فصلنامه پژوهشهای علوم و فناوری چوب و جنگل
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

non-timber forest products (NTFP) is goods of biological origin other than wood derived from forests and other wooded land and trees outside forests. Pistacia atlantica Desf. is one of the ecologically and economically valuable trees of the Zagros forests, being many non-timber forest products. In Baneh city of Kurdistan province, although local communities use Pistacio (Pistacia atlantic) trees in different ways with high traditional knowledge, it has not been well investigated. Due to the importance of non-timber forest products (NTFP) related to forest trees, the purpose of this study was to study the NTFP related pistachio in Namshir (Zeyveyeh and Bilo villages) of Baneh city in Kurdistan province

Unstructured and semi-structured interviews, direct and indirect observations were used to collect information on the NTFP of P. atlantica trees. Snowball sampling was used for semi-structured interviews with key individuals. In this study, 60 informants were selected from the conventional systems and data were collected in the form of 28 interviews with an average of one hour and 10 minutes (for each interview).

The results showed that P. atlantica in the Bilo and Zeyveyeh villages includes 4.1% and 8.8% of the tree species composition, respectively, and has a share of 2.09% and 2.56% in the household economy. (Net household income in the above two villages is 34.07 and 41.12 million tomans per year, respectively). In both villages, on average, 4.19 million Tomans of income is obtained through natural resources, and the average income from each pistachio tree in Zeyveyeh village (or 109.8 thousand Tomans) is more than Bilo village (with 96.5 thousand Tomans in Year). P. atlantica was mainly used for medicinal (Saqqez (oleo-gum resin) and distillate), dietary (the fruit to flavor doogh, food, pickling, oil and snacks (gozhmeh concoction)) handicrafts (rosaries production, Bread cooking utensils and Sugar crushing bowl), construction and livestock have been registered. Saqez with 62.8% of total harvests was identified as the most important traditional harvest of P. atlantica trees. Bene resin (Saqqez) with 62.8% of the total harvests was identified as the most important traditional harvest of P. atlantica trees, followed by fruit harvest with 33%. On the other hand, 33.3% and 8.3% of P. atlantica products are available in provincial and international markets, and the rest of the traditional harvests are consumed by households and people of Baneh city. The main unprincipled uses of Saqqez included annual harvesting, pruning and bowl making disproportionate to the capacity of P. atlantica trees, Saqqez harvesting from old trees and the use of plastic bowls.

Overall, the results of this study confirmed the existence of several traditional knowledge related to this tree, but it is emphasized that this knowledge should be compatible with the principles of sustainable forest management. In general, to reduce the negative effects of Saqqez harvesting from P. atlantica trees, we suggested some solutions such as increasing the harvesting period to five years, forbidding the Saqqez harvesting from old and dried trees, and not using plastic bowls.

Considering the fact that only 8.83 percent of Iran area is covered by forests in which only 1.2 percent to Northern forests, therefore its low area would not enough for national wood demands, thus wood farming with fast-growing species besides natural forests can decrease the pressure on natural resources. Regrading the role of wood farming in Iran as well as lack of farmers tendency in wood farming, this study aimed at identification and comparison of factors affecting wood farming in Golestan province based on experts and wood farmers’ point of view.

since the main aim of this study was identification of strengths, weaknesses and opportunities affecting wood farming, factors were identified using face to face and focused group discussion (FGD) with knowledgeable experts and wood farmers in Golestan province. Then, a semi-structural questionnaire was designed to determine the factors weights and their priority. Also, Questionnaire validity and reliability were approved. Next, questionnaires were completed by experts and wood farmers of Gorgan, Aq-qala, Ramian, Gonbad Kavous, Ali-abad and Kordkuy cities. Finally, gathered data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.

Through the result, total number of 37 factors were identified: strengths (15 factors), opportunities (14 factors) and weaknesses (8 factors). Moreover, prioritization of the factors showed that the main factors with highest mean rank were: “effect of education level and skill of wood farmers in development of wood farming” in strengths factors (common among farmers and experts) with mean rank of 3.285 (farmers) and 3.527 (experts). “Introducing suitable species and varieties for wood farming with high yield and tolerance and adoptability” regarding opportunities (common among farmers and experts) with mean rank of 4.285 (farmers) and 4.194 (experts) and in with regard to weaknesses “low governant subsidies and also its long official procedure” (common among farmers and experts) with mean rank of 4.571 (farmers) and 4.111 (experts). Additionally, comparison results showed not significant difference almost for all the factors between farmers and experts’ point of view.

Lack of significant difference between experts and wood farmers’ point of view regarding factors affecting wood farming can prove the existence and intensity of aforementioned factors in reality. Therefore, in order to achieve national wood farming goals and support the 6th Development programme of agricultural and natural resources of the country, efforts should be focused on decreasing and omitting of weaknesses and enforcing strengths and ultimately, using the opportunities in wood farming section.

Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl is one of the fastest growing tree species of Paulownia genus, which is a suitable option for wood farming and agroforestry in north of Iran. Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and survival of this species, which can cause severe damage to its performance in the nursery and planting area. This study intends while to investigate the growth and survival response of this species seedling to changes in soil moisture, to consider the possibility of using foliar spray of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid to increase drought resistance of P. fortunei in seedling stage.

In this study, 225 seedlings were selected, and were transplanted in 3 liter pots filled with suitable soil, and were examined after establishment under 3 levels of soil moisture (90%, 60% and 30% of field capacity) and 5 levels of foliar spray (control, 1 and 10 mM ascorbic acid, 100 and 150 mg.l-1 salicylic acid), using two-factor factorial experiment with 3 replications for 4 month. Survival of seedlings and growth characteristics, including stem height, collar root diameter, chlorophyll, and specific area of leaves, and also length and number of main and lateral roots for each seedling were measured at the end of the study. Collected data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance, Duncan multiple comparison of means, and simple linear regression method at 95% confidence level.

The results showed that in all foliar spraying treatments, a decreasing and significant linear relationship was observed between soil moisture and seedling survival. So that at 30% moisture level (severe drought) salicylic acid foliar spray treatment increased the survival of seedlings by 7 times. Also, lessening of soil moisture from 90% to 60% caused a significant reduction in growth traits of stems and leaves of seedlings, The results showed that the effects of foliar spray on seedling root properties are strongly affected by soil moisture, so that at 90% moisture level, foliar spray reduces root area and number of first order lateral roots, nevertheless, at 30% moisture level, seedlings were treated with foliar spray of salicylic acid at a concentration of 150 mg.l-1 and ascorbic acid at a concentration of 10 mM, showed the highest mean values of root area, total root length and number of first order lateral roots.

P. fortunei seedlings are very sensitive to changes in soil moisture. Also, the use of foliar spray, especially in the treatment of salicylic acid with a concentration of 150 mg.l-1 improves the survival and growth characteristics of this species seedling under water scarcity conditions.

Zagros forests, as the largest forest ecosystem in Iran, are mainly composed of oak and pistachio species. Although Pistacia mutica has the ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions, for optimal establishment and growth, like other tree species, it needs environmental conditions appropriate with its ecological needs. Diameter and height growth in these trees are slow due to climatic conditions, so the study of the quantitative and qualitative condition of the forest by measuring and monitoring quantitative characteristics will not be accompanied by accurate results. In contrast, studying the biochemical and biophysical properties of the leaves and canopy of these trees can provide a more appropriate way for studying and monitoring them. Plant chlorophyll and moisture are important parameters in determining the physiological status, health condition, and stress status of trees. It is possible to estimate these parameters from remote sensing and proximity data using radiation transfer models that work according to the physics laws and how electromagnetic radiation interacts with trees. The PROSPECT4 model is one of the newest models proposed to estimate the amount of chlorophyll, water content, and leaf dry matter per unit area based on spectral reflectance measurements. In recent years, fires, pests and diseases, climate change, and drought have gradually affected the growth and quality of pistachio species. Since the first signs of stress in trees appear in their leaves, in this study, the need to investigate the quantitative and qualitative status of this species based on the biochemical parameters of its leaves through non-destructive methods of proximity was considered.

20 Pistacia trees were randomly selected in the Kood Siyah forest of Felard section of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. The amount of chlorophyll parameters, equivalent water thickness and leaf dry matter were calculated in the laboratory. Spectral reflectance of leaf samples was measured by SVC HR-1024 spectrometer. Spectral data and values of leaf biophysical and biochemical parameters were entered in the ARTMO toolbox. Then, PROSPECT4 radiation transfer model was used to simulate spectral reflection and estimate water and leaf chlorophyll of Pistacia mutica. Combining the simulations with least squares regression, the performance of PROSPECT4 model in estimating chlorophyll content and leaf water of this species was evaluated.

In order to evaluate the model in estimating chlorophyll content and leaf water content, R2 and RMSE indices were used between the measured and estimated values. The results showed that the PROSPECT4 model in combination with the PLS model has good accuracy in estimating leaf water content (R2 = 0.73, RMSE = 0.0028) and leaf chlorophyll (R2 = 0.72, RMSE = 2.61). The results of paired T-test of spectral indices showed that ARI,, ARI2,, DWSI,,NDWI and p550 indices were not significantly different between the measured and simulated reflectance.

Based on the results of this study, the combination of radiation transfer model with regression methods such as PLS has great power in predicting tree parameters. Estimation of forest quality parameters in a vast area of Zagros forests using satellite data along with other radiation transfer models using several tree species and a range of parameters, as well as techniques such as ancillary information, multiple solutions, and other regression methods of simulating spectral reflectance can be performed.

