نشریه دانش شهرسازی
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 17، زمستان 1400)

Conflicts between the rights of private landowners and the public interest and balancing between the two has always been one of the most important challenges of spatial planning. The increasing expansion of cities and insufficient supply of developable land have made right to use and develop, the most valuable resources and the ambiguity in defining and determining the owners of these rights has led to unproductive competition between landowners, developers and government agents, the conflicts of interests and increased spatial inequality. This trend has made the need to pay attention to institutional requirements in spatial planning more necessary.

Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore what the land property rights and its components are and to explain the relationship and interaction between spatial planning and property rights institutions.

This research is fundamental based on purpose, and qualitative in nature, and by adopting an explanatory-exploratory approach, it reviews and analyzes sources and texts systematically. Critical realism has been chosen as the philosophical position and retroduction as the logic of reasoning and strategy of the research.

By Using the new institutionalist and property rights approach and applying institutional analysis, this article in addition to a theoretical framework, develops a conceptual framework that explain the relationship between spatial planning and land property rights institutions and how these rights are allocated in the city.

What the applied institutional analysis tell us is that the final products of the spatial planning system, such as zoning, regulations, building codes and permits, are a bundle of rights for each plot of land, and resolving the conflict of significant interests in urban land development requires a precise and clear definition of owner of each component of this bundle. Therefore, it is necessary for spatial planners to focus on how to allocate land property rights, optimally and to detemine owner of each right, clearly.

There are several approaches for modelling and representing the spatial network, but there is a lack of study about the relationship between the approaches. Thus, in the network modelling phase, researchers are often unaware of the diversity of approaches in other areas of urban research and pursue previous research in their field. Worn-out urban tissues are vulnerable to natural disasters due to low connectivity and difficult accessibility. In this regard, the geometric modification of the street network without clear prioritization will increase the costs of urban management and lead to low efficiency in the field of risk management.

The present study tries to reduce travel distance, increase accessibility and connectivity by prioritizing different scenarios of interventions in the field of geometric modification after examining the theoretical fields of spatial network modelling and representation.

To clarify the role and application of graph theory in network modelling, qualitative content analysis was used and then the re-blocking model was tested in one of the contexts of Rasht City. In this regard, complexity index (dual graph), topological optimization (relevant algorithm), geometric optimization (relevant algorithm and programming in Matlab software), centrality and connectivity (Space Syntax software) were measured.

The results of the qualitative content analysis indicate that the use of the dual graph will be appropriate to determine the morphological features of the urban layout. The complexity index was 8 in the studied block, which was reduced to 2 through topological optimization. Using geometric optimization, the average travel distance was reduced from 17.4 to 10.68.

The findings of the present study can be considered in regeneration projects to create resilient areas.Keywords: Topology, Optimization, Worn-out tissues, resilience, Street network. Highlight: • Reducing the vulnerability of worn-out regions by designing resilient networks• Investigating the changes by programming in MATLAB Software

Historical contexts as a valuable legacy and representing the identity of the city, today face numerous issues due to their inattention to the cultural, social and historical contexts of contemporary interventions. And the old before any intervention and finding a proper link between these physical and spatial dimensions is necessary.

The purpose of this study is to recognize the role of cultural factors in regeneration old and historic neighborhoods of cities.

This study is a descriptive-analytical one and library and field survey method was used to collect data.

In this research, after gaining the necessary theoretical knowledge from the study of theoretical foundations and formulation of cultural principles and paradigms and different aspects of culture-based recreation, and studying relevant past experiences, the examples in the sample We identified the case study. We prepared 30 questionnaires for our sample and analyzed the data in SPSS. The questionnaires were also extracted from some of the existing cultural potentials.

