نشریه معماری و شهرسازی ایران
پیاپی 22 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

In the recent decade, the new constructions in the urban design and planning processes are not compatible with the desirable urban ecology conditions, resulting in creating adverse environmental conditions on a micro-scale for urban neighborhoods and on a macro-scale for the city and suburban areas. Disregarding the principles of sustainable development and eco-city has caused an inefficient environment and adverse ecological conditions for the majority of the neighborhoods in different cities of Iran. Ozgol neighborhood of Tehran was selected as the case study for the field survey and investigating the research indicators. This neighborhood is located in District 1 of Tehran Municipality and enjoys more desirable climate conditions than most of the other neighborhoods of Tehran. The indicators of the eco-city aspects in proportion to the residents’ satisfaction were not considered in the conducted studies so far in an integrated and cohesive way. Also, evaluating the current situation to recognize the responsiveness of the indicators has not been conducted in a case study in proportion to the ideal expected situation and based on the scientific literature of the subject. Accordingly, the current study aims to evaluate the satisfaction of the residents of the Ozgol neighborhood with the current situation while explaining the influential indicators on the eco-city, considering functional, physical, economic, social, and environmental aspects. This research also presents the practical and constructive solutions to promote the ecological situation of the neighborhood understudy and delivers a proper framework in this regard to be used in the urban neighborhoods.

The current research is an applied type of research in terms of purpose. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the data collection process and analysis. Therefore, it can be said that the methodological approach of the current study was based on the mixed approach. According to the theoretical foundations, the indicators of eco-city were extracted. Also, the data was collected using a questionnaire, and they were analyzed in SPSS software using one-sample t-test and Multivariate Regression. 375 questionnaires were used considering the number of the neighborhood population in the field studies and data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was studied and controlled through content analysis of the questions and adapting them with the scientific foundations. Its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha test (a value higher than 0.7). The sampling was done randomly among the neighborhood residents, and the Ozgol neighborhood was selected as the case study using the purposive sampling method due to its relatively desirable environmental conditions. Compared to the majority of other neighborhoods, the stated neighborhood in the north of Tehran and adjacent to the Lavizan Forest Park indicates its favorable environmental conditions in comparison with other neighborhoods of Tehran.

The indicators of eco-city can be explained in functional, physical, economic, social, and environmental aspects. The desirability of these aspects was studied based on the various indicators. In addition to evaluating the desirability, the impact factor of each one of them on the overall residents’ satisfaction with the conditions of the eco-city was calculated. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of nine indicators of the ecological criteria on the residents’ satisfaction is significant, and 29 indicators do not enjoy a favorable situation. The following indicators have the maximum effect on the satisfaction, respectively: the existence of green space, park, and tree in the open and public spaces (rather than asphalt) with the coefficient of 0.315, the degree of social interactions in the green public spaces with natural elements with the coefficient of 0.250, using water in landscaping with the coefficient of 0.246, existence of native plant species with the coefficient f 0.200, the value of the vastness of the neighborhood size and being particular with the coefficient of 0.198, the number and quality of the green spaces with the coefficient of 0.120, the location of the communication network and the building masses in accordance with air circulations with the coefficient of 0.106, the mixed land use with the coefficient of 0.090, and the capability to provide the majority of the needs in walking and bicycle distance with the coefficient of 0.073. The influential indicators of the realizability provided 51% of the ecological conditions, indicating that 49% remained to achieve an ideal condition, which indicates a relatively low realization of ecology orientation.

Considering that the Ozgol neighborhood is located in the northeastern area of Tehran and enjoys more desirable environmental conditions than most of the other neighborhoods of Tehran, the realization percentage of the ecological indicators in this neighborhood was expected to be more than 51%. Some neighborhoods might suffer from the lack of or fundamental weakness of the ecological indicators. Also, there might be few neighborhoods in Tehran that are less far from the ideal state than the Ozgol neighborhood. The adjacency of the Ozgol neighborhood to Lavizan Forest Park, the existing environmental facilities, and its establishment in the northern area of Tehran have realized the majority of eco-city indicators. However, the poor function of the ecological urban design and planning processes does not show the realizability of its ecology-orientation as responsive. This weakness warns the urban management about the threatening and adverse situation of the majority of the neighborhoods of Tehran, considering that most of the neighborhoods of Tehran do not have such context. In order to approach an ideal situation, on the one hand, the quality and quantity of the indicators and their effectiveness must be promoted. On the other hand, the contexts for the realization of other indicators must also be provided. Disregarding the indicators of the eco-city in the long-term might limit the continuity of urbanization and might lead to the destruction of the urbanized civilization. Therefore, survey, evaluation, and providing the context for realizing the eco-city indicators must be on the agenda of the urban management continuously.

As social means in the cultural and historical context, architecture and media are heavily involved in the daily lives of human beings. Humans can achieve a good understanding of their relationship with the architecture of their immediate surroundings. By observing the environment, human beings can receive clues and signs to organize and formulate the whole environment with their information and memories. Thus, they can communicate with the environment in which they live and exchange information with their surroundings as an interface. Although architecture seems to be a practical field of study, it also acts similar to a means of mass communication. The intermediating role of architecture raises the fundamental question of whether architecture can be considered a media based on its different attitudes and functions. The significance of studying this issue is that both architecture and media are among the factors that encompass various aspects of human life. If architecture is considered a type of media, its effects on human life, as well as its various policies in dealing with cultural, moral, and other aspects must be considered.

The present study is qualitative research that, using a systematic and holistic approach, analyzes, combines, and adapts the two architectural and media systems. Semiotic approaches have also been employed to analyze the relationship between body, content, and meaning of architecture and human perception and cognition. Also, in order to study the epistemology and ontology of the two systems, i.e., architecture and media, both were comparatively matched with one another. Lastly, the model of similarity between architecture and media and their common points have been obtained by a comparative analysis. For data collection, documentary sources have been employed.

The first step in this paper is to examine the definitions of architecture and media from the lexicography perspective and the views of theorists and architects. The results of this step and the study of the role and function of media suggest that the features and definitions of the media can be examined from two perspectives. In the original function, the media is considered as a text and a means of communicating with the audience and a system of symbols studied under semiotics. As for the second function, the media is considered a means of mass communication for human beings. It involves features that, if considered for architecture as well, can change architecture to a media with similar characteristics and functions. Therefore, in the second step, architecture was considered a text that can be read and understood better through semiotics and emphasized the signification process. Hence, by summarizing the views of theorists and semioticians, the architectural works are cognized and understood in three stages of sensory, intellectual, and semantic aspects, in which the sensory layer depends on recognizing body and form, its description, and the examining of its functional and syntactic aspects. This, in turn, leads to the identification of artistic themes through sensory aesthetics, and the rational factors form the connections between artistic themes with ideas and concepts in a logical and conventional way via the method of structuralist semiotics. Through their symbolic, schematic, iconic, or compositional implications, semantic factor lead to the understanding and interpretation of the notion of architecture based on the basic tendencies of the human mind, including psychology or individual, social or universal worldview, as well as intellectual, cultural, religious, ideological, and philosophical foundations. In the next step, in order to examine the role of architecture and media as means of mass communication, three Toffler media courses were adapted to three periods of pre-modern, modern, and postmodern in architectural courses. According to the results of this section, architecture and media have had common features in each historical stage, and it is safe to say that architecture can influence various aspects of human life such as identity, values, culture, and recognition of reality through its unique features. In the final step, the components of media and architecture were comparatively matched. According to the findings of this section, a communication process can be thought including three main factors: the message sender, the message receiver, and the message; while other components are introduced as media elements, communication channels, encryption and decryption, disruptor or noise, feedback, texture, and context. Accordingly, the physical, formal, content, and semantic features of architectural work, themselves constituting the architectural structure, act as a medium that conveys the architectural message to the user through communication channels including the five senses and human perception. In this definition, the factors interfering with the delivery of the architectural message may be either physical (such as annoying noise, insufficient or blinding light) or inferential (such as the complexity or anonymity of the message content and meaning) that includes both physical and semantic aspects of the architecture. Moreover, important factors for comprehending the symbol and deciphering the architectural message and its formation include spatial and textural position, social, cultural, religious and philosophical context, and time-dependent conditions. Audience and user feedback towards the decoded message of architecture is also a behavioral clue and an emotional response that results from the perception and spatial experience of architectural space within the audience. Finally, a comparative model of the elements creating media relations and the relationship between the audience and the architectural work is proposed.

