فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 53 (پاییز 1400)

تاریخ انتشار: 1400/09/25
تعداد عناوین: 12

فارسی
English

انتخاب همه

Interpretation of Serologic Test Results and Evaluation of Humoral Immune Response After Vaccination Following Infection with COVID-19 Disease

Shahrouz Hemmati, Mahnaz Al Yasin Pages 9-15

SARS-CoV-2 virus infection induces a cellular and humoral mediated immune response and produces antibodies against viral antigens such as nucleocapsid (N) protein and spike (S) protein. Anti-protein S antibodies also target the spike protein subunit S1 and the receptor binding domain (RBD). Serologic tests can detect the presence of these antibodies in blood serum within a few days to a few weeks after an acute infection. However, these tests should not be used to diagnose acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Serologic tests can identify people who are currently infected with SARS-CoV-2 or had been infected in the past, and thereby help public health scientists and specialists better understand the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Although the link between humoral immunity and protection against the disease is not yet fully understood, evidence suggests that the production of antibodies following infection may provide immunity against re-infection for up to about 6 months. However, it is unclear to what extent these antibodies can protect against emerging viral variants.
Some serologic tests do not detect antibodies produced by COVID-19 vaccines. Since these vaccines induce antibodies to viral proteins, if the applied test does not detect vaccine-induced antibodies, the results of the post-vaccination antibody test in people who have no previous infection may be negative.
Therefore, it seems that all eligible people should be vaccinated, including unvaccinated people who already have been infected and possess detectable antibodies.
Unvaccinated people, including those who were previously tested positive for antibodies, should follow current recommendations for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Keywords: Serologic tests, Vaccination, Antibodies, Anti-S, Anti-N, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19

Abstract View Paper
Fungal Diseases of the Respiratory Tracts-Section 3

Mohammad Ghahri Pages 16-22

The respiratory tract is the primary mode of entry for the Zygomycetes. Pulmonary infections usually occur in the immunocompromised patient and resemble those caused by the aspergillus spp. Risk factors include hematologic problems, ketoacidosis, long- term immunosuppressive therapy, and underlying lung disease. Needle aspirates or biopsy specimens provide the best yield for diagnosis. Tissue specimens should not be ground, but rather minced or cut up into small bits for inoculation to media, grinding may render the organisms nonviable and difficult to detect in smears.
Histopathologic evaluation usually shows broad, nonseptate, hyaline hyphae, 7 to 15 microns in width and with either irregular branching or branching at 90-degree angles. Isolation is achieved fairly easily on most fungal media such as Potato dextrose agar, malt agar, or Czapek agar. Rhizopus is the most common;y isolated genus from human specimens, followed by Absidia and Rhizomucor. These three make up around 85% of all isolates. Identification of Zygomycetes is based on examination of the asexual morphology.
Direct examination of scrapings and biopsy and other specimens is important for diagnosis. Tissue specimens should be stained promptly with Gomorri’s methenamine silver and with hematoxylin and eosin stains. In addition, a portion should be examined on a slide with 20% aqueous KOH with calcofluor under flurescent microscope.

Keywords: Zygomycosis, Mucormycosis, Respiratory infection, Pulmonary infectio

Abstract View Paper
The prevalence of adverse obstetric outcomes follow of an abnormal maternal serum AFP and NTDs screen positive group

Sarang Younesi, Mohammad Mehdi Taheri Amin, Pourandokht Saadati, Soudabeh Jamali, Payam Balavayeh, Mohammad Hossein Modaresi, Shahram Savad, Saeed Delshad, Fariba Navidpour, Farzaneh Adiban, Neda Rafi, Mahboubeh Helat Abadi, Salomeh Amidi Pages 23-30

Introduction

Prenatal maternal serum AFP screening tests have some inherent false positive and false negative results. For NTDs Screening test (FTS) false positive rate (FPR) is about 1% and false negative rate (FNR) is 20%.
A false positive result encourages by Anomaly scan and invasive diagnostic procedures (that poses lots of stress on women, too), while a false negative result lead to a NTDs defect birth. So it is important to be informed about other conditions or disorders accompanied with abnormal serum marker levels or screen positive results.

Objective

The main goal of this study was evaluating the outcomes of pregnancy followed up a positive NTDs screening results.

Design and Methods:

A retrospective study of 131628 Iranian pregnant women who referred to the Nilou Laboratory from the beginning of March 2016 to the end of February 2017. 65% Of women were from Tehran and its suburbs and the rest were from 18 other provinces of Iran. The outcome of each pregnancy in 1412 in high risk group, 1892 in intermediate group and 4373 in low risk group was asked by calling the women (after their delivery). The number of screen positive cases, and all adverse obstetrics outcomes evaluated and documented.

Results

The average maternal age of studied women was 28.7 years and 23.2% of women were 35 years or older. High risk cases for NTDs (with greater or equal risk to 1: 100) were 1.07% and patients in the intermediate group (risk between 1: 101 to 1: 150) had a prevalence of 1.47, and 97.5% of patients had normal AFP levels. Out of 1412 patients in the high-risk group, 571 had an adverse pregnancy outcome, indicating a prevalence of 0.43% of these disorders in the study population and a prevalence of 40.2% of these disorders in the high-risk group. The most common disorders were spotting, preterm delivery with birth of a baby weighing less than 2.5 kg and vaginal bleeding, respectively, and the lowest prevalence was related to achondroplasia.

