پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال دهم شماره 20 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

One of the important issues of stylistic knowledge is the issue of distinguishing Literary Style from Scintific Style. A German scientist named A. A. Busemann presented a practical and methodical solution and method that became known as the Busemann equation. This equation measures their level of emotion by examining the relationship between the number of verbs and the number of adjectives in literary texts. This relationship is called VAR or (NFS). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the literature of Hashemite Quantity and Hejaziat Sharif Razi and then compare them with each other based on this statistical equation. Applying this equation in Hashemiyat Qumit and Hejaziyat Sharif Razi, it was found that Hejaziyat has a much higher level of feeling than Hashemiyat and is more literary in this respect. There are factors that lead to a decrease and increase in the value of VAR (PBUH) in the poems of these two poets. Among them, we can mention the issue of age, the subject of poems, social environment and poetic style of the two.

The tendency towards realist literature as one of the consequences of the World War II put poets in composing poems in two different directions; Some with a penchant for descriptive poems pursued a social goal and portrayed external events that the audience's influence on these poems is based only on events in the outside world and not what the poet wants. The other group, with a tendency towards a kind of rhetorical literature, sought to increase the level of political consciousness of the people. Intellectual poets, with the help of critical wisdom to create interaction and enlightenment in society, always tried to inform people about the political developments of their time. Among these committed intellectual poets is Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati. By connecting the past to the present experience, he tries to create a sort of intellectual harmony to make human contemplate his situation and position more among the great human community. Using the descriptive-analytical method, this research seeks to answer the basic questions in three axes: what is the role of intellectuals, why they exist in society and the characteristics of committed intellectuals from the point of view of Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati; The results show that Al-Bayati, considers intellectualism as equivalent to commitment to human suffering and tries to resolve class conflict and declares the mission of an intellectual as linking his suffering with the suffering of fellow human beings. He seeks to spread high human values, fight against class distance and establish a society based on justice and love.

The Theo Van leeuwen’s model is a sociological-semantic approach that is specifically designed to analyze how social actors are represented and to examine the linguistic strategies of the text with great variety. Van Leeuwen believes that the study of sociological-semantic components of discourse leads to a more comprehensive and deeper cognition of the text than the study of pure linguistic components. In this regard, Van Leeuwen presents a list of ways of representing social actors and defines and explains each of them. His approach with title Representing Social Actors, is an appropriate approach for critical discourse analysis which can be used to achieve the underlying semantic layers of the text. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to analyze the novel “Vatan Men Zojaj”( Homeland OF the Glass ) by Yasmineh Saleh, a contemporary Algerian writer, using the method of Exclusion and Inclusion byVan Leeuwen, to determine the frequency of these components and reason for using each of them and finally to reveal unspoken sections of the text. The results of this study indicate that the frequency of the component of the Inclusion is more than of the Exclusion component, Perhaps the reason for this is the author's tendency for clear and unambiguous discourse in stating the facts. and, about the representation of gender it can be said that, in this novel, men play a more significant role than women, and it may indicate to low position and marginalization of women in Algeria.

In classic literature translating poetry means that a poet knows Arabic and Persian and starts translating a part or parts from Arabic to Persian or vice versa(classic to classic). And, all this is for revealing the poetry power in literature. Translating poetry as poetry is a part of a series of issues and subjects which are related to it based on the subject and form. What important hear is the study of translations from two bases; translation is a creative process in classic poetry and problems of poetry plagiarism. There should be a coincidence between these bases according to the differences between a translation being a creative work or plagiarized one may degrade the poet. This comparative study is based on historical references and tries to work on poetic translations in a Arabic and Persian till the sixth century trying to apply the concept of creativity or plagiarism. We concluded that translating poetry as a creative work should be accepted by the poet himself. They should not be different parts in a book. But, manipulating the translated part in a poem and never mentioning the writer's name is a distinguishing point between a creative work and a plagiarized one

