فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی
پیاپی 61 (پاییز 1400)

This study aimed to evaluate the distribution zones of drug trafficking in Sistan and Baluchestan province due to its geographical situation and its location in the neighborhood of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The research method was descriptive-analytical and based on documentary and library studies. Data and information were obtained based on available facts and opinion polls from relevant experts to provide a solution appropriate to the problem.

In this research, zoning of various drugs was examined and the results of modeling the rates of factors affecting drug trafficking using fuzzy nervous system showed that the constructed model was able to estimate the rates of factors affecting drug trafficking with good accuracy (RMSE = 0.060, R2 =0.98).

The results of the study show that among the indicators and factors affecting drug trafficking, social and cultural factors have the most impact, followed by economic factors and geographical situation and methods of combating drug trafficking.

The present study aimed to examine the frameworks and regulations governing legalization in Canada, Uruguay, and the two states of Washington and Colorado to gain a deeper understanding of legalization models and the related issues in the light of this comparative study.

To conduct the research, the descriptive-analytical method, and in fact the comparative analysis, was used. The research was of qualitative type and the data collection tool was the study of articles, reports, and laws related to legalization.

The results of the study showed that the mentioned governments have tried to codify various mechanisms in the field of cannabis supply patterns, pricing, setting age limits for consumption, etc. In the meantime, whether governments have paid more attention to the health of consumers or reducing consumption in the context of public health, or whether revenue generation is generally the main justifier for implementing legalization or not, are issues discussed in this study.

The business model and the government model, as the two main cannabis legalization models, have their own issues and therefore it seems that action should be taken based on specific expectations and in terms of specific regulations of these models.

The aim of this study was to investigate the trend and how to expand kitchens producing crystal stimulant in cities of Tehran province.

The present research was an applied study and in terms of data collection was analytical and descriptive. The statistical population of the study consisted of data related to 42 kitchens producing crystal stimulant discovered in Tehran province conducted by the NAJA Anti-Narcotics Police during 2016-2018. The obtained data were interpreted and evaluated using descriptive statistical indicators and analyzed using statistical software and GIS.

The city of Tehran was the center of medium space for creating kitchens producing crystal stimulants. Also, the general trend of standard deviation ellipse of kitchens producing crystal stimulants in Tehran, Damavand, and Islamshahr was almost in the center of the ellipse. The standard deviation ellipse for the points of the kitchens indicated that it stretched along the west of Tehran, and according to the Kernel density map, the curves have been collected and compacted around the city of Tehran, Damavand, and Islamshahrgard, indicating that the manufacturers and kitchens producing crystal stimulants are focused in these circles. According to the K function, the effects at this distance are mostly (approximately) clustered than scattered. Therefore, kitchens producting crystal stimulat follow a significant clustering pattern. The geographically weighted regression showed that as we move from Varamin, Firoozkooh, and Shahreri to Tehran and the suburbs of Tehran, the number of kitchens producing crystal stimulant increases. The global Moran index showed that the distribution of kitchens producting crystal stimulant in the cities of Tehran province generally follows the random distribution pattern, but this pattern has an equal distribution in the cities of Tehran, Damavand, and Islamshahr.

The results showed that the general trend of kitchens producting crystal stimulat is located in Tehran, Damavand, and Islamshahr and its direction is the southwestern distribution of the province and follows a significant cluster pattern. Therefore, kitchens producing crystal stimulants are expanding to the west of Tehran province, and tendency is to the western cities of Tehran province.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of educational policy-making in changing awareness and attitude (risk perception) in adolescents and the youth in preventing substance dependence. 

 This research was applicable in terms of purpose and the research method was a mixed method with the exploratory approach. At first, 15 experts in the field of education and psychology were interviewed using a qualitative method. In the quantitative part, the target population was male and female adolescents and the youth aged 12 to 35 years old in selected cities of Isfahan province, among them 384 people were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling and the research questionnaire was distributed among them. The data were analyzed by the Delphi technique. 

 The results of the Delphi technique identified eight indicators (sensitization, awareness in family education sessions, training of educators, new teaching methods, mass media, cleaning polluted environments, modeling, and rules and regulations). 

 The results indicate that attention to cultural strategies in comparison with other strategies, by influencing the attitude of the target community, plays an important role in limiting and preventing substance dependence.

The present study was performed aiming to investigate the relationships of ego-strength and parenting styles to vulnerability to addiction with the mediating role of emotional repression in adolescents.