The Middle East, Iran and Khuzestan are located in arid region of the world and the phenomenon of dust is one of the characteristics of these regions. There are 7 critical dust centers with an area of 350000 hectares in Khuzestan province. These areas are identifie in the 7 range and include: South of Horalazim, north of Khorramshahr, east of Ahvaz, south east of Ahvaz, Bandar Imam to Omidieh, Mahshahr to Hindijan and east of Hindijan. The purpose of this study is provide a floristic list of plant species, determination of life form and geographical distribution. The selection of these areas was due to planting, vinas and oil mulch projects implemented in these centers.

Plant samples were collected by using field survey method in the spring and summer of 2019 in natural habitats critical sources including number 1, 2 (Horalazim) and 4 (south east of Ahvaz) of Ahvaz. After determining the level of sample parts by Whitaker method, Systematic random sampling method with network dimensions of 200 × 150 meters was used.135 plots of 100 square meters were selected in each sample plot, in addition to the number and surface cover, the scientific names of plants were identified and recorded separately by genus and species. The samples were identified using botanical sources up to the species level. Then their Corotype and biological form were determined.

Results showed that there are 154 plant species belonging to 36 families in the study area. The largest families in the region were Chenopodiaceae (24 species) followed by Asteraceae (24 species) and Poceae (22 species). In terms of life forms of plant five life forms were found including therophytes (68 species), hemicryptophytes (44 species), phanrophytes (21 species), chamoephytes (15 species) and cryptophytes (6 species). It was found that annual species in the region were 60% and perennial species were 40%. Analysis of the geographical distribution of plants in the region showed that 54 species Irano- Turanian, 40 species Irano- Turanian, Sahara- Sidian, 18 species Sahara-Sidian, 13 species Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean Sahara-Sidian, 10 Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean, 5 species Sahra-Sidian, Mediterranean, 4 species Irano- Turanian, Euro- Siberian, Mediterranean, 4 species Irano- Turanian, Euro- Siberian, Sahra- Sidian, 2 species cosmopolite, 2 species pluri regional ans 2 species Irano- Turanian, Euro- Siberian.

The families of Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae had a good distribution in the dust centers in Ahvaz. Therophyte and hemicryptophyte species are more abundant than other life forms, and these species were able to settle in the region in harsh climatic conditions. Therefore, these species can be used to control dust through biological control.

Today, paper recycling is considered as a very important economic and environmental necessity. Deinking is one of the important processes in paper recycling. Different types of chemicals are used for deinking that one of the most important of them is sodium silicate. Silicate compounds reduce the useful life of processing equipments and cause problems in the wastewater treatment system due to the sedimentation of them in the equipment. In this research, Recycling of old newspaper using glanapon organic complex, as a substitute for sodium silicate, was investigated due to related problems with sodium silicate.

In this study, chemical repulping of ONP was carried out using chemicals at pulp consistency of 10%, temperature of 50 °C and duration of 20 min. The chemicals used for deinking were hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, Surfactant (Tween 80), DTPA, and glanapon stab organic complex. All chemicals were added based on oven-dry paper basis. In the first step, the control pulp was prepared from ONP using 1% sodium hydroxide, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.15% Surfactant (Tween 80) and 0.3% DTPA in the presence of 0.5% sodium silicate. Then, in subsequent treatments, sodium silicate was removed from the chemical compound and the glanapone complex was used at various levels (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2 and 3%) instead of it. All chemical treatments were carried out in plastic bags in a hot water bath. The treated pulps were deinked by washing method. The effect of various charges of glanapone on the formation of hydrogen bonds was investigated by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The effect of various charges of the organic complex on the physical, optical and strength properties of deinked pulp was studied and compared with the control (ONP deinked using 0.5% sodium silicate).

The results of physical properties measurements showed that the addition of glanapon stab complex up to 0.7% level caused to production of papers with lower caliper and higher density. Microscopic images taken from the thick profiles of the papers also confirm this. As well as, Paper thickness increased and their density was decreased by increasing consumption of glanapon from 0.7 to 2%. While the density of the prepared paper increased as compared to the reference paper. The results of optical properties analysis indicated that the brightness increased to 51.21% ISO and the yellowness was reduced to 7.3 % ISO as the dosage of organic complex was increased up to 3%. The opacity of paper was decreased by increasing the organic complex charge up to 0.7%. The bursting strength was significantly increased by increasing the organic complex charge up to 2% as compared to the reference paper.