Man is a social entity, who is forced to treat plausibly. He always tries to show himself better that what he really is. Highlighted first in theater, mask, through theories by Yung and Coffman, found its path in psychology and social sciences. Moreover, as a literary school, encoding paved the way for mask to come afore to literature. Mythologizing is one of the objectives of this technique and is one of the key concepts in Mouffe and Laclao’s techniques in discourse analysis. At the end, it was concluded that The poet has been able to depict the existence of Imam Hussein and the events related to her uprising, which are real, in an ideal way for the audience by producing a metaphorical space produced using the masking technique. Qasem Hadad could take advantage of mask to criticize Arab’s intellectual stiffness, lack of self esteem, reviving values, and martyrdom and chose them as the nodal point in his discourse and mythologized Imam Hussein’s head.Man is a social entity, who is forced to treat plausibly. He always tries to show himself better that what he really is. Highlighted first in theater, mask, through theories by Yung and Coffman, found its path in psychology and social sciences. Moreover, as a literary school, encoding paved the way for mask to come afore to literature. Mythologizing is one of the objectives of this technique and is one of the key concepts in Mouffe and Laclao’s techniques in discourse analysis.

In the contemporary period, the rhetorical interpretation of the Qur'an has been done with new approaches and methods by commentators such as Seyyed Qutb, Amin Al-Khouli, Aisha Abdul Rahman Bint Al-Shati, Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd and some other commentators. Another of these new and innovative approaches in this field is the structuralist method of Mahmoud Bostani in "Al-Tafsir Al-Banai for the Holy Quran".In this work, with two semantic and artistic approaches, he has studied and interpreted the Qur'anic verse as a single structure and collection, and in this regard has been used, eight rhetorical elements: message, subject, semantic, formal, verbal, musical, literary and structure to explain the coherent relationship between the form and content of the verses and chapters of the Holy Quran.. The purpose of this study, while introducing the structuralist method of Bostani in the interpretation of the Qur'an based on the principles presented in the book "Al-Qawa'd al-Balaghah in the light of the Islamic method", was to study and analyze his interpretive approach in the five-volume commentary "Al-Tafsir al-Banai for the Holy Qur'an". And it was obtained that Bostani's views in the discussion of message element, subject, presentation and delay, mention and deletion, literary element and structural element of new views in the field of rhetorical interpretation of the Qur'an and his method as one of the methods of structural interpretation despite some Disadvantages can be effective.

this literature is only an unpleasant by-product of colonialism. This study is about a postcolonial text and exposes the frameworks of Self Orientalism and literary exoticism, and finally, it is an attempt to understand exoticism as a phenomenon that does not only represent colonialism and colonial ideologies. Sayyidat al-Qamar Jokha al-Harthi is the first book by an Arab author to win the 2019 International Booker Prize; And the first novel written by a woman from Oman that has been translated into English. This story in one The small, imaginary Omani village of Al-Awafi takes place, revolving around a complex portrait of a family network. Al-Harthi has based this novel on three sisters named: Mia, Asma, and Kholeh and their marriage. In this novel, we see an Oman that al-Harthi slowly redefines from a traditional enslaved society to its modern state. Exotic themes, such as women, slavery, customs and social change, etc., are beautifully combined in this novel. Al-Harthi, with his Self orientalistic images of customs and ... belonging to the residents of Al-Awafi, Oman, under the influence of studying in the West, has tried to attract global attention and has been almost successful, because he has tried to create an authentic and pristine image of Oman in Establish the minds of Omani and non-Omani readers. self-Oriental itself is a complex process that speaks as much about the construction of Oman's cultural identity as it does about the exotic representation of Omani culture

As the latest method, stylistics is considered the most effective method of critique and analysis of texts. This method has been debated and its standards and elements have been discovered and investigated not only in the new critique, but also in the old critique by well-known critics such as Ja’hez, Abhulal Askari, Abd al-Qaher Jarjāni, and others. This study intends to analyze the Qaṣīda of Ba’eiyeh Sharif Razi, a classical and technical verse which is based on the principles of poetry of the Jahiliyyah era, in light of the well-known style elements that were used in the old and the new critiques (such as Matla and Maqta, imagery, element of sentimentetc.). In this eloquent and epic Qaṣīda, the poet has expressed his pride in his ancestors with pure and elevated meanings. This Qaṣīda boasts of deep meanings and solid cohesion, as the rhetorical, lexical, and phonetic elements of the Qaṣīda seek to convey the theme of pride and self-esteem, and there is a beautiful harmony between content and structural elements of the Qaṣīda. The paper uses descriptive-analytic method of criticism that seeks to discover and investigate the most important elements and features of the style of the qaṣīda.