This study suggests that architecture can be considered a media by meeting the elements of the message sender and the audience, the message, encryption and decryption, communication channel, media factor, context, and disruptive factors. These elements assist humans in conveying the architectural message using physical, semantic, and content features through the five senses and the power of the mind and perception.

The altar is the most prominent architectural sign pointing out the qibla. The altar of mosques bears a symbolic and physical significance in Islamic architecture. Over the centuries, altars have scarcely undergone any change. The altars of the seventh century to the middle of the eighth century AH, which coincided with the Ilkhanate period, had a special value and prestige and contained the most beautiful and exquisite tablets and inscriptions. In Ilkhanate mosques, the altar was considered the most important part of the spatial environment and has been the main platform for artists' exhibition of their genius. The stucco altars of the Ilkhanate period are considered to be the most exquisite, both in terms of the frequency of patterns and their fine figures and arrays, and have created unique visual effects, the value and significance of which is further pronounced owing to their inscriptions. Stucco altars are one of the most widely used altars built during this period. The grand mosques of Tabriz and Marand are among the most important religious buildings throughout the history of architecture. They are in the caliber of the best samples left in the field of Ilkhanate decorations in the region of Azerbaijan. The lack of significant studies on the Ilkhanate altars of the grand mosques of Tabriz and Marand, in terms of reviewing the aesthetic values ​​and content features of inscriptions and motifs, further highlights the necessity to recognize and compare these altars.

This research seeks to examine the decorative motifs of the altars of the grand mosques of Tabriz and Marand to recognize a part of Iranian Islamic art. This research employs a comparative methodology using physical content analysis. To this end, the altars of Grand Mosques of Tabriz and Marand from the Ilkhanate period are selected since they are unique in platform, design, and construction technique in East Azarbaijan province and include readable and legible inscriptions, motifs, and decorations. Therefore, through collecting information from library and field studies and photographing the site, the appearance, geometric ornaments, and floral and Islamic motifs of the stuccos, and verses and fonts used in the altar are identified in both samples. Then, comparative research methods are used to compare, describe, and interpret the themes and relationships of verses and text with each other and their site.

In the studied samples, the concept of consistency in Islamic and geometric motifs of stuccos from the Seljuk period to the Ilkhanate period is exhibited in the form of hexagonal renders and rosettes. The existence of symmetrical decorative figures on the stucco of the two corners of the written inscription on the altar of the Grand Mosque of Tabriz has caused the text to be broken up. It is significantly different from the unified and angled text in the altar of the Grand Mosque of Marand. The artistic selection and manifestation of Islamic teachings based on the purity of intention in the inscriptions is a demonstration of the centrality of religion in the Ilkhanate period. The correlation of the concepts of symmetry, balance, proportionality, similarity, and geometry is readily perceivable in the physical definition of the altar of the Grand Mosques of Tabriz and Marand. Despite the apparent differences in terms of proportions, physical composition for main and decorative pillars, the differences in the width of the frontal face of the altars, the diversity in the margins, arch designs, and the texts, fonts, and contents of the inscriptions, the only unifying and symbolic element of Ilkhanate art in terms of the use of plaster and stucco decorations defines a common sense of the altar in both places and leads to the similarity of the nature in both works. In terms of identity, the visual indicator of the white plaster is a symbol of purity and a reference to the oneness of the deity. The arrangement of the stucco decorations of both altars with naturalistic abstract motifs in various Islamic forms bears an exhibition of the paradigm of unity in plurality and the appearance of God's spirit, in the form of architecture and stucco art of the altar, which is visualized through the hands of religious artists. The paradigm of unity in plurality is evident in a unified sense through the perception of the spatial features of the altar in both mosques. The concept of consistency in the architecture of the altars of the Grand Mosques of Tabriz and Marand clearly emerges through the study of Islamic and geometric patterns of stuccos from the Seljuk period to the Ilkhanate period. Hexagonal renders and rosettes are the most important continuous motifs used in the studied altars. Considering the location of both mosques, the Azeri language and dialect, and the Persian font have not impacted the development of the symbolic feature of the Muslim qibla, i.e., the altar. It seems evident that the Arabic language and the Kufic script play a more prominent role in the inscriptions of the Ilkhanate period as a unifying cross-border character, since the inscriptions of order, construction, and identification of the master craftsman are also written and executed in the Arabic language. The qualitative format of Islamic art in the alters of the Grand Mosques of Tabriz and Marand shapes their spiritual aspect. This feature further exhibits the centrality of religion in the arts of the Ilkhanate period and offers a uniform definition of the architecture of the place of worship in the application of heavenly verses of the altar.

The most important findings of the research are the visual index of plaster, the spiritual manifestation of the application of divine themes related to the architecture of the mosque and its components by the spiritually devoted artists, and the index of transnational and unifying Arabic calligraphy in explaining the altars of Grand Mosques of Tabriz and Marand.

The translation is an inter-language ad inter-cultural activity, explaining and describing the world and its phenomena. Here, translation is a research area that studies the details of the cultural exchanges between the places and discusses the external and internal effects on a particular place. Translation in architecture is a research area that addresses and develops the words to understand modernization in terms of exchanges between various places, governments, and nations.  In other words, the current research does not intend to consider language as a comparable object with architecture but uses the literature translation as a metaphorical concept to construct the words of this discourse through linguistics. The linguistics theories provide a discourse space that leads to understanding the nature of translation and intercultural exchanges as an extensive phenomenon.

The current study has used translation as an interpretive method in cultural discourses. Then, the definitions used in the specialized texts and the search related to the translation concept were reviewed in the linguistics and non-linguistic texts. Finally, in the theoretical foundation of the research, the considered definitions of the authors related to the translation in architecture were concluded. In the case study section, 40 samples of the residential architecture in Iran and Turkey, the translation methods in the residential architectures of Iran and Turkey were analyzed. Then, the analyses related to the translation methods in the residential architecture of these countries were studied. Finally, the definition of the translation in the construction of a new tradition in the residential architecture of the 1930s in Turkey and Iran was developed. The method used in the first section of this research was the research review, which is the subset of the meta-analysis review of the research. In the second section, the qualitative research method and content analysis were used to identify the translation methods in the residential architecture of Iran and Turkey.

Despite the lack of theories on translation in architecture, translation is a part of the architectural design process. The translation in architecture can be raised in relation to the transformation of the plan to the building, from a diagram to the project, from a place to another, from different areas of architecture, and from text to the image. It is necessary that the concept of the translation is distinguished from the concepts such as transportation and transformation, that at first glance, these concepts might be very similar. However, the terms, such as transportation, exports/imports, or circulation, have the implication on the movement from a place to another so that they are not necessarily subject to the change during this process. Although the transformation is the embodied idea of the change, this change does not necessarily require transportation, but it can cause the transformation at the time and without changing the place. Here, translation means understanding the transformations during the transportation process.

In general, the mainstreams of the residential architecture of the first Pahlavi era in Iran and Turkey can be explained as follows: first, continuing the housing of the late Ottoman period in Turkey and Qajar period in Iran; second, the integration of the traditional architecture into European housing; third, the modern housing. Investigation of the abovementioned ideas shows that two concepts play a significant role in the formation of the new architecture in this period: restoration of the tradition and construction of a new tradition that cut the relationship with the legacy of the past architecture.  The concept of restoring the past traditions in the architecture can be discussed in two ways in the residential architecture as follows:  one emphasizes the role of the vernacular architecture in the formation of the new architecture (The housing of the late Ottoman/Qajar periods) while the other emphasizes the classic architecture of the Ottoman/Qajar periods or New-Islamic architecture (Eclectic housing). These different approaches looked for the restoration of the past traditions in the architecture and tried to prove the power of the past architecture of these countries in the formation of modern architecture. The second concept, the construction of a new tradition in architecture, focused on ideas such as realism, truth, and freedom of architecture. The modern Turkish and Iranian architects both emphasized the purity and clarity of the past architecture and the simple and non-ornamental lines in modern architecture. In the late 1930s, the approach of developing a new tradition in residential architecture was based on the translation theory of modernism in the west through methods, such as spatial assimilation, adaptation to the urban fabric, and alienation in the urban environment. Based on the cultural context and the degree of change, it directs the residential architecture of this period towards homogeneity under a hegemonic power or introduces a new and strange idea to a cultural context, resulting in maintaining the local norms if it wants to adopt the included and new subjects.

