نشریه قضاوت
پیاپی 103 (پاییز 1399)

Electronic trade secrets are data messages that have independently the economic value but are not available to the public, and a reasonable effort should be made to protect and safeguard them. In the absence of any of these features, the relevant message data will lose its commercial head feature and will not enjoy the legal protections that exist for such message data. Proof of the existence of these conditions in the case of any message data is on the burden of the owner who claims that his business has been misused, thus resulting in criminal or legal liability for the defendant. The Electronic Commerce Law adopted in 2003 defines trade secrets and then a number of crimes committed against these secrets, and determines its punishment. In this research, the concept and application of this trade secret has been examined, which has been criticized from aspects such as the concept of economic value and the role of having a secret in criminal protection.

The most serious crimes in most legal systems are crimes against the physical integrity of individuals because the most important asset of human being is his life, which has been attacked. As the crime of acid spraying is one of the crimes that have severe Physical and mental effects on the victim and others And its simple way of commission, access by means of easy access, and the increasing growth of crime, deprived the legislature of That special sentences have been imposed on this crime, it may be reduced from committing the following cases, in 2017, this important person took on the face of an approved law. The severity of the punishment is in terms of preventing further crimes and reducing the crime rate. But for the victims, the solution is to protect them in various social, legal and medical dimensions in the form of law. the legislature, although very late, with two dimensions of severe punishment and, more importantly, widespread protection of the victim, Socially, the high cost of medical treatment and the out-of-court process have made the law stronger than before. The present study is a descriptive analytical comparative study with Bangladesh.

The issuance of the "Second Step of the Revolution" statement, the explicit demand of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution for judicial transformation, as well as the growing expectations of the people, has made judicial transformation an undeniable priority of the judiciary. Nevertheless, despite the efforts of all sympathizers, there is a big gap between the current situation and the favorable situation of the judiciary. The establishment of justice in our country should be in such a way that no rights of the people are violated as much as possible, and in special cases, the judiciary with authority, independence and impartiality, and with full accuracy, speed and while preserving the dignity of the client, resolve issues and realize rights. N. Accordingly, the final consequence of change in the judiciary is defined as achieving "justice" and "people's satisfaction". One of the key elements in achieving justice and fairness is the existence of honest and professional experts who clear the ambiguous path of judicial cases. It is appropriate to examine the current situation of the Association of Formal Judicial Experts (as the oldest expert body in the country) in the perspective of the Judiciary Transformation Document and the extent to which the current situation of this expert institution is consistent with the Transformation Document; To study and provide more alignment with the goals and strategies presented in this document, it is obvious that the direction of experts and the macro policies of the Association of Experts in the country with the transformation document, the realization of two sublime goals of this national document, namely justice and satisfaction Facilitates people in their area of ​​responsibility.

The amazing and unique progress of mankind to exploited of nature during past two centuries . cause to facing today universe with environment crisis.not only this crisis impressed on the earth level, but also effected on sea's depth and the space of  beyond atmosphere.one of an important sides of this crisis is the problem that related to civil duty which arises from environmental losses. Unfotunately, in Iran, specially during past three decades ; this crisis increased by war,non-basic and unplanned withdrawal of water sources,making desert and etc. Therefore; from canon law and Iran's laws point of view, it is neccessary to study about civil duty of environmental losses. So, this reasearch lay out the question : "Did law and canon law could be support of environment with emphasize on its principal or isnot the role of this credite specially in today canon law and law, undynamic and passive?" ; it deals with the foundation of this duty in canon law and Iran's law. Unfortunately, since the developed countries appeal to solid duty related to civil duty which is arises from environmental losses; the Iran's law in such manner , emphasizes on stablish wof this wrong matter. So,this problem is lead to this duty become passive and undynamic.

Deviant is a unbalanced behavior of individual on lock of attention to certain social norms that is necessary think for that. The deviance may detected by from the perspective political, religious, or social and this benchmarks can cocider people behavior in terms of social response dfficient. The deviance con find a special place in betwean of criminological theories and in this way can say that the deviant, studied in attention to his behavior on dangerousness and possibility of commit a crime hn futre. Therefore a deviant frome the view of criminology it can be potential offender who change his deviant behavior to unlawful and criminal behavior in near or far future. Althoughe the now deviant can not be tomorrow offender in certain, but the place of deviance in criminology is sublime than this.

Arbitration as one of the main methods of resolving disputes in international trade disputes is undeniable at present. For the ruling law, the arbitral tribunal must find the appropriate solution by referring to the conflict resolution rule. In this regard, in international trade arbitration, a number of legal theories regarding the selection of the law governing the arbitration procedure, including; The rule of law, the application of the rules of international law, the rule of will of the parties, as well as in relation to applicable law in the nature of differences of legal opinions, including; The rule of law is established, the issue is resolved with the legal relationship, the exercise of the transnational rights of businessmen, arbitration based on justice and fairness, the freedom of the arbitrator to choose the governing law and the principle of the rule of will. This research intends to analyze the proposed theories and explain the function of each of these theories in the rules of conflict resolution of international commercial arbitration.

In the last two decades, the influx of cases into the judicatories and courts has become one of the serious problems of the judiciary, so that this problem has caused lengthy proceedings, reduced the accuracy of judges in issuing verdicts, burnout and fatigue of judges from the high volume of cases. And in general, it has reduced the efficiency of the judiciary. This has led the judiciary to seek a solution to this problem from the very beginning, and one of these measures to reduce the number of cases to the courts was to establish a dispute resolution council. Although the formation of this institution was necessary and useful, the focus on reducing the number of cases and absolute statistics caused the councils to move away from their philosophy of existence, which was to correct the essence of the conflict and the chapter of hostility through compromise. Therefore, in this study, we have tried to deal with the effect of statistics on the performance of dispute resolution councils with an analytical method. Also, in this article, the information obtained from the statistics of the dispute resolution councils of Markazi province has been used as a statistical sample. Studies have shown that the increasing number of cases in the judiciary contains a worrying reality and should be addressed through fundamental solutions such as strengthening the principles of prevention