Discussion

In general, a positive maternal screening test result dose not necessarily mean that there is something wrong with the baby. It just means that further investigation should be performed for excluding maternal, fetal and /or placental causes for abnormal levels. The results of this study show that the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes is high in the group with high AFP levels and increases the risk of these disorders 4 times in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group, and therefore patients are better in this regard. They should be followed up and taken care of more during pregnancy.

Keywords: High risk NTDs, elevated AFP, ventral wall defects, Adverse Obstetric Outcomes, Second Trimester screening

Abstract View Paper
Association of serum melatonin and albumin with cardiovascular disease

Fariba Nabatchian, Faezeh Abbasi Pages 31-44

Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory conditions, and oxidative stress at the forefront of the onset and progression of most cardiovascular diseases specificaly coronary heart disease and heart failure.
Melatonin is a type of indole neuroendocrine hormone. It was first found that the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle is regulated by melatonin function. Further research has shown that melatonin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. It has also been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
It also has other biological effects including anti-apoptotic effects, mitochondrial enhancement, stimulation of target cells to secrete cytokines and anti-aging.
Most importantly, recent research has shown the role of melatonin in various cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, ischemia, atherosclerosis, and pneumonia. it shows.
Melatonin affects various factors of cardiovascular function. Evidence suggests that melatonin rhythm has a vital effect on cardiovascular pathophysiological processes, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and possibly anti-lipid effects.
Over the past decades, the protective potential of melatonin for cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and heart attack has become increasingly apparent.
Albumin is a circulating protein that has different functions. Albumin concentration is related to several factors. Its synthesis rate, catabolism rate, extravascular distribution and exogenous loss.
In addition, nutritional status and systemic inflammation affect serum albumin synthesis. Estimation of albumin concentration helps to predict risk in different clinical conditions. Serum albumin has many physiological properties: for example, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and anti-platelet aggregation. It also plays an important role in the exchange of fluids between the capillary membranes.
Understanding the prognostic value of serum albumin in all spectrums of cardiovascular disease is of great interest.
What is the effect of melatonin on a variety of cardiovascular diseases? By what mechanism does melatonin affect the cardiovascular system?
What are the basic properties of albumin and what physiological functions associated with albumin contribute to its effect on cardiovascular disease? Is prevention and correction of low serum albumin levels beneficial for people who have cardiovascular disease or are at risk?

Keywords: Melatonin, Pineal gland, Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract View Paper
A review of retinoblastoma disease

Daryoush Farhoud, Hanieh Pourkalhor Pages 45-50

Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that usually occurs in early childhood, usually before the age of five. This type of cancer occurs in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue behind the eye that recognizes light and color. It is the most common type of eye cancer in children. One-third of all retinoblastomas are inherited, meaning that mutations in the RB1 gene are present in all cells in the body, including reproductive cells (sperm or eggs). Patients with inherited retinoblastoma may have a family history of the disease and are at risk of passing on the RB1 mutant gene to the next generation. The other two-thirds of retinoblastomas are non-inherited, meaning that mutations in the RB1 gene are present only in ocular cells and cannot be passed on to the next generation.
The conversion of a proto-oncogene to an oncogene may be caused by a change in the proto-oncogene. This is due to the rearrangement of genes on the chromosome, which causes the proto-oncogene to move to a new location. This event is also caused by an increase in the number of copies obtained from normal proto-oncogenes.
Sometimes a virus enters DNA and enters the proto-oncogene, or approaches it, causing it to become an oncogene. The result of each of these events is a change in the shape of the gene and the cause of the cancer. Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that progressively and rapidly affects immature retinal cells. Most sufferers are children (usually under 5 years).
One in every 15,000 to 20,000 children develops retinoblastoma. But the prevalence of this disease in adults is very rare. Depending on at what point in time and what part of the gene; If the mutation occurs, the disease will be hereditary (Congenital-Hereditary) and non-hereditary (Non-Hereditary). In 75% of cases, the disease occurs in one eye (Unilateral) and 25% of cases in both eyes (Bilateral), the bilateral type has a more inherited history.

Keywords: Proto-oncogene, oncogenes, retinoblastoma, cancerous

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The importance of epigenetic modifications in cancer progression

Mahdieh Yavari, Sadegh Valian Borujeni Pages 51-60

Epigenetics are dynamic and inherited changes in the genome that occur independently of DNA sequencing. This phenomenon requires coherent interaction with various enzymes and other molecular components. Abnormal epigenetic changes can lead to the onset of improper gene expression and the promotion of tumorigenesis. Because epigenetic changes are prone to external and reversible factors, they are becoming promising targets in the treatment of multiple cancers. Recently, various epigenetic drugs have been developed and are involved in clinical use. The use of epigenetic drugs alone or in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy has shown convincing results, including increased antitumor effects, overcoming drug resistance, and activation of the host immune response.

Keywords: Epigenetics, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Epigenetic drugs

Abstract View Paper