فصلنامه دامپزشکی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 72 (پاییز 1400)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of water temperature on the shrimp hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei by immunohistochemical method. In this research, a total of 50 shrimp with an average length of 23 ± 1 cm and an average weight of 28 ± 0.5 gr were accidentally caught from shrimp farms of the Choebdeh Abadan from Khuzestan province in two different seasons of the year. The shrimp were sampled for the histological and structural study of the hepatopancreas. After killing the shrimp by physical method, the hepatopancreas of each shrimp was transferred to Davidson's solution. The tissue samples were processed by routine histological procedure, using ascending ethanol for dehydration, xylene for clearing, and paraffin impregnation. 4-6 µm sections were taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and TUNEL immunohistochemistry technique. Finally, slides were studied by a light microscope equipped with a Dino-lite lens and Dino-capture software. The results indicated that the hepatopancreas structure is a tubular organ that can be affected by water temperature. In the warm season, the diameter of the tubules was smaller than in the cold season (p≤0.05). There was a significant difference in the percentage of apoptosis between the tubule-forming cells in the warm and cold seasons.

Epidural anesthesia has been widely used as an adjuvant anesthetic technique in dogs due to its perioperative analgesia and reduction of general anesthetics requirements. This study aimed to compare the postoperative analgesia and cardiopulmonary changes following epidural injections of lidocaine, bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Fifteen healthy adult female dogs of mixed breed with an average weight of 12.76 ± 1.41 kg were randomly divided into three groups (lidocaine 2.5 mg/kg, bupivacaine 1 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 10 µg/kg body weight, with a final volume of 0.36 mL/kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and rectal temperature were assessed by vital signs monitoring before epidural injection and during surgery time and hourly up to 6 hours after the end of the surgery. Pain assessment was done by SDS, VAS and UMPS methods hourly, immediately after surgery for up to 6 hours. Heart rate at 2 and 3 hours after surgery was lower in the dexmedetomidine group compared to the other two groups. Comparison of respiratory rate in the three groups showed that the respiratory rate in dogs in the dexmedetomidine group at 1, 3, 4 and 5 hours was lower than in the bupivacaine group. There were no significant differences between the three groups in the first 2 hours after surgery in terms of pain assessment by mentioned methods. In the UMPS method, at 4 and 5 hours after surgery, bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine had better analgesia compared to lidocaine. At 6 hours, dexmedetomidine had better analgesia than bupivacaine. Based on the results, it was concluded that dexmedetomidine has a better analgesic effect than other drugs.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious, infectious respiratory disease that is caused by Gallid Herpesvirus-1 (GaHV-1, namely ILTV) mainly affecting pullets and laying hens. The disease has not been reported in broilers and backyard chicken in Iran, previously. The present study aimed to identify ILTV strains in outbreaks with severe respiratory clinical signs that occurred in Semnan province (Iran) in broiler farms and backyard chicken farms during June 2019 and March 2020. For this purpose, specimens were investigated from twenty-eight broiler farms with severe respiratory symptoms and a mortality rate of 5.5-29% and 2 backyard flocks. The presence of ILTV was assessed by histopathology, conventional PCR targeting of ICP4 gene fragment, and sequencing analysis. Comparison of detected genotypes with strains from Iran and neighboring countries demonstrated the high homology of detected isolated with field strains from Turkey.

In developmental studies of the embryo, it is very important to find suitable methods for the characterization of various tissue. This study to determine suitable markers in the development of the nervous system and other organs in turkey embryo to be a clue for exploring the role of alkaline phosphatase in the development of an embryo,perception of organ function after birth, and studies of embryogenesis of the nervous system.. The embryos from stages 19 to 31 Hamburger & Hamilton, were studied by histochemical and immunostaining techniques. The results showed that the stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 expression was restricted to the spinal cord, and other organs were negative. At stages, 19, 20 and 29 Hamburger & Hamilton, alkaline phosphatase reaction was either negative or weakly positive in embryonic organs. At stages 30-31 Hamburger & Hamilton, a strong alkaline phosphatase reaction was observed in the spinal cord, mesonephros, gonad, dorsal aorta, and liver sinusoids. Sections stained with periodic acid-Schiff confirmed the presence of glycogen in the heart, mesonephros, gonad, notochord, chondrocytes, and weakly in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. This study demonstrates that alkaline phosphatase reaction and the stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 expression are effective markers for developing the nervous system in turkey embryos. Also, we observed that both periodic acid-Schiff and alkaline phosphatase staining are useful methods to study other organs in turkey embryos.