The present research was a correlational study. The statistical population of the study included all male high school students in the city of Osko who were studying in the academic year 2019-2020 (n=1100). Among them, a total of 200 male students and their mothers were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. Participants answered to the identifying people in risk of addiction questionnaire, the psychosocial inventory of ego-strength, the parenting styles questionnaire, and the adjustment inventory. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and structural equation modeling.

The proposed model had a good fit. Ego-strength and parenting styles had significant direct effects on vulnerability to addiction. Emotional repression also played a significant mediating role in the relationships of parenting styles and ego-strength to vulnerability to addiction.

Dimensions of ego-strength and authoritative parenting style are able to explain the decreased adolescent addiction by reducing emotional repression. This can be useful as a suitable model for designing addiction prevention programs among adolescents and young people.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and irrational thoughts in predicting suicidal thoughts in women with the substance-dependent spouses in the city of Islamabad Gharb in 2017 and 2018. 

 This study was descriptive-correlational. The present study population included all women who had substance-dependent spouses referred to the Ofogh-e-Tazeh Injury Reduction Center in Islamabad Gharb, from which 300 women were selected by convenience sampling. The Beck suicide ideation scale, the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and the irrational belief scale were used to collect data. Pearson's correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used to analyze the data. 

 The mean age of the subjects was 37.8 years with a standard deviation of 4.2. Irrational thoughts and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had significant positive correlations with suicidal thoughts. There was a significant and negative relationship between suicidal thoughts and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The results showed that irrational thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation strategies together could predict 47% of the variance of suicidal thoughts. 

 According to the findings, measures can be taken to increase cognitive emotion regulation strategies and reduce irrational thoughts so that they can lead to reducing suicidal ideation among women with substance-dependent spouses.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on addiction readiness and sensation seeking in adolescents with substance-dependent parent in Ahvaz. 

This study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent students studying in 2019-2020 who had substance-dependent parent in Ahvaz. Among them, 10 boys' schools were randomly selected and the students of these schools were screened by the addiction readiness and sensation seeking questionnaires. Of them, 30 students who scored higher than average on the addiction readiness and sensation seeking questionnaires were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. 

 The results showed that emotion regulation training was significantly effective in reducing the readiness for addiction and also sensation seeking in adolescents with substance-dependent parent in Ahvaz in the posttest and follow-up stages.

According to the obtained results, this treatment can be used to reduce addiction readiness and sensation seeking in adolescents with substance-dependent parent and thus help reduce stress in them.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combining guided mental imagery with drug therapy on reducing craving and relapse to drug use in drug-dependent men in Tehran.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all drug-dependent individuals in addiction treatment centers in Tehran Pars region of Tehran who were treated from October 2017 to March 2019 and had a medical record. 45 people were selected using cluster sampling as the study sample and were equally and randomly divided into three groups: guided mental imagery, guided mental imagery combined with drug therapy, and control. Craving and relapse to drug use were measured using the momentary craving scale and the temptation beliefs scale, respectively.

The results showed that craving and relapse to drug use were significantly lower in groups of guided mental imagery and guided mental imagery combined with drug therapy in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test stage. Also, there was no significant difference between the groups of guided mental imagery and guided mental imagery combined with drug therapy in reducing craving and relapse to drug use.

According to the results of the study, it can be stated that guided mental imagery and guided mental imagery combined with drug therapy have great effects on reducing craving and relapse to drug use, but there is no difference between their effectiveness. Therefore, guided mental imagery and guided mental imagery combined with drug therapy can be used as an appropriate way to reduce craving and relapse to drug use in drug-dependent men.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of imago therapy training on marital quality, marital boredom, and resilience.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with a control group. From the statistical population of women with substance-dependent spouses referring to substance abuse treatment centers in the city of Tabriz, a sample of 30 spouses of clients of Besharat substance abuse treatment center was selected by convenience sampling and was randomly assigned into the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group received the group training intervention for 7 sessions and the control group did not receive any interventions. Participants completed the marital quality scale, the marital boredom scale, and the resilience scale in two stages before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in marital quality, marital boredom, and resilience. Therefore, imago therapy group training significantly increased marital quality and resilience and reduced marital boredom in women with substance-dependent spouses in the experimental group.

The results of this study highlighted the importance of using imago therapy to improve the problems of couples and marital relationships in women with substance-dependent spouses.

This study aimed to compare the effects of choice theory therapy and behavioral activation (BA) therapy with and without guided mental imagery on resilience in substance-dependent adolescents.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study sample included 60 substance-dependent adolescents who were selected by convenience sampling and randomly placed into the first (choice theory therapy, n=15), the second (behavioral activation therapy without guided mental imagery, n=15), and the third experimental groups (behavioral activation therapy with guided mental imagery, n=15) as well as control group (n=15). Participants in all four groups completed the Conner-Davidson resilience scale. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurement.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of choice theory therapy and behavioral activation therapy with and without guided mental imagery on the increase of resilience in substance-dependent adolescents, so that behavioral activation therapy with guided mental imagery had a more effect on the increase of resilience in substance-dependent adolescents than choice theory therapy and behavioral activation therapy without guided mental imagery.