We have thus devised a way of extracting and applying these cultural principles and concepts in recreating a concrete example of a multicultural society. And finally, we explain the strategies and how cultural factors are realized in recreation.Highlight: • Reconstruction of culture-based, especially in multi-cultural neighborhoods, given the existing cultural and ethnic diversity as a potential for the formation of different spaces appropriate to specific cultural events and unique activities in accordance with the place. It can be the most appropriate approach to improving the quality of life of residents and also the economic prosperity of the neighborhood.• Reading the concept of culture and getting acquainted with its vast dimensions, as well as understanding how to extract ideas and cultural principles that regulate the body and space and using it in the process of recreating culture-building, can be an important step in developing unique patterns. It should be indigenous, which seeks to establish more and more harmony of body and space with the background culture.

What necessitates the contemporaryization of the historical contexts of the cities in the process of urban metamorphosis is related to the urban transformations. They usually impose harmful effects on the historical context of the cities over time, and therefore, they are the convincing reasons for using contemporaryization approach as a reaction against urban transformations. The historical context of Tabriz city symbolizes its identity and heritage of several thousand years. In the contemporary era, on the one hand, with the emergence of new needs and functions, and on the other hand, with the emergence of a desire for transformations, the city has undergone fundamental changes in the identity and function of its historical spaces. Its historical spaces have undergone fundamental changes.

The present study investigates the role of contemporaryization components in the process of urban transformation related to the historical-cultural context of Tabriz metropolis, emphasizing identity preservation.

The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical. The collected data was analyzed by Durbin-Watson and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. In order to rank the components, ranking and diamond analysis based on promethee method were administered.

By using the most comprehensive decision-making systems with multiple criteria by determining the share of each of the effective factors in the modernization of the historical context through detailed and general ranking using software facilities, very appropriate analyzes are provided for the decision maker. A theoretical model can be achieved to promote theoretical knowledge in the field of contemporary design.

The obtained results revealed that all of the considered components influenced the contemporaryization of historical context of Tabriz metropolis in close relationship with each other but with different impact coefficient. The physical and economic components are in high priority in relation to the other components. Based on the experiences gained from the present study, the following strategies are proposed: investigating and studying the obstacles of contemporaryization of historical contexts and

Horizontal and vertical expansion of the cities is one of the remarkable factors for City managers and planners in the world. This issue has been in science literature for less than 100 years. To be exact, using this term has been popularized in the middle of the 20th century when overusing of the cars became common and the main part of urban credits goes toward expanding highways and city spaces. This kind of inharmonious city expansion that happened in unprepared city lands caused increasing the unused lands and the share of open spaces, Decreasing population density, separation of urban sectors and social segregation. , city construction increased based on stock exchange and land speculation, and not based on needs. And this caused disruption to the urban land market and especially to a large part of the urban land being left unused and a negative consequence of the horizontal expansion of cities and urban sprawl. In other words, with the advent of Reza khan, new activities began to change the physical growth of the cities. In his first encounter with the city, he put the physical changes of the cities on the agenda, believing that physical changes will cause basic content changes and take the necessary pattern in the 19th century Physical-spatial transformations of the industrial city with the growth of industry and technology over the cities and in this transition, the physical cities were influenced not only by natural but also by human factors. In fact due to socio-economic and political development of the present century, Iran's urban population has always been increasing over the years until the urban population has reached from about 30% in 1335 to 70% in 1385 and 72% in 1390. Obviously, these demographic changes have had decisive impact on the physical dimension of cities. Thus, in the Pahlavi era, for the first time in the history of urbanism and urbanisation, the state has tried to transform the image and organisation of the city not on the basis of internal thinking and evolution but on external thought and change.

Today, innovation is one of the most important factors to reach economic growth and development. At the regional level, innovation is complementary to traditional regional development perspectives such as industrial poles, industrial clusters, and industrial zones; indeed, it can play an important role in regional developments. Lack of identification of innovative regions in Iran has made it impossible for potential regions to recognize the path to growth and development in accordance with their capacities; as a result, the necessary platforms have not been provided by decision-makers in this field. On the other hand, the methods and models of measuring innovation regions have not been defined by relevant organizations and institutions in order to identify different regions having the potential for innovation.

