نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و یکم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

The aim of this study was to investigate the intercropping of sesame and bean in order to find the best arrangement that has the highest ability to compete with weeds, maximum yield and the highest content of nutrients in plant tissue.  

This experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were weed competition including without weeding and weeding as main plots; and planting ratios including sesame monoculture, bean monoculture, 50% sesame + 50% beans, 50% sesame + 100% beans, 100% sesame + 50% beans and 100% sesame + 100% beans as sub plots. 

The highest seed and biological yield of sesame and beans were obtained from their monoculture. The LER value for seed and biological yield was greater than one in all intercropping treatments, both with and without weeding. Among the intercropping treatments, the highest amount of LER was obtained from the intercropping of 100% sesame + 100% beans. Also, the lowest weed dry weight obtained from this treatment. Among the measured nutrients of plant tissue, only nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly affected by weed control treatment and planting ratios. 

To get the optimal yield of both species, nutrient uptake and effective weed control intercropping of 100% sesame + 100% bean is better than other planting ratios.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of potassium solubilizing bacteria on quantitative and enzymatic characteristics of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivar ‘Hayola 50’ under saline soil. 

The experiment was carried out based on a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied treatments were included potassium sulfate fertilizer at seven levels control, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg.ha-1 PSF as the main plot and the bacterial inoculations at five levels (control or non-bacterial inoculation, Pantoea agglomerans, Rahnella aquatilis, a combination of two bacteria Pantoea agglomerans and Rahnella aquatilis and a commercial potassium biofertilizer (containing Pseudomonas koreensis and Pseudomonas vancouverensis) as the sub-plots. At the end of the growing season, traits such as grain yield, biological yield, grain oil yield, the amount of sodium and potassium uptake in the canola shoot and grain and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were measured. 

The results indicated that most of the studied traits were affected by PSF and inoculation methods. Moreover, the interaction effects were statistically significant on grain yield, oil yield, SOD enzyme activity and sodium uptake in the stem. The co-inoculation with P. agglomerans and R. aquatilis as the best treatment caused a significant increase in the yield of grain, biological and oil, potassium and sodium uptake in grain and stem by 46.0, 33.9, 71.2, 21.0, 21.1, 16.1 and 18.9%, respectively, and also a significant decrease was observed in CAT, GPX and SOD enzymes activity by 26.7, 28.3 and 25.3%, respectively, compared to the control. According to the results of regression analysis, the highest biological yield was found when the co-inoculation with P. agglomerans and R. aquatilis was applied which was 39.0% higher than those obtained in the control condition. The maximum rate of increase in grain yield (8.38 kg) per kg increase in PSF belonged to the co-inoculation treatment which caused 51.06% higher grain yield in comparison with the control condition (3920 kg.ha-1). Besides, the highest oil grain yield was obtained when the co-inoculation treatment was used along with 100 kg.ha-1 PSF (73.9% more than the control condition). 

In general, a combination inoculation of these bacteria could increase the yield of grain and oil and also improve canola growth under saline soil conditions which can be considered as an appropriate method for reaching sustainable rapeseed cultivation.

The present study was conducted to investigate morphological traits, yield, and oil content of some safflower cultivars as affected by humic acid. 

Factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications at the research field of the University of Kurdistan during 2017 growing season. The first factor was three concentrations of humic acid (0, 2, and 4 per thousand), and the second factor was five safflower cultivars (Isfahan native, Sina, Faraman, Goldasht, and Sofeh). 

The results showed that the highest plant height, capitol number per plant, seed number per capitol, and 1000 seed weight belonged to Faraman cultivar compared to the other cultivars. Humic acid significantly increased morphological attributes, yield components, yield, and oil content. The greatest biological yield, seed yield, and oil yield was obtained from Faraman and 4 per thousand of humic acid. The lowest values of mentioned traits belonged to the Sofeh cultivar. 

The Faraman cultivar as affected by 4 per thousand Soluble acid humic not only produced the greatest values of seed and oil yield but also showed a significant response to the second level of humic acid.

The goals of study were to investigate the inoculation effects of Enterobacter S16-3 on growth characteristics of canola cultivars under drought stress.

