فصلنامه توسعه اجتماعی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (تابستان 1400)

The present study is a phenomenological effort for the typology of entrepreneurship and self-employment of working graduated women in Tehran, which has been done with phenomenological approach and in-depth and semi-structured interview tools, with the participation of 50 women entrepreneurs, self-employed and experts in this field. Therefore, after receiving a conceptual and practical definition of entrepreneurship and self-employment from the perspective of participants and trying to understand their attitude towards entrepreneurship indicators, efforts were made to obtain possible classifications based on differential characteristics. The results indicate that from the participants' point of view, in a society with a traditional culture, self-employed women are considered entrepreneurs due to innovation in "employment role stereotypes". Entrepreneurs are also categorized according to various categories, which 1- in terms of the opportunity conditions falls into the categories of "opportunity finding, opportunity building and conversion", 2- in terms of the field of employment falls into "industry , Trade and services”, 3- in terms of field of activity falls into" scientific, cultural, economic and social ", 4- in terms of entrepreneurship type falls into", educational-research, social-ethical, motivational-supportive, intermediary-transitional, economic-productive, multidimensional-developmental", 5- in terms of  motivation and purpose, they were divided into "self-centered, Other axis/heterogeneous, interactive/ Bilateral, general-oriented", and finally 6- in terms of entrepreneurial result falls into "self-employed and job-creating" categories.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of demonstrative consumption on the components of sustainable development.

In a survey study in the year 2020, 502 citizens with higher education 20 to 60 years in Zanjan from the statistical population of 463865 people multi-stage clusters were selected by sampling they were interviewed using a questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha> 0.80) by self-administered method. Data in SPSS and PLS statistical software at the significance level, P <0.05 and with an error of 0.95 was analyzed.

According to the descriptive results, demonstration consumption is moderately upward and the status of development-oriented components is at a high level. Analytical results showed a strong and inverse correlation between demonstrative consumption and developmental components (P <0.05) and showed the correlation of all three dimensions of demonstrative consumption (prestige, demonstrative and class consumption) with all three dimensions of sustainable development components (awareness, attitude and development-oriented behavior). Regression analysis explained part of the variance of developmental components in society by demonstrative consumption dimensions (R2 = 0.403). Findings showed an inverse correlation between socio-economic class with demonstrative consumption and its dimensions (P <0.05) but did not show with developmental components (P <0.05). The measurement model and the structural model confirm the effects of the model variables.

The results of the study show the effect of demonstrative consumption on developmental components (inference of the first hypothesis) and showed the effectiveness of the economic action of consumption from non-economic factors (inference from the second hypothesis). Demonstrative consumption and its prevalence in all social classes, it is an issue that, despite its economic nature, is influenced by the culture of the society. Therefore, the most important development strategies must go through cultural reforms.

The aim of this study was to achieve a theoretical consensus of the view of Iranian social scientists on socio-economic development. According to the research objectives, the qualitative approach and Delphi research method have been used. The participants of this research included all those who were in the field of development and had a book, article or research effect. Using a targeted sampling method, 15 of these people were selected as contributors. Kendall coordination coefficient was used to determin the degree of consensus among Delphi panel members and 70 percent was set as level of consensus. The results indicated that if we consider the government as a combination of the three parts of the government , judiciary and the people if they use a good governance strategy they will interact with each other and government with meritocracy , reducting the share of oil in the country’s budget , reform of administrative and tax system and establish key financial institutions such as an independent central bank and strong budget management on the other hand and judiciary by establishing the role of law, controlling corruption and improving transparency indicators in the country on the other hand , creates the environment and security for the market to create production, employment and economic prosperity. Meanwhile the participation of the people in the government has led to the realization of civil society, including a free press, parties and independent media, which act as a bridge between government and society and provide the basis for further monitoring of the performance of government and officials and their accountability. The combination and interaction of these parts together pave the way for achieving the goals of this strategy that’s mean: providing basic services, realization of social justice, strengthen democratic structures, extending the social security umbrella , improving the quality of the environment , increase productivity and, … to provide. In such a context, it will be easier to achieve socio-economic development.

The present research studies the subjective changes leading to transformations in religiosity patterns with forms of belief and behavior among a group of 21 to 36-year-old youth in Rasht, utilizing a qualitative approach with the research method of narrative analysis and narrative interview tools among 16 young people in Rasht, it has ended with respecting the gender ratio. The theoretical framework of the research is based on theoretical synthesis the views of several sociologists of religion. The most important results of the research show that transformations are based on the description that the majority, ie 15 of the 16 interviewees, have significantly moved away from religious culture and family religiosity of the main origin and the dominant pattern of religiosity among this group of young people. Participants religiosity in this research is emotional religiosity. This indicates the transformations based on lived experiences and cognitive systems of the participants of this research, which play a fundamental role in religious changes of people. The formal religiosity within the society is the same as Sharia-oriented, and as a result of the theological religiosity model of Shiite jurisprudence. Not only are they fundamentally distant, even they are also critical of it. Hence, the pattern of the transformation of religiosity among them is the movement from Sharia-oriented religiosity to emotional religiosity. Meanwhile, the process of changes and transformations are in line with the approaches of theorists in the theoretical framework.