Rhetorical criticism is a critical movement developed in ancient Greece. This criticism is broadly divided into two periods, traditional and modern. In the traditional period it is only a method of criticism based on the five canons of Aristotle's rhetoric of invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery, and is now called the New Aristotelian criticism, but in the new era and in the twentieth century and the advent of new theorists it has evolved from a critical approach to a critical movement with many perspectives, of which the New Aristotelian criticism is only one of them. Ideological criticism, as one of the most famous of these perspectives, examines the overt and covert ideological elements in a work to explain its communicative functions and reveals its hegemonic ideology. One of the most important genres in depicting Ideological beliefs is national anthem. The national anthem, as a patriotic song that supports the culture and represents the identity of a nation, plays an important role in the credibility and unity of a nation. Accordingly, the present study aims to do a rhetorical criticism of the national anthem of Syria as a country with a strategic position and a varied and rich civilization history with a descriptive-analytical approach from Sonja. Foss’ viewpoint so as to investigate ideological influence factors in this anthem through overt and covert linguistic artifacts, vocabulary, and music.

Resistance literature is the echo of the voices of libertarians seeking liberation from the clutches of aggressor. The Israeli occupation of Palestine played a significant role in the emergence of this type of literature, And made poetry the manifestation of the cry of committed human beings. Hence, poets have used resistance as the basis of their poems. Mohammad Helmi al-Risheh (1958), a well-known Palestinian poet, is one of the most committed poets who has reflected his outcry in poetry. In his poem, he attacks those who have the seal of silence on their lips, And intends to stir up the nationalist sentiments of the people and persuade them to overthrow the evil shadow of the occupiers.The present study intends to rely on the descriptive-analytical method to analyze the symbols of resistance of the poet and to recount the most important type of symbols of resistance in her poetry.The results show that the poet has instilled his resounding voice of oppression by borrowing symbols - often in the light of structural symbols and sub-symbols - and it was achieved that the sub-symbols that the poet In the light of the symbol of nature, it has been used more frequently. Another is that the poet, in using some symbols, such as giving a negative semantic load to apples and clouds, has broken the rules and created an inverted interpretation of the symbols.

The Study of the Rhetorical Aspects of the Image in the Collection of 'al-'Amal al-Sha'riya "by Ibrahim NasrallahAbstract:Ibrahim Nasrallah is one of the prominent personalities of the Palestinian Resistance Literature who, through the arts and rhetoric of the image illustrate human experiences and a narrative of love and struggle, suffering and grief, perseverance, hope and all that The Palestinian man goes to the audience for his works. In this regard, he has used the potential of language and literature to interpret and adapt poetry to meet the needs of his audience. This research, in a descriptive, analytical, and statistical manner, presents a rhetorical study of Nasrallahi's "al-'Alma-al-Sha'ri'a", which explains how the influence of the poet's poems on how to transfer his thoughts to the audience has been made? It's worth considering that Ibrahim Nasrallah has consciously benefited from a wide range of images in order to beautify the poetry and thus induce his thoughts and affections towards the Palestinian people. His portrayal of poetry reflects the power of the poet's semantic and imaginative transfer of emotions toward Palestine and serves the supreme human values and, as a result, has a greater influence on the audience, thereby leading to the rhetorical and rhetorical beauty of his poetry. .Key words: Palestinian Poetry, Visual Effects, Collection of al-'a'mal al-Sha'ri'a, Ibrahim Nasrallah.

Poets tend to focus on the element of place in their literary works in order to induce concepts, in addition to playing a role in creating a living and influencing context in the text. Adonis has used well the element of space and its movement in different forms in his poetry. Therefore, the place in his poem is characterized by the movement that makes the place be an animated creature and has a significant role in explaining and inculcating his intellectual orientation and feelings about the events of society and his time and the use of the element of space may be a wise interpretation of the poet's inner desires and dreams. Adonis poetic images are full of spatial motions, including vertical movement, landing, circular motion, employing multiple moves, horizontal or transverse motion.The present research seeks to address the physical perspective of the place in the poetic structure of Adonis relying on “Transformations and Migration between the Regions of Day and Night”, and "The Stage and the Mirrors” Diwans and based on the psychological method, while tries to attribute it to the feeling and emotions of the poet and affirms a variety of poetic examples of place moving and its implications in poetic pictures. The method of this paper is descriptive and analytical-statistical and psychological. The vertical movement in Adonis 's poetry has been used extensively because of its connection with his optimistic and revolutionary views on the issues of his society,