In general, it can be said that behavioral activation therapy with mental imagery technique is a more effective method to increase resilience in substance-dependent adolescents.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of self-healing training (the healing codes) on the sense of cohesion in substance-dependent men in 2020.

The present research was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all substance-dependent males in Isfahan in 2020. Among whom, 30 people who were willing to participate in the study were selected using convenience sampling and then were randomly divided into the experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The sense of cohesion questionnaire was used to collect data. The experimental group underwent fourteen sessions of self-healing training (90-minute sessions per week). After the training sessions, a post-test was performed for both groups. Data analysis was done using an univariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that self-healing training was significantly effective in increasing the sense of cohesion in substance-dependent males.

According to the research results, self-healing education can be used as one of the new positive approaches to increase the psychological health of substance-dependent individuals in addiction treatment centers with relatively lasting effects to increase self-care skills.

The present study aimed to determine the role of intolerance of ambiguity and psychological hardiness in predicting addiction tendency in students of Islamic Azad University, Bukan Branch.

The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study included all male and female students of Islamic Azad University, Bukan Branch in the academic year 2017-2018 and 306 people were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the addiction acceptance scale, the intolerance of uncertainty test, and the psychological hardiness questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis.

The findings indicated that there was a significant negative relationship between psychological hardiness and addiction tendency and that 18% of the variance of addiction tendency was explained by control, commitment, and challenge. Also, there was a significant positive relationship between the variables of intolerance of ambiguity and addiction tendency, and 17% of the variance of addiction tendency was predicted by inability to perform action, stressfulness of uncertainty, negativity of unexpected events and avoiding them.

In general, it can be concluded that some personality traits such as tolerance of ambiguity and psychological hardiness have an important role in the tendency to substance abuse.

The present study was conducted to compare the affective theory of mind, moral judgment, working memory, and cognitive flexibility in individuals with substance use and normal individuals.

The method of the present study was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included all men who referred to addiction treatment centers in Tabriz in 2019 as well as normal individuals among the residents of Tabriz. The study sample consisted of 160 men (80 substance users and 80 normal individuals) who were selected by purposive sampling. Research tools included the mind in the eyes test, the personal and impersonal moral stories scale, the working memory test, and the cognitive flexibility inventory.

The results showed that there were significant differences between substance users and normal individuals in the affective theory of mind, moral judgment, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, so that individuals in the normal group scored higher than those in the substance user group.

It seems that malfunctions in the components of the affective theory of mind, moral judgment, working memory, and cognitive flexibility in individuals with substance use disorders cause defects in the process of social cognition and their vulnerability in decision-making, and their interactions with society and individuals.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction group training on self-esteem in women with substance use disorder.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women with substance use disorder referred to injury reduction centers in Kermanshah in 2019. Among them, a center was selected with convenience method and 75 women with substance use disorder were screened using the Rosenberg standard self-esteem questionnaire. Then, 30 women who scored lower and had a lower level of self-esteem than the others were selected and randomly assigned into the experimental group (n= 15) and the control group (n = 15). Participants in the experimental group received mindfulness-based stress reduction training and the control group's participants did not receive any interventions. The demographic information questionnaire and the Rosenberg standard self-esteem questionnaire were used to collect the data.

The results of the analysis of covariance showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction group training improved the self-esteem level in women with substance use disorder.

It can be concluded that mindfulness-based stress reduction training can be used as a way to improve and enhance self-esteem in women with substance use disorder.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of solution-based therapy on cognitive self-control and mental well-being in mistreated women with addiction readiness.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all mistreated women referred to the Welfare Center of Tehran province in 2020. To screen mistreated women with addiction readiness, the Zargar Addiction Readiness Questionnaire was used, and out of 200 mistreated women who filled out this questionnaire, 30 were selected with the highest score (cut-off point= scores above 54) and randomly assigned into the experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The participants in the experimental group received 8 sessions of a solution-based program. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the solution-based therapy training had a significant effect on cognitive self-control and mental well-being in mistreated women with addiction readiness. Mistreated women with addiction readiness in the experimental group had significantly less cognitive self-control and more mental well-being in the post-test than those in the control group.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the solution-based intervention is an appropriate way to improve cognitive self-control and mental well-being in mistreated women.