Wounds are the creation of any defects and loss of connectivity of body tissues, both inside and outside the body. Researchers have always sought to find the most effective and least complicating factor to accelerate the wound healing process. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of honey alone or in combination with zinc oxide on healing the experimental defect of skin full-thickness wound in rats. In this study, 48 adult male white Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into four groups of 12 including the first group (control = C), the second group (honey = H), the third group (zinc = Z), and the fourth group (honey and zinc oxide= (ZH). A full-thickness skin defect with dimensions of 2 × 2 cm was created in the skin of the back, as well as the distance between the neck and the pelvic area. All animals received treatment appropriate to their group. Four rats from each group were prepared on histopathological samples on days 7, 14, and 21 and microscopic examination was performed. Axiovision software was used for macroscopic assessments. The highest healing rate on day 7 after wounding belonged to the Z group and the lowest to the H group. Also, the highest rate of healing on the 14th day after wounding belonged to the Z group and the lowest to the ZH group. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups. On day 21 after wounding, the percentage of wound contraction in the ZH group was significantly higher than the C (p = 0.001), H (p = 0.001), and Z (p = 0.013) groups. Microscopic examination of the skin, 21 days after wounding, showed that the wound was completely covered by amplified keratinocytes in all rats in the ZH group. This was seen in two rats in the Z group and one in the C group. In all rats in the H group, the wound surface was still not completely covered and there was a scab on the wound. In the dermis of all ZH rats, regular clusters of collagens with a small number of fibroblasts and capillaries were observed. This study showed that the combination of zinc oxide and honey has a better effect on the wound healing process than other groups and accelerates the wound healing process. The combination of these two substances increases the formation of fleshy tissue and wound contraction and reduces inflammation and wound scarring.

The metabolic abnormalities of diabetes lead to superoxide overproduction in vessels and myocardium resulting in diabetes complications. Carum carvi oil probably reduces oxidative stress and increases heat shock protein by hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. We aimed to study the effect of Carum carvil oil on HSP in the liver and skeletal muscle in diabetic rats. 50 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (control, drug control, drug carrier negative control, negative control, and treatment). Diabetes was induced in the negative controls and treatment groups with streptozotocin (40mg/kg body weight, single dose, IP). Control and negative control groups did not receive any therapy but treatment and drug control rats were gavaged with 10 mg/kg of Carum carvil oil daily during 30 days of the study. The weight of rats was measured on 3,7,21,30 days and fasting blood sugar was measured on 3 and 30 days. The liver and skeletal muscle tissues were removed at the end of the experiment. The level of HSP 70 and 72 was determined by an ELISA kit. The findings of HSP measurement demonstrated an increase in level of these protein in the treatment group but in the drug carrier negative control and negative control groups. HSP was decreased significantly due to the injection of STZ. Our results showed that the compounds in this oil (Carum carvi) can increase the concentration of HSP 70 and 72 in the liver and skeletal muscle tissues.

There are a variety of methods to induce anesthesia in animals. Oral anesthetic drugs are suitable for short-term restraint in most healthy animals. The aim of the present study was a comparative evaluation of the effects of anesthetic drugs ketamine, ketamine with acepromazine or midazolam as oral on vital signs, anesthesia duration, and neural reflexes in the cat. This study was performed on fifteen clinically healthy adult cats that were categorized into three equal groups A (alone ketamine), B (ketamine with acepromazine), and C (ketamine with midazolam). In group A; ketamine was administrated with a dosage 80 mg/kg oral once. In group B; first acepromazine was given 0.15 mg/kg and after thirty-minute, ketamine was eaten to cats. Group C was similar to group B; with the difference that midazolam was administrated 0.3 mg/kg instead of acepromazine. Group B had the lowest fluctuations in heart rate and group C was better for the influence on temperature and respiratory. There were no significant variations for neural reflexes; however, there was a significant difference for anesthesia duration between groups B (37.2 minutes), and C (37.4) with group A (26). Induction of anesthesia was better in groups B (14.6±1.4 minutes), and C (15.6±1.14) compared with group A (20±2.34). The time of first voluntary movement was recorded in minutes of 38.2±2.38, 43±2.43, and 44.8±3.27 for groups A, B, and C respectively. The oral administration of ketamine with midazolam or acepromazine is a better method than alone ketamine for induction of anesthesia in cats, because of the longer anesthesia duration and fewer muscle tremors.

The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of essential oil (Od-EO) and nanoemulsion (Od-NEO) of Oliveria decumbens for practical use in food industry. The plant was collected from the North-East of Khuzestan province and essential oil was extracted by Clevenger device. The components of Od-EO were identified by GC–MS analysis. The Od-NEO was prepared by stirring tween 80, distilled water and Od-EO and then using a sonicator with a power of 200 W and a piezoelectric crystal with a probe diameter of 15 mm. The antibacterial effects of Od-EO and Od-NEO were evaluated on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes by disk diffusion agar and microdilution methods. Antioxidant effect was also evaluated using DPPH and ABTS scavenging methods. Data showed that thymol (53.4%), γ-terpinene (20.48%), p-cymene (18.02%) and myristicin (2.7%) were the most predominant compounds of Od-EO. The particle size of Od-NEO was 45.71nanometer and the Zeta potential was -36.3 mV. The value of IC50 in the DPPH test for BHT, Od-EO and Od-NEO were 18.57, 1456.95 and 757.29 (μg/ml), respectively. In ABTS method, the IC50 rates were 12.32, 565.83 and 507.89 (μg/ml). The MIC of the Od-EO and Od-NEO ranged between 0.312 to 20 mg/ml. The lowest MIC value was obtained for S. aureus and highest value was obtained for P. aeruginosa. Data showed that the antioxidant activity of Od-NEO was significantly higher than Od-EO (p<0.05). Also, Od-NEO had a greater inhibitory effect on the studied bacteria than Od-EO and gram positive bacteria showed more sensitivity. Due to higher antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Od-NEO, need for increased attention to this issue and the Od-NEO could potentially be used in the food industry.