The growth of population in cities and urbanization has led the managers and urban theorists to find possible and correct solutions for urban development. In 1980 and 1990, the redevelopment of abandoned lands was raised in the subset of the infill development policy. The policy addresses the redevelopment of zones within cities that are polluted, battered, abandoned. These zones have different potentials, such as access to urban equipment and facilities. In practice, the redevelopment of these lands may be associated with challenges such as the type of ownership, accessibility, and economic viability, etc. Measuring and ranking their redevelopment capacity can be an important planning step in returning these lands to the urban development cycle. In the past, Yazd city had some factories and active industries that are now located within the city due to the urban growth and expansion. Currently, these sites are abandoned and have environmental pollution. These sites lead to many social, economic, environmental, and landscape issues. These issues include reduced social security, lack of a sense of belonging, reduced desirability for settlement in these lands, devaluation of land, adjacent municipal waste disposal sites, unpleasant urban image, and spatial discontinuities. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the redevelopment capacity of the abandoned lands (former Manufactory - Industrial Lands) in Yazd city.

This research is an applied type of research. The research employs a descriptive-analytical research method, and the data is collected by bibliographic study and interviews. Delphi, ANP, Super Decision, and Arc GIS software were employed for data analysis. In the first step, the criteria and the indices are extracted from theoretical literature. The criteria and indices have been scored by Delphi method, and accordingly, the weight of each criterion is defined by the ANP method in the Super Decision software. In the next step, industrial zones of Yazd city were recognized on the basis of weighted criteria in Arc GIS software. Finally, Yazd industrial zone redevelopment capacity has been achieved in 5 classifications (very high development capability, high development capability, medium development capability, low development capability, and very low development capability).

According to the results of the network analysis process in Super Decision software, the following criteria are prioritized: 1-Site physical status with 0.451 coefficient of significance, 2- Economy with 0.387 coefficient of significance, 3- Infrastructure with 0.161 coefficient of significance. Respectively, location in the city (0.223), owner willingness or activity status (0.220), access to a network of passages (0.118), quality of buildings (0.117), area (0.114), ownership (0.094), price (0.036), access to public transport (0.033), burnout status (0.027) and access to utilities (0.013) are significant sub-criteria. The results show that the lands in the middle and central texture of Yazd have very high and high development capability, which indicates the importance of the location in the city. The lands that have the highest redevelopment capacity have the best access to the pathways. Therefore, location in the city, owner willingness (activity status), access to passages and areas are of high importance. Also, the low ratio of highly developed land area to total land area (35.8) indicates the low redevelopment capacity of manufactory-industrial lands. These results can help urban planners and managers prevent unnecessary growth and expansion of the city in the future and mitigate the low density and urban dispersal.

Redevelopment of lands is a complex and multidimensional process in environmentally deprived sites with urban facilities and infrastructure. This process requires supportive laws and regulations, social participation of owners, citizens, and attention to outreach projects. Most redevelopment projects are costly at first, but if redeveloped to suit the site's features properly, it will bring economic benefits in the long run. This approach can respond to the cities' need for growth and development due to population growth and urbanization and inappropriate use of urban land, leading to good land management. It can also bring vitality, dynamics, social identity, and quality of life back to inefficient urban areas and contexts.

According to the International Energy Agency, the construction sector accounts for more than 33 percent of total energy consumption per capita as the largest energy consumer globally, while in Iran, the share is accounting for 40 percent. Meanwhile, the loss of nearly 11 percent of electrical energy while transmitting it through grid lines to cities has led to the rapid growth of a decentralized generation of electricity at end-use through building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems over the past fifteen years. Exposing to the Sun, façades have great potential to supply the electricity needs of energy-efficient buildings using photovoltaic panels. However, the improper orientation to the radiation direction, especially in summer, reduces the efficiency of PV panels integrated into the facades. Aiming to increase the efficiency of the southern BIPV’s facade, this research introduces an optimal combined pattern of PV panels and flat reflectors as an integrated system capable of improving both the intensity and the area of solar irradiation on panels.

The research has an applied approach, and the method of the research is founded on experimental and simulation models. Research tools used in the study process include descriptive geometry to analyze solar radiation and reflection on the panels, study models to consider the reflections, and Grasshopper plugin in Rhino software environment as a parametric tool to simulate the proposed integrated envelope. Ladybug plugin has also been used to extract solar radiation properties from the climate information file generated by Meteonorm software. At first, the experimental and analytical method was used to find the best concept for the combination, and then the logical reasoning method was applied to select the best pattern among the possible alternatives for a combined, concentrated photovoltaic facade. At the second stage, defining the constructing parameters, the proposed envelope is simulated aiding Grasshopper software. The parameters are optimized using the genetic algorithm through the Octopus plugin. At the third and final stage, input data, related to the index days, entered to the algorithm and optimization process was done so that the best values have been introduced for each input data to fulfill the research objectives. Then through a comparative process the best setting for each month, and finally for the entire year was selected and introduced.   

Having determined the optimum constructing parameters, the study calculated the proposed geometry output efficacy. The results showed significant increase in output power up to 87.38% in summer (June 21), 36.33% in spring (March 21), and 17.83% in winter (December 21) with an average of 46.44% during the year. The findings of the study addressed the six main parameters of the combined envelope influencing the efficiency. These parameters can be divided into two groups based on their effect. The first group includes lateral angle of side mirrors, lateral angle of underneath mirrors, horizontal depth of side mirrors with 52.75, 47.75, and 39.25 percent impact on "surface area of radiation" and with 64.5, 39.33, and 51.75 percent effect on the "increase in radiation intensity" respectively. The second group, meant, the number of panels in the vertical direction, side mirrors slope angle and the underneath mirrors ‘slope angle with 34.75, 23.25 and 18.75 percent of the impact on “the area of radiation" respectively, and 10.5, 15, and 13.7 percent of the effect on the "increase in radiation intensity" are at the fourth to sixth order of influence on the proposed envelope- efficiency. It’s proved that changing the most vital parameters affect the amount of “increase in radiation” up to 64.14% and cause 62.21% variation on “increasing the area of reflection” values while for the least influencing parameters, these items were calculated 15.85% and 15.90%, respectively.

Facades integrated photovoltaic panels have low efficiencies due to the non-optimal angle of the building envelope to the radiation, especially in summer. On the other hand, the need to design openings, particularly in the southern facade of the building, reduces the solar system’s efficiency by reducing the area of installable panels. In this study, the strategy of combining a flat reflector with PV panels in the form of a novel geometry was used to form the main idea to increase the efficiency of BIPVs. In this research, the two main criteria meant, radiation intensity and the area of ​​reflection, were considered as objective functions in optimization. The results showed that using the proposed integrated system during the year will increase the radiation intensity by an average of 38.8% and the reflection area by 46.70%. However, they will improve, in order, up to 71.41% and 100.53% in summer. In other words, using the proposed model, about 30% of the southern facade surface can be allocated to openings, and at the same time, the irradiated surface during the year is considered equal to the total facade surface. The study showed that the electrical output power in summer, using the proposed model, will increase to 88%, and for the two seasons of winter and spring, it will be 17.84 and 34.36%, respectively. The study showed that the proposed geometry could be introduced as a practical solution to enhance the façade integrated photovoltaic efficiency. So, it is capable of generating more electricity, especially in the cold climate of Iran.