This experiment was conducted as factorial-experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at hydroponic system of greenhouse, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Inoculated and non-inoculated six canola cultivars were evaluated under two levels of drought stress conditions (0.6 and 1.2 MPa) and control.

Results showed drought stress caused a significant reduction in canola growth parameters such as fresh and dry weights of plant organs, height, root length, leaf relative water content and biological yield. Chlorophyll and proline content were suppressed under stress. Inoculation of canola cultivars with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria not only improved height and root length, but also increased biological yield by 57.5 %. Bacterial inoculation also increased chlorophyll content and the concentration of proline under different stress conditions. Inoculated canola cultivars have better growth characteristics and biological yield than non-inoculated plants under drought stress conditions. Among canola cultivars inoculated Hyola308 surpassed other cultivars in all parameters under drought stress and the lack of a negative response to increasing drought stress indicated enhanced drought tolerance of Hyola308.

Taken together, these results demonstrated that Enterobacter S16-3bacteria probably has moderated the negative effects of drought stress and reduced the negative response of rapeseed cultivars to increasing drought stress by modifying the plant growth.

The goals of study were to consider the effects of water deficit at fall rosette and seed filling stages on seed and oil yields and their component of superior safflower winter genotypes and to recognize drought tolerant genotypes to cultivate in marginal lands of Tabriz plain.

An experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2019-20 cropping season. The experimental factors included drought stress (non-stressed and stressed during rosette and seed filling stages and five safflower genotypes including: Padideh, Golemehr, Parnian, Mexico248 and, Mexico14.

The effects of water deficit during fall rosette stage on seed and oil yields and their components were insignificant. Whereas drought at seed filling stage significantly decreased amounts of mentioned traits. Correlation of capitulum diameter with harvest index, thousand seeds weight, seed and oil yields were significant. The correlations among seed yield component with each other, seed and oil yields were significant. The highest amounts of seed and oil yields belonged to Padideh, Golemehr and Mexico248.

Fall rosette stage in safflower was not critical for water deficit. Whereas drought during the seed filling stage significantly decreased capitulum diameter, seeds in a capitulum, thousand seeds weight, seed and oil yields. It seems that Padideh, Golemehr and, Mexico248 are suitable to cultivate in dry and marginal lands of Tabriz plain and Mexico248 can be used for safflower breeding programs.

This study was conducted to evaluate some qualitative traits (fatty acids, canopy temperature and stomatal resistance) of new rapeseed genotypes in response to irrigation cut-off and zinc application in Karaj. 

This experiment was performed as a factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications for two cropping years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) in Karaj. In this study, irrigation at three levels including normal or controlled irrigation, cessation of irrigation from flowering stage onwards and cessation of irrigation from pod stage onwards, zinc in two levels including normal water (no zinc application), and foliar application with zinc 30 g.L-1 zinc and rapeseed cultivars including Danob, HW113, KR2, L155, HL2012 were placed in sub-plots. 

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of irrigation × genotype on 1000-seed weight, seed yield, seed oil percentage, stomata resistance, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, erotic acid was significant at the level of one percent. Also, the interaction effect of irrigation × on × genotype on grain yield, oleic acid, and linoleic acid at 1% level and canopy temperature, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid at 5% level were significant. Zinc reduced the adverse effects of dehydration stress on the tested genotypes so that under normal zinc application and irrigation conditions, L155 genotype with 6310 kg/ha grain yield and the highest percentage of oleic acid (67.3%). Besides, in terms of zinc application and irrigation interruption from the plowing stage onwards, HL2012 and L155 genotypes with grain yield of 5032 and 4826 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the highest percentage of oleic acid (65.8% and 65.7%, respectively) produced. Also, in case of cessation of irrigation from flowering stage onwards, HL2012 and L155 genotypes with 3679 and 3606 kg.ha-1 grain yield, respectively, had the highest percentage of oleic acid (64.3% and 64.2%, respectively). 

In general, the positive effect of zinc application on traits such as seed oil percentage (0.9 %) increased with increasing drought stress intensity and L155 genotype for all water conditions and HL2012 genotype for end-of-season drought stress conditions are recommended for planting in cold temperate regions with a semi-arid climate.