Gastrointestinal dysmotility is important in ruminants. Pulegone is a natural monoterpene ketone obtained from the essential oil of different plants. It has been reported that pulegone has an antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-histamine effect. The present study investigated the effects of pulegone on bovine ileum smooth muscle contractions. The experiment was performed on the circular smooth muscle of ileum samples taken from slaughtered bovine in the organ bath. Seven cumulative concentrations of pulegone from 1 to 1000 µg ml-1 were added to tissue samples. The solution used was Tyrode’s solution aerated with a mixture of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide, and the temperature was set at 37 °C. The effect of pulegone on baseline contractions and three induced contractions with barium chloride (BaCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), and carbachol (Cch) was investigated. The results revealed that pulegone significantly inhibits spontaneous, as well as all spasmogen-induced contractions. Pulegone was able to relax the contractions caused by Cch, BaCl2, and KCl (20) at 30 µg ml-1. The anti-spasmodic properties of pulegone can be employed for the treatment of intestinal spasms or hypermotility.

Circulation in the fetus has some anatomical features which is of clinical importance. The present study was carried out to investigate the great vessels and duct in the circulatory system of fetal sheep by three techniques of rhodopas cast, angiography, and dissection techniques. Thirty-six male and female fetuses were studied. The age estimation of fetuses was calculated through Crown Rump Length (CRL) measurements and by use of formula for sheep fetus. All fetuses were divided in three groups; group 1 (CRL=12.54±0.52 Cm, Age= 62.08±2.08 days), group 2 (CRL=22±1.31 Cm, Age= 81.9± 5.7 days) and group 3 (CRL=34.6±1.19 Cm, Age= 108.5± 5.38 days), respectively. The structure of the umbilical cord, course of the umbilical vein and arteries, portal vein, ductus venosus, caudal vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk, ductus arteriosus, and great arteries and veins of the neck, thoracic and abdominal cavity were studied. The results showed, the vessels and duct of arabian fetal sheep are similar to other ruminants, but there were some differences in arrangment of umblical cord and ductus venosus with equines, dromedary camel and human. Also the fetal sex and age had no effect on the arrangement of vessels and ducts. On the other hand, the results showed that all of the mentioned techniques are capable of assessing the blood vessels and ducts, but are complementary to each other.

Uterine diseases are common problem that influence the reproductive output in dairy farm. Different factors include metabolic disturbances may affect the uterine defense mechanism and contribute at postpartum uterine disease occurrence. The routine metabolic profile is measurements of net values of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and glucose (Glc) in cow serum. The present study aimed to look at the ratios of the energy metabolic products during the transition period and investigate their relationship with bovine clinical endometritis. The weekly serum samples were collected from 100 dairy cows during the transition period (2 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks postpartum). In the clean test (Day 30 postpartum), 16 cows were selected, and assigned in a case-control repeated measure design into two groups as clinical endometritis (CE: n=8) or healthy cows (n=8). The respective serum samples of the cows were assayed for NEFA, BHBA, and Glc. All the measurement units were converted to mM/L and the ratios were calculated. The trend of changes in the ratios of NEFA to BHBA was in a steady state in healthy cows during the transition period, while it raised at the time of parturition in the CE group (P<0.05). While the significant increase in NEFA to Glc ratio started after parturition in healthy cows, it was begun to increase before parturition in CE. The trend of changes in the energy metabolite ratios during the transition is different in CE compared to healthy dairy cows.

Mongoose is a common name for 30 species of the family Herpestidae found in a vast area of southwestern Asia, especially Iran. Morphometric studies of the brain have been topics of interest to anatomy researchers due to their high importance in veterinary and zoology fields. The present study was conducted to better understand the brain's morphometric features in Mongoose because of the lack of information about the brain structure in wild carnivores. For this purpose, eight carcasses of adult mongooses were used. They were found in different Fars province areas in Iran, which were dead due to natural causes. The brain was then carefully separated from the skull, and all the measurements and observations related to different parts of the brain were recorded. The values entered the computer separated by gender, and SPSS 22 and T. student tests were used for statistical analysis while the significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was considered. This study showed that the ratio of brain weight to body weight (EQ) and the ratio of cerebellum weight to total brain weight in mongoose are higher than other carnivores. All the brain's morphometric findings in mongooses are in unparalleled harmony with their lifestyle. Also, no difference was found between the mongoose and other carnivores such as dogs and cats regarding the gyri and sulci's number and pattern. The current work is a preliminary assessment, and new imaging methods are suggested for more advanced studies.