With the emergence of new urban planning ideas in the present century, thoughts about the construction and design of cities have returned to their complex nature, and urban paradigms have always invited people to think and reflect. Urban design is always considered an interdisciplinary science in four dimensions. The dimension of time as a fourth dimension, also emphasized by philosophers in the process of understanding the symmetry of different spatial dimensions, has often been ignored. Urban design based on the space-time paradigm has become one of the new paradigms of urban planning due to its complex concept and the ongoing nature of time. So that design has led to the preservation of time for citizens, and the liberation of space from time constraints has become one of the urban design principles. Also, the city is constantly changing, and the rate of change is different, and this difference is due to the time of change at different times in the city. Therefore, considering the comprehensive changes in the current urban spaces and places, it is important to get acquainted and pay attention to time features. Accordingly, attention to the space-time paradigm can be considered a missing link in urban design, and achieving a framework that clarifies the relationship between place and time and space seems necessary. With a phenomenological approach and a fundamental purpose, this paper introduces the features of place in spaces and urban places. As an example, religious spaces (for the purpose of research) will be considered the main concern. After stating the features of place, the relationship between the two features of time and space (directly) are introduced as the basic elements for understanding the general place and representing the mind (indirectly) for the meaning of spaces and events. Finally, these questions are answered: "What are the space-time indicators and components of the place?; In which order do they play a role in concordance with the place?"

Regarding the research purposes, it is necessary to collect and evaluate both quantitative and qualitative data and go through a reciprocal process in the research, so a mixed research method has been used in this study. First, to explain the place features, in the qualitative part of the research, in-depth and purposeful interviews were conducted in Imamzadeh Yahya in District 12 of Tehran. Therefore, the qualitative variables of the environment were discovered at different times. Then, the obtained indices were categorized by the exploratory factor analysis method and with SPSS software to quantify the data.

The research findings indicate that the space-time indicators in Imamzadeh Yahya, as a special urban place, are validated and prioritized in the form of three main components that are affected by the conformity and impact and interaction of the proposed indicators. These components include "sensory-personal," "behavioral-functional," and "physical-environmental" components. According to this classification, the three indicators of space, time, and mind interact with each other to interpret urban places in the cognitive perception cycle of the place. New concepts emerge when these indicators converge; each of which can carry a set of emotions in people at different times.

The results show that sensory sparks are representations or mediators of place that can add value to the place. Meanwhile, the representation of time creates a feeling in the person. The richness of this feeling is influenced by the amount of change in spatial and mental factors. The harmony of all the factors of place creation is very effective in building a thriving urban place. The effect of such harmony and sequence between the components of an urban place acts as a harmonious melody in the heart of the city. If these elements are correctly put together, a pleasant sound will be heard, and its sequence and back and forth cannot be distinguished and recognized. In this context, it seems that considering time as one of the main indicators of place will bring new capabilities in dealing with urban issues.

Maadi's are the distinguishing characteristic of Isfahan city in comparison with other cities of Iran. Their calm and inviting side where humans and nature get along together can be combined with architectural elements, affecting the urban feature and landscape of urban neighborhoods. The facade of residential buildings adjacent to the Maadis greatly enjoys the sense of belonging to the existing space. It is one of the most influential factors in creating a connection between residential spaces and existing nature. The vital factor in this research is the response to the dual relationship between man and nature. Also, we focused on the impact of this relationship on the landscape and residential building envelopes. It is critical to meet residents' needs and expectations and provide a more favorable environment for users.

This research has the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative studies. The field research and implementation path are a type of consecutive exploratory combined research with a pragmatism paradigm in terms of data collection. In the first stage, the data of the qualitative study was collected in the field by performing interviews. In this stage of the qualitative data collection, a set of activities was performed, such as bibliographic study, observation, photographs, and interviews with experts. Finally, the thematic analysis method was used to classify the patterns of meaning from the data set. In the second stage, the quantitative study, a survey was done based on the researcher-made questionnaires, the answers, and it was used to apply the appropriate tools. The questionnaires were evaluated on a five-point Likert scale and randomly distributed among neighboring residents of Maadis. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed in SPSS software. The Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaires, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to evaluate the normality of data distribution. In order to measure and analyze the effectiveness path of the Maadis component and the sense of belonging to the facade component, a set of variables related to each of them was entered into AMOS software. For confirmatory factor analysis of the mentioned component variables, structural equation modeling was used in AMOS software. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were interpreted at once.

  The path coefficients of the central hypothesis, regression coefficients, and the number of partial indicators related to the hypothesis showed an effective relationship between the components, but they did not have the same value. The items of the Maadi's component were all identified with a strong and positive effect. The study of the components of the sense of belonging showed that emotional belonging had a  substantial and positive effect on all items. In addition, the functional and conceptual components, with substantial and positive effects on one item, indicated a significant relationship between the components of Maadis and the sense of belonging with the components of the facade.

The results have shown that the sense of belonging and Maadis existence significantly affect facades. From the resident's perspective, the sense of belonging has the most significant effect on the facade, form, and size, then the facade components and the materials. So that in the component of form and size, elements such as the use of curved lines and volumes that are reminiscent of the movement and twisting of water in Maadis were considered significant. The human scale in the facade by using different divisions, creating complete and empty spaces by balcony design, the porch and retreat in floors, unity, and harmony between adjacent facades, coordination in the forms used in the facade as well as avoiding uniformity and the height of more than three floors, respectively, had the most significant value and impact from the residents' point of view. From the resident's perspective, the sense of belonging has the most significant effect on the facade, form, and size, then the facade components and the materials. The Maadis components, with their evocativeness, readability, tranquility and climatic comfort, and uniqueness, respectively, increased the impact of existing nature on the facade. Therefore, paying attention to the green infrastructure of Isfahan Maadis and attracting the participation of residents, under the influence of their sense of belonging, promotes the physical characteristics of the facades of the residential buildings adjacent to the Maadis.

Nowadays, health promotion in humans is not limited to medicine and psychology; therefore, a strong need for an effective interdisciplinary movement is felt to increase individuals' health as much as possible.  Several studies have concluded that the quality of the built environment is an important indicator of health and quality of life in modern societies. Health paradigm fans believe fundamental changes in individual and social behaviors are required to improve health, meaning that there must be a movement in the "social body" for the "biological and physical body" if an effective response is to be achieved. Housing and neighborhoods play an important role in human life as the most basic man-made environments. These environments have a significant impact on human mental and physical health. The architects and urban planners of today must develop designs aimed at improving human health.  Previous studies have shown that the salutogenic approach can promote human health. One of the basic sub-branches of this approach that forms the general basis of this research is the sense of coherence (SOC), which Antonovsky defines as the dynamic orientation for the world. This study aims to achieve a design solution that will increase the sense of coherence of people living in the historical fabric of Shiraz. As a result, the Sang-e Siah neighborhood in Shiraz city has been used as a case study. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the sense of coherence in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood in Shiraz, which can be improved by increasing this component in humans. Hence, the research question is "What effects does the built neighborhood in Sang-e Siah have on citizens' sense of coherence?" Additionally, "what can be done to enhance people's sense of coherence through efficient design?" Answering this question in various neighborhoods can lead to effective strategies in maintaining and promoting the health of the residents in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood of Shiraz as well as the development of the neighborhood based on the salutogenic approach.

This study is based on mixed methods. Therefore, the bibliographic and documentary collections are first used to determine the progressive contents. Next, the World Health Organization Quality of Life and Antonovsky's sense of coherence surveys were used to collect data. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods with SPSS-24 software and a structural model based on SMART-PLS-2 software to test the research hypothesis. This research significantly identified and examined the main factors affecting the individuals' quality of life (QoL) and the residents' sense of coherence (SoC) in the Sang-e Siah neighborhood.

As a result of the factors obtained from both the tables related to the Sang-e Siah neighborhood and the quality of life survey, we find a more comprehensive correlation between the built environment and the sense of coherence. The variables in the sense of coherence survey and in the WHO Quality of Life survey have been expressed as keywords. The sense of coherence also acts as a dependent variable compared to the quality of life (an independent variable). Hence, the hidden variables related to the quality of life with the highest correlation coefficient should be taken into account since changes in each sector will impact the sense of coherence, meaning the SoC will improve as the quality of life improves.