Salt stress is one of the main environmental factors restricting horticultural crop production. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can alleviate salt stress in plants. The objective of this study was to improving growth and physiological chracteristics in salt stressed Lantana camara Linn. by application of exogenous salicylic acid. 

In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of SA (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and five levels of salinity (0.5, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dS.m-1) with three replications per treatments were applied. 

The results showed that by increasing salinity levels, growth characteristics, chlorophyll a and b and potassium concentration significantly decreased, while the number of necrotic leaves, Sodium and the ratio of sodium to potassium increased. At high salinity levels, application of salicylic acid improved the growth characteristics of the plant such as height, final diameter of the main branch and shoot dry weight and relative water content of the leaves and reduced sodium content in compared to the control. Maximum number of plant branches (4.66), final diameter of main branch (6.11 mm), final diameter of cuttings (9.92 mm), number of leaves (28.66) and fresh and dry weight of shoots (14.80 and 7.46 g) were obtained in plants treated by 0.5 mM salicylic acid and in salinity of 0.5 dS. m-1. 

The use of 0.5 mM salicylic acid at high salinity levels significantly improved the growth and flowering characteristics of the lantana plant. Therefore, the use of 0.5 mM salicylic acid can significantly reduce the damage caused by the negative effects of salinity stress.

Tillage and irrigation methods may affect energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in production process of agricultural products. Effect of tillage and irrigation methods on energy indices, GHG emissions, and GHG emissions intensity during irrigated wheat production in Fars province was evaluated in this research. 

This research was conducted in the form of a split plot experimental design with nine treatments and three replicates. Main plots were surface irrigation, tape drip irrigation, and sprinkler irrigation. No-till, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage were considered as sub plots.  Energy indices, GHG emissions, and GHG emissions intensity were determined. 

All energy indices were significantly affected by irrigation methods, but tillage methods only had significant effect on input and output energies. Tape drip and sprinkler irrigation reduced input energy compared to the surface irrigation by 30.5 and 14.8%, respectively, and tape drip irrigation had the highest energy productivity (0.214 kg.Mj-1). Conventional tillage had the highest input and output energies, while the minimum input and output energies were related to the no-till. Tape drip and sprinkler irrigation methods reduced the total GHG emissions compared to the surface irrigation (21.3 and 34.3%, respectively), but conservation tillage did not significantly decrease the total GHG emissions compared to the conventional tillage. Electricity for pumping irrigation water had the highest share in total energy use and GHG emissions. 

Therefore, using pressurized irrigation methods especially tape drip irrigation in wheat production process would significantly reduce energy use and GHG emissions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the application of growth stimulants and chemical fertilizers on yield of Valencia oranges in the south of Kerman province. 

The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 21 treatments in three replications. The first factor was chemical fertilizer at three levels and the second factor was growth stimulants at 7 levels. At the end of the experiment, yield, weight and average diameter of fruit and total soluble solids, total acidity, pH and vitamin C in fruit were measured. 

Seaweed showed the greatest effect on fruit diameter and yield, which were 2.9 and 53.3% better than the control, respectively. In chemical fertilizer treatment based on 75% of soil test, humic acid had increased yield (22.6% of a control treatment). Also, regardless of the type of chemical fertilizer treatment, the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was observed in the seaweed treatment. 

Humic acid and seaweed were the best growth stimulants in increasing yield in the presence or absence of chemical fertilizers. The treatment of Chemical fertilizer based on soil test and foliar application of seaweed with a concentration of 5 per thousand after falling flowers and Hazelnut fruit showed the highest increase in the yield and nutrient uptake in leaves compared to other treatments.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of organic amendment and growth-promoting bacteria on phytoremediation of maize under cadmium (Cd) stress.

This experiment was performed in the form of factorial in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Experimental factors were: 1- biochar as a soil organic amendment at two levels (non-application and application (20 g.kg-1 soil), 2- Pseudomonas putida at two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation of bacteria) and 3- heavy metal levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg Cd. Kg-1 soil). 