This article aims at providing a model for measuring innovative regions in the country which is inspired by the ideas and experiences of the regional innovation system.

The theoretical and experimental data which are important to analyze the results were collected and prepared through documentary method. Then, some indicators which were reached based on research theories were prepared and developed. Through these indicators as well as an appropriate theoretical framework derived from the theoretical studies, the case study of this research was examined and analyzed under the conditions and characteristics of the study environment. Therefore, to study the case of this research, data were collected in various economic, social, and environmental fields in Shiraz urban area in order to be included in the relevant indicators and models.

Both economic indicators and combined measurement indicators were compiled, developed and used in accordance with research theories and experiences. Furthermore, the province's ranking was determined and compared to similar provinces in terms of regional innovation. Finally, the results of the two indicators were compared.

By reviewing and analyzing research theories and experiments and conducting research models on the case study, it was demonstrated that it is better to use quintuple helix and economic indicators in combination with socioecological indicators to determine the ranking of the regions in terms of innovation

Despite the passing of more than a century from the first use of the term "cultural landscape," The World Heritage Center became the first international legal instrument to recognize and to protect cultural landscapes at the sixteenth session of the UNESCO in 1992. Investigating the interplay between people and nature over time in order to strengthen and protect them, and the recognition of the diversity of cultural landscapes, is an effective way of recording these valuable works. This paper examines the concept of cultural landscape and its criteria in the documents published by the World Heritage Center, examining the meetings held and the evolution of the concept and examining the diversity of human and environmental interactions between 1992 and 2017.The present study is descriptive-analytic. In this research, the documents of the UNESCO and related articles and books have been reviewed and its evolution has been investigated.Changing criteria for inscribing cultural landscapes, adopting cultural landscape categories and revising expert meetings are findings of this research. For example, in the section of regional meetings, cultural landscapes of various continents are explored or in the thematic section, the cultural landscape of routs, mountains, deserts, plantation systems, rice terraces have been considered. The World Heritage Convention recognize and to protect cultural landscapes of outstanding universal value. This opened the Convention to regions underrepresented on the World Heritage List and gave new drive to the interpretation of heritage.The inscription of properties in the six defined areas is not appropriate, and the European region accounts for about 50% of the properties.

neighborhood is one of the most critical elements of cities faced various changes based on the prominent worldviews of each era. The thought of separating people based on their socioeconomic features has been a critical factor for the formation of neighborhoods in different worldviews. Studies indicated that segregation has been usually accompanied by negative consequences. Hence, studying its impact on the formation of neighborhoods in different worldviews not only can mediate segregation impacts but could predispose the context to form diverse neighborhoods. Thus, the current research aims to study the role of segregation in the formation of neighborhoods through comparing the Iranian, Islamic and Western world views and seeing their possible impact on each other.The method and approach of this study are qualitative and descriptive-analytical, respectively. To the so-called aim, selected texts related to each world view were studied, related phrases were extracted, coded and then analyzed through logical analysis. Then, results related to each world view were compared.Results indicate that segregation has played a critical role in the formation of Iranian and Western neighborhoods. Thus, through the passage of the time, the formation of Iranian neighborhoods has been based on the socio-economic, ethnic and religious and again socioeconomic segregation, respectively.Whereas, western neighborhoods have been formed based on the social, economic and socioeconomic segregation, respectively. In contrast, these kinds of segregations have nothing to do with Islamic understandings, and existing ethnic segregations which were more common at the beginning of Islam were just to maintain unity among communities. It was not considered to be kind of ethnic superiority. Therefore, if real Islam implemented and people arrived at this conclusion that their ethnicity is not an advantage, the formation of the neighborhood would not be necessary anymore. The current study discusses that although Iranian and Western worldviews have affected the creation of neighborhoods based on the superiority of one group to another,Islamic worldview is based on the equity among all groups. And where and whenever the context has been predisposed to accept this sheer fact, it could defeat superiority and segregation ideas and gave rise to the formation of diverse neighborhoods.