According to the main purposes of the study, the salutogenic approach is intended to promote a sense of coherence and achieve a healthy home. In the neighborhood of Sang-e Siah, a significant factor with a correlation coefficient of (0.978) shows the highest correlation with the variable of the sense of coherence. Also, according to Alan Dilani's translation of the components of sense of coherence, every significant factor consists of sub-categories such as social support, music, art, culture, increased activity, increased individual and social independence, the presence of pets, view, comfort and convenience, and positive distraction. As a result, such keywords can be used in designing the historical fabric of Shiraz. Therefore, designing according to these strategies can significantly improve people's physical and mental health in these environments.

Rural architecture is formed in the context of nature. A link between man and nature is created based on this architecture, which requires applied art to serve human needs. The best way to understand this art is to refer to the existing examples of its identification and analysis. Studying the construction technics of rural architecture is one of the most important ways to understand the vernacular architecture of any land. Leives is located 80 km northeast of Dezful. The village is at the hillside of Langar Mountain. The most important historical places in this village are GadamGah of Leives village and the tomb of Gusheh village (10km south of Leives).

The present research is of a qualitative type that uses the grounded theory method. The field survey method was used to collect data and documentation. This article is the subject of empirical research that uses multiple sources and evidence to study the architecture of Leives village in its natural context. The architecture of Leives village is a cohesive whole created by its architectural details and structural techniques. To understand this whole, based on its components, cognition, and analysis of the village is described in two macro and micro scales.

Leives village is divided into Ashiriha and Dinavarha neighborhoods. Leives village development process considering historical and constructional evolution includes 1. The initial core of the village formed around GadamGah and a monument named castle in Dinavarha neighborhood. 2. Dinavarha neighborhood (east of the village) 3. Ashiriha neighborhood (west of the village) 4. New buildings with vernacular materials. 5. New buildings with cement blocks and iron beams. For construction analysis of village streams, the seasonal water flow path in the village is investigated. Water can play both destructive or constructive roles –depending on human brilliance in the choice of location settlement. There are one surrounding stream and three inner minor streams in the village. These streams have some benefits: making two gardens in the south and southwest, using the stream as a route, and creating a natural borderline between Ashiriha and Dinavarha neighborhoods. The structural morphology of the village is described in a macro-scale, including the routes (The village Passages have numerous warps and varying widths throughout, indicating that the village’s fabric has gradually developed by natural growth), and the direction and orientation of the houses, which is the same as the direction of the mountain -northwest, southeast. Therefore, the openings are facing southwest for utilizing the maximum solar radiation to warm inside the house and provide interior lighting). The stepped architecture, micro-scale includes: entrance quality and openings sizes (hard climates (cold winters and direct sunlight in summers), the need to protect the interior from unexpected invasions of humans and insects, the lack of suitable materials for making doors and windows, and a ceiling beam are some of the reasons for the small size and the limited number of the doors, and windows). Used materials (stone and plaster), roofing technique (typically are arched), roof water isolation (usage of the free space between arch and roof as a wheat silo), tabo (large Cereal storage container which is going to be built with clay inside building simultaneously with the construction of the building) are also investigated.

The findings of this study emphasize the importance of choosing a suitable place to satisfy the living needs of villagers. Continuing to live in one place for centuries requires precise location choice in nature. In the village of Leives, the mountain direction and streams are the main factors in locating. Fields and gardens are at the south of the village, and the mountain protects the village like a strong barrier in the north. Being located next to the Langar Mountain brings security for the residents. Also, the farmers benefit from the good view of their cultivated lands. Living in this place requires its specific customs and behavior, and these customs also create their unique architecture. Self-sufficiency on a domestic scale, limited connections with other towns and villages, living between settlement and migration, nature dependency define the specific lifestyle of people in Leives. For this reason, there is no infrastructure designed for social life (such as the bazaar, mosque, and even designed neighborhood center). Finally, Leives architectural analysis can be described in this way: creativity in vernacular architecture is equivalent to the best, most simple, and most available answer to noble and basic human needs.

Due to its large number of mausoleums and tombs, Shushtar has become a treasury of Islamic architecture, among which the building of Imamzadeh Abdullah is a significant point of interest due to its construction period (transition from Seljuk- Khwarezmshahi period to Ilkhanate period), structure form, type of dome, the historical precedent of the dome as a pioneer in Iranian architecture, architectural features, decoration and diversity of inscriptions, which indicate the importance of this building. Religious buildings are usually ousted gradually from their original form due to the abundance of renovation, reconstruction, and expansion. The current research is performed to study and review the tomb formation and extension and identify its formation ideas, original plan, building extension, and architectural history.

This research, performed using a descriptive-comparative-analytical method, is fundamental in terms of purpose. It is considered qualitative research in terms of the data type and regarded as historical research in terms of available data. Data collection tools include the direct observation of physical and spatial components, the building position, and the examination of documents that provide information on the subject of research. Qualitative data analysis methods were also used for data analysis.

The tomb, which was far from residential areas not long ago, is now located within the urban fabric of Shushtar with the extension of urban spaces. Due to the natural shape of the terrain, it is placed at a higher level than the surrounding area. The complex has an area of ​​700 m2. It consists of the entrance facade, the side dome, the corridor between the two domes, the main dome, the tomb of Bibi Gozideh Khatoon, and the surrounding spaces such as the women’s prayer hall portico, porch, and two minarets.

In contrast to previous studies, which were brief, inconclusive, and at times erroneous in descriptions, disregarding the evolution and physical extension of the building, the present study seeks to address new issues such as the original building structure, building development from a single building to a tomb complex within different periods, the origins, emergence, and continuity of construction, structure and decorative patterns of the complex during the transition from Seljuk-Khwarezmshahi period to the Ilkhanate period. This study also studies the influential role of the building in Iranian architecture and the tomb architecture in particular. The original body of Imamzadeh Abdullah, which was formed before the rule of the Ilkhanate and during the Abbasid caliphs over Shushtar, consisted of a single dome with a vault.The construction model, plan, architectural style, especially the stepped dome and its overall spatial structure, rather inherit the architectural style of the tombs from Iraq and Mesopotamia than those of Seljuk-Khwarezmshahi architecture. Despite some unknown features of the building, many of the dome details and decorative features are simply influenced by the common patterns of Seljuk, Kharazmshahi buildings, and the indigenous features of the region, to some extent. As a rare example of the combined style of pre-Mongol Iranian architecture (Seljuk-Khwarezmshahi period) and Iraqi architecture, this dome has, on the one hand, influenced the construction style of domes and spatial structure of tombs in the south and southwest of Iran, especially single domes. On the other hand, it misses links from some decorative features within the architecture of the Seljuk-Khwarezmshahi period, such as plastering and tiling, to the Ilkhanate period. According to the written sources and field studies in Ilkhanate period monuments (8th century AH), the building has turned into a combined tomb-monastery complex through some constructions and renovations. The side dome is among rare surviving monuments. Most of the renovations and extensions have occurred during the Safavid period. At this period, many physical changes were made in the original spaces, such as the main dome and vault. On the other hand, the tomb was transformed into a large burial complex by the allocation of endowments and building spaces such as the entrance façade to the side dome, surrounding landscapes of the building, guest house, school, residential rooms, and the huge entrance structure. In the Afshari period, two minarets were added to the building. In the Qajar period, some decorations were embedded, and finally, with the changes made in the contemporary period, the complex has shaped into its present form.