Cadmium in all concentrations had reduced the dry weight of roots and shoots, while biochar application and bacterial inoculation increased these traits; when the maximum shoot dry weight (9.43 g per plant) was observed by biochar application and inoculation of Pseudomonas putida and no cadmium contamination, which increased 45.30% compared to the control. The highest amount of available cadmium in soil, roots and shoots were 23.29, 33.90 and 36.25 mg/kg, respectively, which all three were obtained in the concentration of 100 mg Cd/kg soil. The lowest amount of bioconcentration factor (0.75) and bioaccumulation factor (1.03) were related to the synergistic treatment of biochar and Pseudomonas putida at the concentration of 25 mg Cd/kg soil, which decreased up to 17.90 and 10.62% compared to the control, respectively.

The aim of this study was investigated the effect of weed interference on some growth indices and grain yield of corn (Zea mays L.), an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2019 growing seasons at the Moghan region.

The experiment was included fourteen treatments; seven weed-infested and seven weed free treatments were applied at regular intervals (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days) after corn emergence in which weeds were allowed to grow until harvest and weeds were removed, respectively. Total dry weight of weeds, total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and yield of corn were measured.

The results showed that all measured traits were affected by weed interference duration and weedcontrol period. Weed interference duration increased total dry weight of weeds and weed-free duration reduced total dry weight of weeds. Also, increase in weeds interference duration significantly reduced TDM, LAI, and CGR and grain yield of corn. On the other hand, TDM, LAI CGR and grain of corn increased by rising weed-free duration.

Considering of 10% yield loss, the critical period of weed control was 3 and 52 days after corn emergence, respectively. The weed interference duration had a significant effect on grain yield of corn and weed interference at the whole season. Weed interference reduced grain yield of corn.

The current research goal at understanding the impact of an ascorbic acid foliar application under water deficit stress on corn plants at the field conditions.

The experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil in the sweet corn (Hybrid Chase; the Seminis Company). The main plots were four levels of water deficit stress including irrigation after 70 (as control), 100, 130, and 160 mm evaporation from the class A pan, and the sub-plots were four levels of ascorbic acid as 0, 150, 200, and 250 ppm.

Foliar application of ascorbic acid had a significant effect on grain yield, seed attributes, plant height, biomass, pigment contents, and leaf area in corn plants under water deficit stress. Water deficit stress dressed grain yield, plant height, biomass, pigment contents, and leaf area. The heights grain yield was achieved at 70 mm evaporation from class A with foliar application of 150 and 250 ppm ascorbic acid. The heights of pigment contents were achieved at 100 mm evaporation from class A with foliar application of 150 ppm ascorbic acid, and also the heights leaf area of the corn plant was achieved at 100 mm evaporation from class A with foliar application of 250 ppm ascorbic acid. High significant correlations were observed between grain yield and seed attributes, plant height, biomass, and leaf area in the corn plant.

Although the foliar application of ascorbic acid reduced the water deficit stress effects, it also and improved the grain yield of the corn plant.

The study was performed to investigate the nutritional effects of elemental sulfur with Thiobacillus on morphophysiological and agronomic responses of mung bean.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in two experimental farms in Karaj city (Alborz province) and Shahriyar city (Tehran province) in the 2017 crop year. This experiment consisted of three treatments of sulfur fertilizer (control (S0), sulfur at 100 kg/ha with 2 kg of thiobacillus (S1), sulfur at 300 kg/ha with 6 kg of thiobacillus (S2)).

The results showed that all studied traits were significantly affected by sulfur fertilizer so that the highest amount of all tested traits was obtained in (S2) treatment in mung bean. The results also showed that all the studied traits except the number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, protein percentage were significantly affected by the main effect of location so that the highest amount of all traits the test was obtained in the Shahriar area. The interaction of sulfur fertilizer and location also had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, plant height, and total chlorophyll.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the nutritional effect of the combined application of sulfur and thiobacillus has improved the morphophysiological and agronomic characteristics of mung bean.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of planting date, biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sweet corn (Ksc403su hybride).

