaged in extramarital relationships) were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected by cognitive emotional regulation strategies and mindfulness skills questionnaires and analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there are differences between emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness skills between the two groups, so that in positive cognitive regulation, positive refocusing, positive evaluation, planning, broader perspective, acceptance, action with awareness, description, observation, non-judgment and non-reaction, the scores of people who had not committed extramarital relations were higher than those with experience of extramarital relationship. On the other hand, the group who had engaged in extramarital relationships had scored lower on negative cognitive regulation, self blame, blaming others, rumination, and catastrophizing. This study showed that mindfulness and emotion regulation skills can act as a deterrent to extramarital relationships and training these skills can be useful for couples.

Explaining the cause of tendency to marital infidelity, especially among people with religious backgrounds, merely focusing on elements such as emotional-sexual dissatisfaction or marital conflict, is a sort of superficial. The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomena in men's marital infidelity. The method of the current study is based on the interpretive phenomenological method. The researcher selected and interviewed 18 married men who had committed infidelity in Shahindaj city, West-Azerbaijan, Iran to participate in the study using purposive sampling. Interviews were analyzed using the interpretive- phenomenological analysis method of Dickelman & et al. The analysis of these people led to the identification of six sub-themes (escape from contemplation &pause, escape from destiny, struggle with existential loneliness, hollow and desireoriented love, value transformation and escape from existential emptiness) and a major theme (of existential alienation). Revealing these factors not only increases information and awareness about the how cues of marital infidelity is formed and intensified from an existential point of view, but also showed that increasing one's awareness toward one's nature and leads to reducing alienation from its dimensions; these issues are things that can reduce a one's desire to the experience of marital infidelity.