This study examined the effects of the physical boundaries of residential communities on residents’ perception of fear of crime. The physical boundary of a community is the dividing line that officially delineates the limits of the land or premises of that community and separates it from the surrounding urban fabric. In the housing literature, communities around which a physical boundary is created through gates and fences/walls are called gated communities. Gated communities include both new developments and older areas retrofitted for reasons of security and are found in both urban and suburban areas. In the literature, there is no consensus on the quality of perceived security in gated communities. Despite the claim that gated communities provide their residents with higher levels of security, some studies have indicated no significant difference between the residents of gated communities and the residents of non-gated communities in terms of perceived fear of crime. The disagreements might have resulted from the different research methods used in previous studies. How gated communities are studied is important. Apparently, three general methodological approaches have been employed in previous studies to study the effects of gated communities. First, in the easiest and least rigorous research design, one or two variables have been investigated in a case study on gated communities. Second, in slightly more rigorous research designs, gated communities have been compared with non-gated communities, but possible moderating factors have not been considered. Third, more sophisticated research designs have compared gated communities with non-gated communities and considered at least some possible moderators, usually demographic variables, in a more sophisticated correlational research design. We employed a research design that compared numerous gated communities with numerous non-gated communities and involved investigator control over key variables. Meeting the requirements of a truly experimental research design is highly improbable in housing studies as meeting the conditions under which the researcher is able to manipulate the independent variables and eliminate or control moderating variables is almost impossible. Even if this were possible, the conditions of an experiment are so artificial and unreal that it is impossible to generalise the results to other contexts. However, through a causal comparative research design which is a type of correlational research that stakes out an intermediate position between correlational and experimental research and a purposefully selected sample, it is possible to control for the effects of key moderating variables. This requires the existence of appropriate cases for study. The present study aimed to take a closer look at the effects of the physical boundaries of residential communities on residents’ fear of crime through a causal comparative design and a purposefully selected sample.

Employing a causal comparative design approach of a purposive sample of gated, perceived gated, and non-gated communities in Tehran, two communities were selected from each category. Ekbatan, one of the biggest and the most populated neighbourhoods in the Middle East, is a community where three levels of gating can be observed. In some of the communities located in Ekbatan, the residents have enclosed their communities through restricting access points and recruiting guards. In fact, in Ekbatan, gating has been encouraged by residents’ feeling that they have no longer any control over their communities.

The results show that the residents of the gated communities did not perceive fear of crime significantly less frequently compared to the residents of non-gated communities. However, the situation is different in perceived gated communities. The results indicated that the residents of perceived gated communities in Ekbatan perceived significantly less fear of crime compared to the residents of gated and non-gated communities. Lower levels of fear of crime were observed in all four components of fear of crime including worry about fear of crime, perceived likelihood of crime, perceived control over personal crime, and perceived consequences of crime. The residents of perceived gated communities are less worried about becoming a victim of crime, feel that there is less likelihood of crime in their communities, feel that they have more control over crime if one happened, and, finally, feel that a crime would lead to fewer consequences in their lives, if one happened.

The residents of Ekbatan are increasingly worried about the future of their neighbourhood due to physical, social, and demographic changes in the context of their neighbourhood. Many of them feel threatened and are unsure of their place of residence. This is reflected in the increasing use of fencing as a strategy to control the physical environment. From the point of view of Ekbatan’s managing committee and residents, gating might seem to be a reasonable solution for protecting the neighbourhood. However, the results of this study suggest that gating does not appear to address the sources of the problem. The results demonstrate that there was no significant difference between gated and non-gated communities’ residents’ perception of fear of crime and sense of community in Ekbatan. Protection against violence and criminal activities largely depends on residents’ active surveillance and gated communities do little to foster this. Since the living environment is enclosed and guarded, residents are not encouraged to participate in protecting their neighbourhood and as a result feel no responsibility for taking care of their place of residence. It seems that gating is at best a temporary solution to the problem of crime since if someone intended to get into a gated community, they would find a way to do so. Gating and fencing lead to social segregation and, contrary to what residents believe, do little to help protect their neighbourhoods. This process will likely lead to insularity and weaken the social and physical structure of Ekbatan. The residents of gated communities no longer care about what happens outside walls or even within the walls. Passive solutions to reducing crime seem ineffective in reducing residents’ fear.  However, perceived gated communities, through creating a sense of territoriality and triggering residents’ active participation in community protection, seem to provide an effective solution to the problem of crime.

The industrial designer is always in transition between different roles in industry and art. From Charles Ames’s point of view, industrial design is a statement of goal. When the goal has been achieved, it can be judged as a work of art if the design is good enough. Gosili presented industrial design basics by presenting the criteria of shape and form, application, ergonomics, function, culture, aesthetics, visual communication, and innovation. A deep connection between architecture and industrial design has caused these two areas of design to have common styles. According to Sottsass, one of the most successful Italian architects and industrial designers, “Industrial design is micro-architecture.” It can be said that architects work in large volumes and industrial designers work in smaller dimensions. In the field of traditional Iranian architecture, professor Pirnia’s studies in the field of Iranian historic architecture and his proposed principles are very valuable. Five principles have resulted from his efforts in scrutinizing the traditional Iranian architecture, including Inwardness, Human Scale, Self Sufficiency, Avoiding Non-essentials, and Structural Rigidity, and Homogeneous Proportion. This research has four

first, evaluating industrial design styles according to product design criteria; second, evaluating Iranian historical products in different eras; third, investigating the possibility of applying professor Pirnia’s principles with the basics of product design and eventually determining the position of Iranian historical products in prehistoric, historical and Islamic eras in comparison with industrial design styles.

In this study, the data was collected by interviewing ten industrial designers who were experts in styles and movements. After studying a brief definition of each style, the interviewees, educated in the field of industrial design, were asked to comment on the five products designed in this style, according to the product design criteria and in the form of 5- point Likert scale. A total of 43 industrial design styles and movements were evaluated. One or two products from each style or movement were furniture because most industrial design styles have produced products in this field. The obtained data were analyzed using Spss 23 software. In order to evaluate the historical products of Iran in different eras, which are three prehistoric, historical and Islamic, the five principles of professor Pirnia were used. Industrial design experts rated the historical products of these three eras based on the five principles of professor Pirnia and in the form of a 5-point Likert scale. Then the exploratory factor analysis of the data was performed. According to the exploratory factor analysis on evaluating industrial design styles with product design criteria and Iranian historical products with the principles of professor Pirnia, the expert’s opinions were categorized to man, art, and industry. In this regard, the Iranian products in three historical eras with industrial design styles were compared in three-dimensional space by installing a plugin called Kamakura analysis tools in Excel 2010 software and a Scatter chart. Then, the distance formula between two points in the space was used to determine the distance between each style with historical products.

Exploratory factor analysis on evaluating the styles and movements with product design criteria and the results of assessing three eras of historical products with the principles of professor Pirnia were valued 0.731 and 0.637 in the KMO test, respectively. This confirms a balance between the data and variables. Therefore, it is not necessary to delete variables to achieve a higher value. The value of the Bartlett test with an error level of less than 0.05 is also significant, which shows that the correlation matrix of factors with variables is not a single matrix. In this part of the study, three factors were made from a set of eight variables in the first part and six variables in the second part. Since the made factors follow the concepts of man, art, and industry, they were named with these titles according to the experts’ opinions in the interviews

By measuring the distance between each historical era of Iran with industrial design styles and movements in a three-dimensional diagram, it is possible to compare the traditional Iranian products with their respective cultural and geographical criteria with industrial design styles. The chart analysis shows that throughout history and with the genesis of different styles and movements of industrial design, the importance of art has decreased regarding the negative slope of its trendline. In contrast, the importance of man and industry is incremental regarding the positive slope of its trendline. Regarding the historical products of Iran, over time, human participation in the products has decreased, while the role of industry and art has become more important. This research enables researchers to evaluate each type of product based on these three criteria and estimate the product style in comparison with Iranian historical products or industrial design styles and movements. Determining the style of the artifact can reflect the designer’s view and purpose to some extent.

 Among the features that characterize contemporary architecture, sustainability has great significance. It is an approach in architecture that is in line with the modern concept of sustainable development. The latter concept refers to the development of a society in order to address its present needs while supporting the right and potentials of the next generation to address their own needs. Sustainable development includes economic, environmental, and social sustainability. The present article focuses on residential complexes and social sustainability. The literature review on sustainable development from an architectural point of view shows that there is no comprehensive model to help architects evaluate the social sustainability of a residential complex quantitatively. In fact, previous studies have mostly focused on defining sustainability criteria; however, no research has been done so far on the ranking and application of those criteria to evaluate architectural designs quantitatively. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to develop a quantitative and comprehensive model to measure the sustainability of a given residential complex. The research answers two fundamental questions: What are the criteria for social sustainability in a residential complex? How can we compare residential complexes as far as social sustainability is concerned?