This experiment was conducted as a factorial in form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Takestan during the two cropping years 2016-2017 and 2017-2017. Planting date as first factor in two levels: d1: usual planting date of the region (June 15), d2: delayed planting date (July 15), application of nitrogen fertilizer as second factor in two levels: n1: recommended amount of nitrogen (300 kg.ha-1) and n2: 20 percentage less than the recommended amount (240 kg.ha-1) and the use of bio-fertilizer as third factor at four levels: b1: no bacteria (control), b2: bio-super phosphate, b3: azotobacter + azospirillium + Pseudomonas and b4: azotobacter + bio-sporphosphate were considered.
 

The results showed that the treatment of Azotobacter + Azospirillium + Pseudomonas with an average of 22219.8 kg.ha-1 had the highest grain yield, which had a 19% increase in yield compared to the control treatment (no use). Also, Azotobacter + Azospirillium + Pseudomonas and Azotobacter + biosphere phosphate treatment at 300 kg.ha-1 Nitrogen showed an average grain yield of 2377 and 2279 kg.ha-1, respectively. In terms of consumption of 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen, the same combination of treatments had the highest grain yield, which was relatively superior to non-use of biofertilizer even in application of 300 kg.ha-1 nitrogen conditions. The first planting date is suitable for seed production. 

The combined use of nitrogen and phosphate stabilizing biofertilizers can reduce nitrogen fertilizer application by up to 20% to achieve maximum yield.

In order to investigate the effects of salicylic acid foliar application under water stress on yield stability and pomological characteristics of some olive cultivars in Dalahoo research station in Kermanshah province, an factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications and three factors (salicylic acid concentrations, Irrigation regimes and olive cultivars) was carried out During the year 2018. 

This experiment was conducted in Dallaho Olive Research Station (Geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚,30΄ N and the height of sea level 571m) located in Kermanshah province. Experimental material of this study was 17-year-old olive trees including Konservolia, Zard and Amphisis were studied in preset research. Salicylic acid were applied at 3 concentrations; 0 (water spraying) and 1.5 and 3 mmol, before flowering and before the rapid growth of fruit. Irrigation treatments, including irrigation of 100% of the water requirement of olive trees (control), irrigation of 75% of the water requirement of olive trees and irrigation of 50% of the water requirement of olive trees during the season, were applied with drip irrigation system.17-year-old olive trees of three cultivars; Konservolia, Zard and Amphisis were studied in preset research. The Each experimental unit consisted of two trees. The effects of salicylic acid and water stress on the yield stability and pomological characteristics of the olive cultivars were evaluated one year period. Fruit traits including yield, fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percent, pulp/pit ratio and pulp percent were measured. 

The results showed that the different cultivars, salicylic levels and irrigation regime had a significant effect (p <0.01) on the yield stability and pomological characteristics compared control. 50% irrigation treatment compared with other irrigation treatments reduced the fresh and dry weight of the fruit, length and diameter of the fruit. In general, the response tested of olive cultivars to the applied treatments was different. The highest fruit weight and dimensions, flesh fresh and dry weight, fruit water percent, ratio of flesh dry weight to seed, flesh percent and fruit yield per hectare were observed in Konservolia cultivar and the lowest amount of these traits was indicated in Amphisis cultivar. Foliar application of salicylic acid on fruit weight and dimensions, flesh fresh and dry weight, fruit water percent and fruit yield per hectare were increased and drought stress reduced the amount of these characteristics. Only the dry matter percent decreased under influence of salicylic acid application and elevated under drought stress. Amphisis cultivar had the highest and Konservolia cultivar had the lowest dry matter.  According to the obtained results, the reproductive traits measured in the three olive cultivars were associated to the amount of irrigation water.

According to the obtained results, Konservolia cultivar could be recommended as elite cultivars to use under deficit irrigation.

Evaluation of humic acid (HA) and glycinebetaine (GB) effects on grain yield and some agronomic traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under dryland farming condition were objectives of this study.

A field study was carried out as split factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2017-19 in Dryland Agriculture Research Station of West Azerbaijan province. The main plot included Baran and Azar2 cultivars, the first sub plot was seed treatment with and without 5% HA solution and the second sub plot was foliar application with 100 mM GB and control at the first stem node and pregnancy development stages.