This study addresses the question "What are the social ramifications of women's luggage transport from Qeshm to Tehran?”, with qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology, by theoretical data saturation by 50 half-structured interviews conducted among 30 transporter women and 20 experts who have been assigned through non-random, targeted and snowball sampling. The data are analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory. In open coding, 88 concepts, in axial coding, 21 categories, and in the selective coding, the core category of "empowering / pressuring" were determined. Respondents have assessed baggage transport with two contradictory functions; positive and negative social consequences for women and their families, residents of Qeshm, as well as for the community alongside the positive effect of reducing social harm. In the grounded model, Mental problems, family problems, maintaining a decent life, upgrading social status, causal conditions, Iranian commodity dislike, foreign commodity preference, social paralysis, contextual conditions, Qeshm positive features and transport attraction, were considered as interfering conditions in the luggage transport process. The validity of interpretations, reflectivity, and homology assessment alongside the nine stages of the grounded theory, in particular, theoretical sampling, information saturation, and attainment of adequacy, validity, and reliability, were confirmed in this study.

Political systems have always pursued their goals and aspirations since the establishment of the state, however, the mere formation of governments cannot lead to the attainment of their goals and aspirations; the main purpose of this article is to identify the influential components of social capital on the national authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study population is the professors of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. 150 individuals were selected based on sampling estimation using SPSS Sample Power software in Power analysis path. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. According to the findings, the components of social capital include political participation (r = 0.35), political trust (r = 0.45), national cohesion (r = 0.26), social support (r = 0.38), social security (r = 0.38). R = 0.78 and social responsibility (r = 0.67) are effective in realizing national authority. The results of regression analysis also show that the four variables of political trust, social cohesion, social security and social responsibility were respectively the most important predictors of the dependent variable namely national authority.

In the past, the diversity of cultures, languages, ethnicities and other elements of social life was less, and as a result, tolerating each other's differences and beliefs was not an important issue; But with the increasing growth and development of communication in all fields, on the one hand, cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity has increased, and on the other hand, the amount of interactions between people has doubled so that without a minimum of social tolerance and tolerance of different opinions. Otherwise, it will be impossible to live normally. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the social and cultural factors affecting the social tolerance of ethnic groups in Ahvaz, selected 384 citizens through multi-stage sampling and collected data using a questionnaire in SPSS23 software has analyzed. Findings showed that there is no significant relationship between ethnicity and ethnic diversity variables with social tolerance. But there is a significant and direct relationship between the variables of citizenship rights (0.138) and political participation (0.360) with the variable of social tolerance and between the variable of group convergence (-0.205) and the variable of social tolerance.

Groups and diffrent culture together and specially in old shap typisall social coflict with to gether and with dominat small culture that cause for mation conflict culture in old shape town. Basic goal article  analysisrole  new and old shape in attitude's youth perverse small culture in asaloye city with regard future for year 2025 the methoel of consider .research consider with we from the  method  of surveying and by way of tod ouestionnaire, statistic society of studying youth is between 15 to asaloye city numbers 300 persons youth select from statistic society for sample systematic random for studying .use from important for mmal for justifiability and alfa for stability research and use method of statistics prison's correlation and com parison factor of averages for testing theory rgrsiuon,s technique measurement of research. Result result research relation of meaning between four diverse groups. There is family's diverses, friend ship groups, and personal causes in habitable specialties with attitude perverse small culture. It theory atleast in 45./.level meaning and accept .t-test show that seven diffrent suchas dependence of local in habi t ancy, sexuality, years of in habitansy, number of family intimacy between member of family, dis connection of family and rate connection with neighbors meaning from statistic and it different had import familiarity rate and intrant  rgrsiuon,s and intotal and success to comment 0/62 from variyans.

Case Study has a significant role in both fundamental development and methodology of social sciences. On the other hand, there are a plenty of confusions and misgivings about it. Since it seems that the most of social researches have accomplished through this method, clarification of case study is worthy. In particular, this methodology is used less frequently in sociological research in Iran as an independent methodology. This article has been written in 2 sections. in the first section, we tries to elaborate the process of case study as a method meanwhile some of its obscurities and questions about it will be answered. In this section, two principal procedures of case study which are very noticeable in literature means descriptive case study by Stake and explanatory case study by Yin will be explained. Reviewing 28 backgrounds entitled “case study” in Iranian Sociological association’s journal from 2002 to 2016, second section devoted to reevaluation and meta-analysis of case study as a method.