The present article is based on descriptive and analytical research, and the data was collected through field study and bibliographic research. First, the criteria for social sustainability were laid out through studying the research literature. Then, a practical model was developed. The model applies SWARA technic to weigh each criterion and TOPSIS technic to measure social sustainability. In other words, the following procedure is carried out step by step: bibliographic research to find out the criteria for social sustainability in residential complexes, processing and classifying the results and making a final list, designing a quantitative model to measure social sustainability in residential complexes, receiving specialists' views about ranking and weighting the criteria, devising a method to determine a level (score) for each criterion in a given residential complex, and finally, putting the model into practice and comparing the selected residential complexes. In the final step, a comparison of social sustainability proves that the model is practical. The cases have been selected based on similarity in size and full access to their information. Furthermore, academics and industrial experts with many years of scientific and executive experience in sustainable architecture and social sustainability were asked for their views about the subject to make use of their expertise in this research.

The judgment made by experts in architecture, as the central part of the findings, show that the most important criteria for social sustainability are the following ten items respectively: culture of the residents, social interaction and homogeneity, security, safety, open areas, appropriateness of population density, quality of interior design, the gate and exterior view, building space outside the apartment unit, equipment, and facilities. According to experts, 60 percent of weighted value is attached to "culture of the residents, interaction and social homogeneity and security" among the mentioned items. The culture of the residents includes a number of features like mutual respect among residents, compliance with apartment regulations, attention to private and public spaces, and cleanliness. Architects' ability to influence this item is very limited; however, they should apply design expertise to separate private spaces from public ones and ensure proper hygiene standards inside and around the complex. Features regarding "interaction and social homogeneity" include communication and social solidarity and relationship, participation in voluntary works and services of the complex, the possibility of resident's participation in the design and creation of spaces, conformity to resident's culture and expectations, duration of residence, etc. When accompanied by variability in space use, innovative and flexible architecture can help residents design multi-functional spaces. Furthermore, security and safety are among inseparable aspects of architecture, and designers must not disregard them for other aspects such as aesthetics and functionality.

The findings show that the proposed model is easily applicable to measure the level of social sustainability in a residential complex. Thus, the model is recommended for either comparing constructed residential complexes or weighing up available construction plans.

Energy simulation in an urban environment can be accomplished considering two major

first by analyzing the environmental thermal comfort and second by defining the impact of the environment on buildings energy consumption. Three factors affect the creation of pedestrian thermal comfort including climate (global radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed), microclimate (sky view factor, direct and indirect radiation, mean radiant temperature, surface temperature, ground temperature, building and ground albedo) and pedestrian physical properties (metabolic activity and coatings; these factors are usually not considered in current software. In order to evaluate the thermal components of urban or regional climates, it is necessary to gather accurate data about the radiant conditions in the surrounding environment. This data can be measured experimentally or calculated using the appropriate radiation model. Thus, there are two general methods of using questionnaires and computational simulations to evaluate the effective factors. For applying energy simulation, selecting the proper tool is the first step, which would not be possible without a detailed understanding of how the tool works. On the other hand, it is difficult to choose the proper tool among the growing number of simulation software. Considering designers’ recent tendency in this field, it is essential to be aware of the modeling capabilities and limitations of each tool. Some studies have compared the capabilities of building energy software, but no similar studies have been done on the urban scale.

By identifying outdoor thermal indices, this study classifies different types of energy simulation at urban scale while introducing six software of Envimet, Rayman, UMI, Meteodyn, Solene and SOLWEIG for pedestrian thermal comfort evaluation. This study aims to define the capabilities, potential, weakness and efficiency of the mentioned software in urban environment. By applying comparative and logical analysis research method, the study is conducted in four steps. In the first step, outdoor thermal comfort indicators have been identified considering effective factors in creation of urban microclimate. The second step is dedicated to identification and classification of related software to be distinguished from urban energy analysis software. In the third step, software performance and the related features are examined and in the final step, selected software properties have been compared in different fields to define strengths, weaknesses and proper application. Capability of the above-mentioned software are compared in terms of climatic parameters, outdoor thermal comfort indicators, solving equations, defaults and neglected factors, extractable parameters, numerical and graphical output data, application simplicity, interaction with other software, graphical interface, accessibility and cost.

In order to perform a simulation with proper accuracy, it is necessary to consider three basic models of radiation, heat transfer and CFD airflow in combination with each other. However, in many energy simulation tools, some equations in the analysis process are overlooked for simplification. In Envimet and Solene software, the three equations are analyzed. The analysis in Rayman, SOLWEIG and UMI models is based on the radiation and heat transfer models only ignoring the airflow model that is assumed to be constant. In Meteodyn, the radiation model in Urbasun and the airflow model in Urbawind tool are analyzed. In Envimet and Solone, four parameters of dry temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiant temperature are calculated. Apart from wind speed, Solone calculates three other parameters, while in Rayman, dry temperature and radiant temperature are considered regardless of relative humidity and wind speed. The only parameter examined in UMI and Meteodyn is wind speed.

By computing radiant fluxes, Rayman calculates six thermal comfort indicators. Envimet and Solone calculate four indicators including PMV, PET, UTCI, and MRT and in SOLWEIG model, three indicators including PET, UTCI, and MRT are calculated, while none of the common indicators for thermal comfort is listed as the output data in UMI and Meteodyn.  Envimet, Solene and Rayman provide more outdoor thermal comfort indicators as output results. In UMI and Meteodyn data is estimated as the average radiation and wind speed while in other the tools it could be extracted precisely at any desired time. While UMI is a simple free tool, using Envimet and Solene is not free and requires training. However, currently no single tool considers the best combination of all factors and includes all physical processes. The results of this research can help architects, urban designers and software users to choose the proper software in each design stage considering project goals.

The principle of hierarchy is one of the main concepts in architecture. Living space is a place in which studying the principle of hierarchy is necessary. The Iranian residential tradition has long been built upon various experiences of nature, culture, and religion in the framework of seemingly diverse bodies and sometimes with many contradictions and similar principles. Therefore, scrutinizing the past architecture is incomplete without searching the popular style of architecture and recognizing its socio-cultural components. In order to understand the effect of architecture, it seems necessary to review its context, daily interactions, and the material and spiritual needs that have crystallized in the form of that particular architecture. The architecture principle has been expressed in different ways in residential buildings in various styles of Iranian architecture. Due to this principle, the arrangement of the connected spaces and the added spaces to the building's spatial structure in different periods has undergone various changes and transformations in its appearance. Yet, it has sustained its roots and originality. Today, contemporary designers and employers have created buildings disregarding the rich Iranian culture. This research, seeking to find the components of spatial hierarchy and its qualitative and quantitative components in the language of the Qajar building model in Tehran, examines the existing historical and cultural evidence. The study scrutinizes the traditional houses built in Qajar period in Tehran and compares the case studies for final analysis. This study aims to explain the concept of spatial hierarchy and compare the morphological view of the residential buildings in the settlement model of Qajar period.

The research adopts a combined research method, referring to the cultural heritage and studies of available resources. As a result, a list of houses has been prepared, and some have been selected by the critical and non-targeted methods for further scrutiny. The samples studied in this study are traditional houses of Qajar period in Tehran (pre-Nasserite period: before the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah / Nasserite period: Nasser al-Din Shah's reign / post-Nasserite period: Muzaffar al-Din Shah reign before Pahlavi ). The final results are achieved based on the comparison and presentation of the final analysis of the studied samples. This study has been conducted with reference to a bibliographic method, field observation, and mapping methods. It has finally come to the final conclusion by physically and structurally analyzing the spaces and understanding residential proportions and geometry.