The results showed a significant difference between Baran and Azar2 cultivars in terms of grain phosphorus concentration and its amount in Baran cultivar was 5.35% higher than Azar2 cultivar. HA significantly increased 1000-grain weight (2.94%), grain yield (5.76%) and grain phosphorus concentration (2.64%) traits. GB foliar application increased traits of 1000-grain weight (3.83%), number of grains spike-1 (5.28%), number of spikes m-2 (13.03%), grain yield (8.49%) and grain protein content (4.54%). In Baran cultivar, the interaction of HA and GB had no effect on harvest index, but in Azar2 cultivar, GB without HA increased the harvest index by 6.91%.

It is generally concluded that HA seed treatment and GB foliar application increases grain yield and protein content of rainfed wheat and can be applied as an effective method to improve Wheat production in dryland farming conditions.

Fusarium redolens is one of the most important pathogen in chickpea which causes yellowing and wilting. This study was conducted to investigate the biocontrol effects of individual and combined applications of several probiotics on the pathogen control and evaluate growth promoting effects on plant.

Effects of separate and combined treatments of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum (Ta), the bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis (Af) and Delftia tsuruhatensis PIIR (Dt) and the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) on disease severity and chickpea growth parameters in the presence of F. redolens was evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replications and 17 treatments and at greenhouse conditions.

Applying probiotics individually increased the chickpeas growth and reduced the incidence of symptoms, but combined using of them had variable effects; Some combinations (Af+Dt, Af+Ta, Dt+Ta, Af+Dt+Ta, Dt+Ri and Af+Ri) were compatible, they stimulated the growth and reduced disease severity. Treatments Ta+Ri (except shoot fresh-weight), Dt+Ri+Ta (except root-length and shoot fresh-weight), Af+Dt+Ri+Ta and Af+Dt+Ri had no effect on growth stimulation and just reduced the disease symptoms. Af+Ri+Ta had no effect on growth-promoting or reducing the disease. Treatments of Af and Dt showed the best effect on promoting the growth- and disease-reducing.

The effects of probiotics combinations in promoting plant growth or reducing the disease were not always positive, meanwhile none of combinations had a synergism with these indices in comparition with single application.

Application of biofertilizers is one of the most important tools to increase yield and improving the quality of horticultural products. The aim of this study was to investigate the application of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers, especially in greenhouse cultivation with sustainable agriculture potential and maintaining the consumer health. The effects of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on yield and quality of cucumber as a highly growing greenhouse crop with considerable performance were detailed objectives of present study. 

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on the quality and quantity of cucumber fruit in greenhouse conditions, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three types of fertilizers Essential plus, Fertigofol and Stimplex at three levels(Control. Foliar application of watrer, 2 and 4 g/litr ). 

The results revealed that the used fertilizers could improved most of measured parameters including fresh and dry weight of leaf, root and fruit organs. Furthermore, tested fertilizers significantly (p≤0.01) improved all measured postharvest parameters such as TA, TSS and chlorophyll content ( a and b) and vitamin C of cucumber fruit compared to untreated plants. Potassium and iron levels were also positively affected by fertilizers. 

Overalls,  based on the results from the present study, using all three fertilizers were beneficial considering the yields and quality attributes. However, Fertigofol was even more noticeable taking into account the expand shelf life and postharvest quality of fruits comparing other two biofertilizers. All in all, biofertilizers of diverse source would be advisable to test and practice instead or integrated with other chemical compounds.

This study was conducted aimed to identify the potential of lands in Lorestan Province for the second cultivation of forage millet using Geographic Information System(GIS), Network Analysis Process(ANP) and fuzzy logic.In order to identify the potential of lands, first the raster layer of environmental factors affecting forage millet cultivation including the minimum, maximum and mean temperature, elevation, slope, pH, texture, organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus available in GIS was prepared. Then, using fuzzy functions, the map of each factor was standardized. The weight of each factor was determined by ANP. By combining the weighted layers, the final layers were produced and zoned into four highly suitable, suitable, marginally suitable and unsuitable classes based on fuzzy logic.The results showed that fuzzy value of agricultural lands for forage millet was between 0.35 and 0.88. The highest study area level belonged to the suitable class(60.42%) and the lowest study area level belonged to the highly suitable class(16.35%). Investigation of climatic suitability, topography and soil fertility maps showed that these factors caused severe limitations in 38.27, 38.15 and 7.44% of lands, respectively. Evaluation of climatic maps, topographic and soil factors showed that except for soil pH, all other factors in a part of the study area caused limitations for forage millet cultivation.Investigation of the land suitability final map showed that about 77% of the study area are highly suitable and suitable and cold regions, especially the east. Northeast of the province, are marginally suitable for forage millet double cropping.