In general, the paper with lower caliper, higher density and brightness, lower yellowness and suitable opacity could be produced using 0.3- 2% glanapon complex in comparison with the reference paper by deinking of old newspaper

in the present study a modification method combing Delignification and densification was used to improve the mechanical properties of fast growing poplar wood, aimed to extend their applications into structural and semi-structural purposes. Recent studies showed that partial removal of lignin before densification may increase the compressibility and hydrogen bond formation during densification led to considerable mechanical properties improvement.

poplar wood blocks were delignified with glycerol as an organic solvent. One level of delignified blocks were densified immediately after washing and another level were surface impregnated with glycerol-maleic anhydride and densified to polymerization during densification further increase the mechanical properties of densified wood. At a third level, in order to compare the method of delignification and polymerization with heat treatment, the wood blocks were hydrothermally treated in temperature and pressure conditions similar to delgnification and then densified. The compressing ratio was considered 80% for three levels. In order to investigate the morphological changes in the control and modified samples, scanning electron images were prepared. In order to investigate the effect of modification on mechanical properties, compression and tension parallel to grain, static bending, hardness and impact tests was conducted.

the lignin removal content was 55% and weight gain after impregnation was 7.5%. Electron microscopic images showed filling of wood lumens with cell wall materials in hydrothermally treated samples, and also some cracks were appeared because of increasing brittleness of cell wall. In delignified-densified samples, a lot of lumens were observed probably because of set recovery after press. In delignified-impregnated-densified samples, the lumens were filled by polyesters formed by reaction of glycerol and maleic anhydride. The tensile strength of delignified-densified samples were more the hydrothermally treated ones because of hydrogen bond formation between cellulose unites. Impregnation with glycerol-maleic anhydride led to further increase of tensile strength due to ester bond formation. The highest amount of tension and compression modulus was belonging to hydrothermally treated samples as a function of condensation reaction of lignin and increasing the crystallinity of cellulose. In impregnated-densified samples because of filling the lumens and strong ester bond formation, the tensile and compressive modulus was higher than the delignified-densified samples. The flexural strength of impregnated –densified sampls were considerably increased because of polyester formation in surface. The highest hardness modulus was belonging to delignified-impregnated-densified samples. The highest impact strength was related to the delignified-densified samples and impreganating with glycerol-maleic anhydride led to a little decrease.

Results of mechanical tests showed the effectiveness of the combined delignificaton-impregnation- densification modifying method on improvement of specific tension, compresiive and hardness strength compared to the control ones. Specific impact strength of delignified-densified samples was higher than the control and two other levels attributed to higher ductility. Unlike flexural strength, the specific flexural strength of delignified-impregnated-densified samples was lower than the control, attributing to the strength of sample surface; densification was conducted considerable (80%) in the volume of samples, not only in surface, therefore, despite of higher flexural strength, the specific flexural strength decreased.

Todays, environmental problems of synthetic adhesives such as formaldehyde emission danger for human health cause to consider bio adhesives for wood based composites production by researchers and industries. Human health problems and formaldehyde emission from wood-based composites are some of the major drawbacks of the traditional synthetic adhesives such as urea formaldehyde resins. There have been many attempts to decrease formaldehyde emission and replace urea formaldehyde resins with bio-based adhesives for wood-based composites. Recently, researchers were developed bio based adhesives for wood based product manufacturing with acceptable physical and mechanical properties. These adhesives are totally environment-friendly and they have no gas emission. In this research, feasibility of replacing soy based adhesives by urea formaldehyde resin for plywood manufacturing was investigated.

Soy flour and soy protein combined with two types of different hydrolysable tannin and condensed tannin namely chestnut tannin and mimosa tannin by 5 wt% (as cross-linker agents) to produce different soy adhesives. Some properties of soy adhesives were evaluated by thermo-mechanical analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. The adhesives were tested dynamically by thermomechanical analysis (TMA) on a Mettler 40 apparatus. Thermal transition properties of modified and unmodified soy flour samples were measured with an INNUO DSC 500-B instrument. Also, three ply plywood specimens with Populus deltoides plies were manufactured and their mechanical strength (shear strength) and delamination properties were investigated.

The results obtained from thermo mechanical analysis showed that addition of tannins to soy based adhesives cause to decrease in their gelation time and temperature. Also, results of differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed a decrease in the denaturation temperature of soy protein by tannins addition. The results of plywood mechanical test showed an increase in the shear strength of specimens which prepared with improved-soy based adhesive by tannins as crosslinking agents. Their shear strength were evaluated higher than European standards, EN-314-2, and manufactured plywood by urea formaldehyde resin. Delamination test based on ANSI HPV- HP1 standard, also, showed the lower cyclic water resistance of all types of plywood which manufactured by soy based adhesives without crosslinking agents and, urea formaldehyde resin even indoor condition. But, addition of tannins as crosslinking agent to soy based adhesives, successfully, increased their delamination resistance for indoor and outdoor applications

Based on obtained results, soy adhesives because of acceptable physical and mechanical properties according to EN-314-2, have good potential to replace urea formaldehyde resin for plywood manufacturing.