The data obtained from the explanatory diagrams and UCL Depthmap software were used with the space syntax method to extract the results. The data were reviewed and analyzed after collection. The spatial connections in the late Qajar period show almost no vestibule for accessing the connected spaces. Adding a separate entrance was more considered in design and construction. Finally, in the pre-Nasserite period, the highest level of spatial integration and depth is observed.

The results indicate that the three indicators of depth, connection, and interconnectedness in the three periods before Nasserite / Nasserite and after Nasserite have been associated with a decrease in introversion, generality, and integration over time.

In the contemporary era, cultural values influenced by individuals' behavior, attitudes, and beliefs can offer the definition of desired privacy in the human-environment relationship. The most important element of privacy can be interpreted based on the manner and form of the communication. In this interaction, human beings define different preferences and definitions of privacy in relation to others and other spaces. According to these interactions included in Islamic and social interactions, the experiences in the house environment lead to semantic (mental) and physical (objective) movement. In relations that are shaped out of semantic (mental) movement within the house, communication with nature, guests, neighbors, God, spouses, and family is remarkable. The interactions in the house environment can be controlled with motion, visual, auditory, and olfactory senses and help to study the movement in the physical (objective) dimension. The importance of each factor and communication tool in each housing component allows designers and architects to identify the notion of desirable communication privacy in the contemporary era to design the spatial arrangement appropriate to residents' privacy. The aim is to obtain the desired physical arrangement for creating privacy in accordance with the current Islamic culture in contemporary housing and answer the following questions:What is the relationship between the effective components of human-environment interactions in each functional housing component and the housing spatial arrangement?By recognizing the different effects of communication components representing the individuals' privacy in each housing component, what environmental solution can be provided for the effective design of the desired spatial layout of the privacy?According to the basic pattern of privacy layout obtained from the Islamic architecture experts' opinions, how has privacy been arranged in contemporary houses?

To identify the characteristics of human-environment relations, (1) the content of interactions (types of communication that humans have in housing components), (2) the motion, visual, auditory, and olfactory controlling types, and (3) the degree of optimal communication for each component with other functional components of the house has been completed in two parts. A Field research method with a researcher-made questionnaire was completed. The statistical sample size based on Cochran's formula was 78 Islamic architects, and data were analyzed using SPSS software. The significance of the difference between the humans and house components was determined by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. The mean relationship and size of human movement in housing components were compared to identify optimal privacy indicators for spatial arrangement.

According to statistical data, the living room with low effect can be considered an intermediary element in communication (movement) and creating privacy in the house. Recognizing the best spatial arrangement accepted by people in different biological situations in Islamic culture helps architects determine the value of privacy in the spatial arrangement of contemporary Iranian housing. Therefore, three contemporary Iranian houses with two types of movements that lead to the structural and psychological layout were selected to investigate the effectiveness of the privacy layout obtained from the opinions of Islamic architecture experts. In these spaces, (1) the visual privacy with the visual graph in Depth map software and the (2) space communication (movement) privacy with the explanatory graph in A-Graph software were fully scrutinized. In the basic model of spatial arrangement based on Islamic architecture experts' opinions, the inner core (private space), the outer core (public space), and the living space, as the interface, shape the house. Other space functions are located in relation to the interface space by determining the distance (depth) and the type of proximity (interconnection) with various physical elements (floor, wall, curtain) in the contemporary model.

Designing the space layout based on Islamic documents necessitates observing four types of visual, motor, auditory and olfactory privacy in indoor and outdoor spaces. In creating the layout of space, the living room and bedrooms were among the influential spaces. In recognizing the communication desirability in housing components, the yard, the living room, and kitchen (extroverted space)  were identified as spaces with a high level of communication. The washing closets and master bedroom (introverted space) had the lowest preference for human-environment communication. Three levels of privacy were identified in modern and Islamic houses.  The optimal physical planning of the privacy layout based on the communication desirability in every housing component can offer a better arrangement of housing spaces. In the basic model of space layout based on Islamic architects' opinion, the two inner core (private space) and outer core (public space) and the living room as the interface between these spaces shape the housing layout. In the contemporary model, the living room is the main core, and other spaces are identified by the distance (depth) and the type of proximity (joint) to other physical elements (floor, wall, curtain ...). The privacy layout of privacy from high to low was presented based on the current communication and controlling levels in the contemporary house and ultimately led to the proper location of spaces in today's housing.

Visual landscape and soundscape have a close relationship with each other and a significant impact on the experience of space users. Ignoring mutual design between soundscape and visual scape in most urban spaces has created places that do not have commensurate beauty and sound desirability with space performance, despite their pleasant visual and physical quality. Additionally, sound pollution in modern cities is increasing day by day, which can greatly affect the mental health of citizens. Given the importance of the subject and concentrating existing qualities in Persian garden, this study tries to find the sound model of Persian gardens (case study: Shiraz Qajar Gardens). It also focuses on finding effective environmental components on soundscape in such gardens to probably obtain appropriate sound models for designing urban parks in similar studies. Therefore, these questions arise: what are the common and effective qualitative and quantitative components of creating the soundscape in Shiraz Qajar Gardens? And how does the people’s perception of the soundscape in Persian garden (Shiraz Qajar Gardens) help us to obtain a soundscape model?

In order to provide sound models of Shiraz Qajar Gardens, a qualitative-quantitative method has been used. Data is analyzed by the factor analysis method. In order to obtain a sound map of specified gardens, TES 1353s audiometer with a range of 30-130 decibels has been considered to achieve Leq in the garden at stations in the distance of 10 meters. The existing decibel rates were measured and analyzed on the map. After sound recording by the audiometer in the range of 30 seconds, the Leq of determined stations by GIS software was drawn on the map.

The results, obtained from sound maps in Shiraz gardens, are as follows:In case of increasing sound intensity and given the garden walls, their different heights, and the type of vegetation around the wall, sound intensity is different in the gardens.Sound intensity undesirably increased in adjacent walls of the street, while the increase in sound intensity was pleasant for humans around the pool.In a farther distance away from the streets around the garden and due to neutralization of a part of the sound by vegetation as well as path motion nature without interruption, sound intensity decreases in main axes, and the sound Leq index is usually similar in all points.Since the interpretation of obtained information through sound extraction is only possible by the adaptation of garden users, to validate the quantitative data and assess its quality, a questionnaire was provided in two mental and physical aspects, named in short psychosomatic. In order to investigate the relationship between mental and physical perception, a correlation test was used. Based on the obtained results, the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.536, and the significance level 0.000. Since the significance level is less than 0.05, a significant relationship between physical and mental perception is confirmed as a result. Based on qualitative-quantitative analyses, it can be said that the obtained results are similar given the common model in designing a Persian garden in determined stations. In stations adjacent to the garden wall near the main street, in which the contexture has changed from rigid to permeable (fencing), the sound is more intense and inconsistent with the sound model of most Persian gardens. The indexes of sound desirability in the questionnaire include attractiveness, harmony with the environment, similarity with music, revitalization, and satisfaction. Given the obtained results, the recorded sounds in the main axes, near the mansion, near the garden wall, sub-axes, and adjacent to the main pool are more desirable, and the entrance has been described neutrally. Regarding that sound intensity in sub-axes (lower) has been described as relaxing, like the one adjacent to mansion (higher intensity space), the silence is not considered as relaxing criterion, and the impact of space on Persian garden on mind is considered. In the main axis, near the mansion and main pool, visual and sound proportion is the highest range, indicating the conscious design of soundscape in Persian gardens. This proportion is less in sub-axes than the adjacent garden walls due to changing the type of walls and their clarification.

A single pattern that all study gardens have followed has balanced sound intensity by creating space psychosomatic quality. The powerful physical components used in spatial geometry of the middle axis of gardens such as chrysogonum, pools, water axes, continuous tree planting, and creating central view corridor and floor materials create the quality indexes of the garden soundscape. In this study, the significant relationship between such physical components and users’ mental perception was confirmed. Therefore, despite the changing behavioral model and physical components of contemporary urbanization of Iran, such as the streets and the traffic noises, and other contemporary artificial sounds, the sound map of the main axis of Persian garden follows a single sound model, indicating that the ancient model can be still used as a vital solution in urban park design.