Better understanding the sustainability of production systems is of particular importance for making the right decisions and managing them. To avoid the extinction of plants in natural habitats and to meet the needs of the pharmaceutical-industrial market of these plants, the paradigm of their production in agricultural systems was created. The overarching goal of this research was to compare the ecological-economic sustainability of conservation agroecosystem and natural habitat of the shallot based analysis of the structure and the emergy-based indicators in Aleshtar, Iran.

This study was conducted in 2019-2020 in a conservation agroecosystem and a natural habitat of wild shallot plants in Aleshtar city, Lorestan province, based on structure analysis and review of nine emergy indices.

The result of comparing the emergy input structure indicated that despite the fact that the Unit Emergy Value ( UEV), Specific Emergy ( SE), Emergy to Money Ratio (EMR) and Emergy Exchange Ratio of Yield (EER) are higher in the agroecosystem compared to the natural habitat, the value of the Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) showed more sustainability of the agroecosystem compared to the natural habitat. Another result was the equality of quality of produced shallots in the agroecosystem and natural habitat based on the Emergy index of agricultural product safety(EIPS) index.

Investigating the potential global warming, greenhouse gas emissions and energy flow is one of the methods for comparing the agricultural systems in terms of environmental hazards. This research examines the energy flow and greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, N2O and CH4) in rapeseed in North khorasan province of Iran.

This research was studied separately in three regions of East, West and South in North Khorasan Province. Energy input values of rapeseed fields were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire in the 2020-2019 crop years.

The results showed that the total input energy was 33.33178 MJ.ha-1 and the total output energy was 128545.05 MJ.ha-1. Energy use efficiency was 3.87 and energy productivity was 0.06 kg/MJ.ha-1. Direct and indirect input energies were 61.77% and 38.23%, respectively, and renewable energies was 11.02% and non-renewable energies accounted 88.98% of the total energy input. The study of greenhouse gas emissions showed that CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were estimated to be 1417.04, 3.09 and 1.90 kg.ha-1, respectively. The global warming potential was calculated as 2413.38 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide per hectare, with the share of CH41%, CO2 58% and N2O 41%.

The best area for rapeseed production in this province is the western area and the southern area is not a suitable area for the development of this crop. However, by managing energy consumption, planting date and managing the use of chemical fertilizers, energy efficiency in canola production in the southern region of North Khorasan province can be improved.

Life cycle assessment is a method for assessing the environmental impact of crop production. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental effects of cabbage production in Dezful county using life cycle assessment during the 90-96 crop years.

Out of 260 people in the statistical population the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 52 people. Relevant information was collected through face-to-face referral and presentation of a questionnaire from the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture and Farmers of Dezful.Based on the method presented in ISO14040, the LCA was calculated in four steps: defining the objectives and scope of study, life cycle auditing, impact assessment and integration and interpretation of results.Depletion of water resources, fossil resources, phosphate resources and potash resources. After normalization and weighting, environmental index and resource depletion index were calculated.

The final index of the groups of the effects of global warming, acidity, depletion of water resources, fossil, phosphate and potash were calculated as 0.0011, 0.1010, 0.0021, 0.002, 0.1175 and 0.0093, respectively. Environmental index (Eco-Index) and resource depletion (RDI) were 0.0111 and 0.1309,respectively. Acidity groups and sources of phosphate depletion had the highest potential for environmental damage in the form of environmental impact groups to depletion of resources, respectively.

Managing the optimal use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and replacing them with various organic fertilizers, as well as the use of biofertilizers can help reduce the negative environmental effects of cabbage production in Dezful county.