نشریه اقتصاد باثبات
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 4، پاییز 1400)

One of the factors affecting the economic situation in countries at the moment is the state of the corona epidemic. Although this issue manifest itself in health categories, it will gradually show its impact on economic categories as the epidemic increases. Khuzestan province due to ethnic and racial diversity in different regions, has a higher vulnerability in the field of health and due to its national nature is more strongly dependent on the economic sector. Both of these will keep the prevalence level high. Therefore, in this study, the main purpose is to calculate the level of economic resilience in small and medium industries in Khuzestan province by industry and city in the first period of closure in the country, ie the period from February 2020 to May 2020 caused by the Corona virus epidemic using the method of calculating the economic resilience of Briguglio et al. (2008). The results show that the textile, metal, food, electricity and electronics, chemical, non-metallic mineral and cellulose industries have the highest to the lowest resilience in Khuzestan province, respectively. Also, economic resilience in all cities of Khuzestan province is in a state of "instability and convergence" and the cities of Abadan, Ahvaz, Izeh and Baghmalek, Shushtar and Gotvand, Khorramshahr, Dezful and Shoush, Andimeshk, Behbahan and Omidieh and the port of Mahshahr and Bandar Imam Khomeini, respectively; They have been evaluated as having the highest to the lowest resilience in the province.

The influence of gross domestic product (GPD) on housing prices has been investigated in numerous studies but the influence of human capital shock on housing prices is a new subject. This article, which is an adoption of Young & Pan (2020) work), tried to investigate this subject and analyze the findings. The statistical population of this research includes the provinces of Iran and a period of 2012 to 2017 has been chosen as the research sample, retrieved from existing economic data. Panel vector autoregressive models were employed in order to analyze data. Obtained results from regression models depict that human capital has impulse effects on housing prices through channels. In other words, boosting/promoting human capital will increase the demand for housing and prices. The results of impulse response function (IRF) depicted that response of human capital (housing price) to fluctuations in housing prices (human capital) and the response of production to fluctuations in human capital is higher than other variables responses. The results of variance analysis illustrate that the housing prices can be explained better by gross domestic product (18%) and human capital (1%), better than other variables. Hence, the growth of the housing market can have a positive influence on the economy. It should be noted that the influence of housing market growth (production) on production (housing market growth) is significantly greater than human capital.

Despite the importance of specialized manpower in leading a country's economy, statistics show the departure of a large number of thinkers in various fields of science who for some reason prefer to stay in developed countries to stay in their own country. In fact, brain drain represents the flow of human capital in which skills are transferred. The econometric method used is the generalized method of moment (GMM). In this study, developing countries have been selected as emmigrant countries and the United States as an immigrant country, and immigration statistics by nationality have been obtained from the International Organization for Migration (OECD. Stat) during the years 2002-2018. The first lag of brain drain, government effectiveness and freedom of expression have a positive effect on brain drain from developing countries to the U.S and the rule of law, corruption control and the quality of law have a negative effect on brain drain and elite migration. considering the impact of the rule of law, control of corruption and the quality of laws on reducing elite immigration, the necessary institutional reforms to improve property rights, contractualization, social security, competition, transparency and quality of law in the field of economic activities is suggested. Therefore, countries should prepare comprehensive programs to create a dynamic and active environment for human resources and provide the ground for creativity and innovation for the elites to prevent them from leaving their country.

In recent years, tax revenues have become particularly important due to the increase in international sanctions and the decline in oil revenues; as the most important source of income, tax revenues have an impact on economic growth. Determining the impact of different taxes on economic growth in business cycles can be effective in the use of efficient tax policies. Therefore, in the present study, our aim is to investigate the effect of tax revenues by type of taxes in the country's business cycles in the period 2005: 1-2018: 2 quarterly in the form of Markov rotational model.. The results show that income tax has no significant effect in recession and no significant effect in boom. Taxes on companies and taxes on goods and services, regardless of the business cycles that affect the country's economy. Also, import tax has no significant effect during the boom period and has had an effect during the recession. The effect of growth of the country's total tax revenues shows that if the country is in a recession, it will have a negative and significant effect, and if it is in a state of prosperity, it will have a positive and significant effect. The growth of the exchange rate and the growth of oil prices will have a significant impact in all periods. In times of recession, the goal should not be to increase tax revenues alone, but the growth of taxes should be based on the business period and the type of tax, and also based on the results of indirect tax growth in the conditions of the country's economy can be fruitful.

Social security seeks to meet the needs of people in achieving adequate living conditions by redistributing income and providing services such as providing alternative income for disabled or retired employees and medical services. The goals of social security plans are achieved when the organization has sufficient resources to carry out its tasks. Accordingly, recognizing the factors affecting the lost resources of the Social Security Organization and how these factors affect, will help prevent a deficit in the resources of this organization. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors affecting the lost resources of the Social Security Organization in Iran during the period 2013 to 2019. For this purpose, initially, using the micro data of household expenditure and income plan and using related indicators, the amount of resources lost was calculated descriptively and using the concept of informal employment. Preliminary processing of the data shows that the Social Security Organization has lost an average of 14.5% of its annual financial resources during this period. Then, the research model was estimated by dynamic panel data method and the estimation of generalized of Moments system in 31 provinces of the country. The results show that informal employment, economic structure (Value added ratio of industry to agriculture), unemployment rate and inflation have a direct impact on lost social security resources. The results of this study also show that the interactive effect of economic structure in border provinces on lost resources is inverse. Explaining that with the increase in the added value of the industrial sector compared to the added value of the agricultural sector in the border provinces, the lost resources of social security are reduced.

Expanding life insurance prevents class gaps and poverty. The expansion of life insurance is closely related to the level of economic and social well-being in each country. For the purpose, in this study, the combined method of data panel was used. The method of estimating the model is based on a combination of time series data (from 1397 to 1393) and cross-sectional data of all provinces of Iran. Since our focus is on finding the relationship between welfare variables and insurance demand, educational welfare variables have been used to measure educational welfare and the per capita income variable as a physical welfare variable and the income inequality variable as a social welfare variable. Findings showed that the coefficients of variables of physical level and educational level of welfare were both positive and significant, but the coefficients of social level of welfare were negative and non-significant. There is also a significant and negative relationship between insurance rates and demand for life insurance. Management and policy recommendations of this research emphasize on controlling interest and insurance rates due to their effective relationship with life insurance demand. Since the results of the research confirm the existence of an effective relationship between interest and insurance rates with the life insurance demand, so controlling these rates while maintaining their favorable effects can lead to supporting life insurance and thus increase social welfare in society. The government can also increase the level of education and training of people in the community by supporting the public and university education sectors. This measure, according to the results of the research will increase the life insurance demand and increase social welfare. Therefore, paying attention to education and policies to control interest and life insurance rates can lead to an overall improvement in the welfare of society.