مجله مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 65 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1400)

AbstractOlympic Games from the very first day coming into being have not been just a sports event, but this international event has always been very significant from different economic, political and social aspects, and the NOCs endeavor to manage their sports delegations effectively. To this end and also in order to recognize the challenges of the Iranian Delegations participating in the Olympic Games, the current study has been taken into consideration.This study was conducted by using exploratory and qualitative methods of research. The samples for interviews were selected with targeted- theoretical approach while using the snowball sampling technique. The sample size for the interviews was determined when the researcher could achieve the theoretical saturation. Findings of this research - achieved through 12 qualitative interviews with the relevant Olympic and sports experts and pundits - demonstrates that sports delegations are facing with 60 challenges in different protocol, security, accommodation, transportation, technical, international, cultural, finance and media scopes, which require the optimal management of senior managers and experts to be resolved.

Due to the importance of understanding the diverse motivations of sports tourists, this study aimed to investigate the moderator role of gender in the relationships between motivations and enduring involvement of tourists in adventure sports activities. The research method was descriptive - correlational and has been done by structural equation modeling approach. Using sample size software based on the statistical power of 0.80, and the alpha level of 0.01, the population of this study, 325 sports tourists in Ramsar city was selected by simple random sampling method. In the present study to evaluate each of the variables (motivations and enduring involvement) by questionnaire from Beckman's dissertation (2013) was used that its face and content validity was approved after a three-stage translation confirmed by 6 marketing and sports tourism experts. In addition, composite reliability indices, Cronbach's alpha, Fornel and Larker criteria and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) were used to assess the reliability of questionnaires, internal consistency of questions, divergent and convergent validity for each of the factors respectively. Based on findings from among the dimensions considered in explaining the motivations of sports tourists on their enduring involvement, with the moderator role of gender, the only hypothesis of the effect of nature factor on tourists' self-expression was not approved in both groups (male and female). Therefore, to marketers and officials of sports and recreational centers, it is recommended in order to attract more sports tourists, in their services, consider the diversity of motivations for male and female tourists.

In recent years, attention and emphasis on traditional and indigenous sports has been considered as one of the most important strategies for the attraction and development of sporting tourists with economic goals in different countries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of indigenous and local games on GDP growth and employment creation in host societies. The qualitative research was conducted through interviews with experts. The statistical society was a survey of sport management and sports professionals, of which 15 The snowball sampling method was used and the research continued until the data saturation. The results of the research, in two parts of GDP and employment, showed that indigenous and local games, through tourism development, value creation, job creation, income generation and increased production, lead to an increase in GDP, as well as indigenous and local games by creating tourism-related businesses., Gambling-related businesses, gambling-related jobs, and gambling-related businesses will lead to job creation.

With the arrival of investors and the injection of financial resources into Iranian football, it is a great opportunity to improve the quality of the clubs, but this opportunity can turn into a very serious threat in a particular situation The purpose of this study was to Investigating and identify the problems of entering the wealthy owners into Iranian football. This research is in terms of purpose in the field of applied research. To determine the sequence and relationships between identified elements with the Interpretive-Structural Modeling Approach, the views of the experts were used. According to the results of the interviews as well as the research literature, a set of these elements was identified (13 items). These factors using this technique, analysis and finally the relationship and sequence of indicators are obtained. The insight that this model offers to managers to help them improve their presence in the strategic planning and establish an appropriate ownership structure in the clubs.

The aim of this study was determining Iran's national sport mascot traits. To this extend and to get deep analysis, qualitative method of focus group was used. In this regard, experts who were aware of the subject elected as statistic group. Statistic sample was included of 7 member of Iran's mascot workgroup in sport and youth ministry which were come from two institution of sport sciences research institute of Iran and ministry of sport and youth. To get the study objectives six sessions of focus group hold and data which was gathered from general call and intergroup interviews analyzed through qualitative content analyze. Results indicate that traits of Iran's national sport mascot include two main parts: appearance traits and personality traits. Appearance traits have two subgroup of physical and coverage. Also, personality traits include seven parts of social attribute, sport attribute, pahlevani attribute, sport skills, faith attribute, national attitude and individual behavior. All of these traits make an ID for Iran's sport mascot which is essential for art experts to draw it.

Nowadays, professional football clubs are run in different ways and their ownership structure is different. The clubs are owned by supporters is one of the common forms of football clubs’ governance. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting on the supporters’ ownership in Esteghlal FC. This research was conducted qualitatively and using the Grounded Theory and the Systematic approach. For this purpose, research data were collected through theoretical sampling and based on depth interviews with 8 experts. Based on the Grounded theory and with systematic approach, data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. For validation of data that is equivalent to reliability and validity, two methods of Recoding by the researcher and a Member Checking method were used. The agreement between initial coding and recoding was 88%, indicating a degree of consistency and degree of Favorable agreement in coding. Also, the member checking method was used for confirmability. Based on the results factors affecting on the supporters’ ownership in Esteghlal FC were extracted in three categories: Causal Conditions include: management, meritocracy, financing, government ownership, short-term view, politics, control and supervision. Context conditions include: legal barriers, socio-cultural, educational, hardware facilities; Intervening conditions include: political factors and governance factors. It is suggested Special and clear rules to hand over the club to supporters Prepared and approved and Providing conditions for assignment through culture building and education to supporters and officials and providing the necessary infrastructure.

Advertisement as an instrument can play a very important role in the marketing strategies and policies of sports organizations such as customer relationships, modification and change of customers' mentality towards the brand. The aim of this study was to provide a paradigmatic pattern of advertising factors affecting the behavioral intentions of football fans. This is a qualitative research. Among the various types of research strategies for qualitative research, grounded theory has been selected. The use of the foundation grounded theory was also focused on the Strauss and Corbin approach. Based on grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed after encoding. The results showed that emotional advertising, stimulated advertisement, content of advertisement, advertising costs and advertising influence as causal conditions, governing principles, informant advertising and the source of advertising as intermediary conditions, the principles governing on advertising, informant advertising and the source of advertising as the dominant platform; Electronic advertising and environmental advertising as intervening conditions; advertising personality, mouth-to-mouth advertising, advertising style, entertainment, attraction, accreditation, creative advertisement as the behavioral strategies and intents of fans, the development of the club, the strengthening of the club's brand and the creation of the Competitive environment as outcomes, they act. The proposed model is represented by the representation of all complexities, has a general direction in explaining the phenomenal phenomenon and develops the behavioral intentions of the fans by their loyalty, re-attendance, and positive recommendation advertising in familiar groups and friends.

The objective of this study was to design a model for ethical marketing in sports manufacturing industry. The methodology of the study was selected to be a kind of descriptive-correlative study. The population of the study included all managers and experts working in sports manufacturing companies throughout the country. The sampling was randomly done to build the model using Pls software (272 people). To evaluate the content validity, the executive and scientific experts (10 experts) were asked to offer their opinions. Then, the reliability was calculated and confirmed using Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.89). Similarly, the structural validity was analyzed using pls software. The results of the factorial analysis of the structures of each main six variables indicated that all the components significantly enjoy a determining role. In the analysis, it turned out that the effect of assumptions on responsibilities and strategies is positive and significant. Challenges had positive and significant impact on remarks, assumptions and responsibilities. The effect of remarks on responsibilities and impact was positive and significant. Furthermore, responsibilities positively and significantly affected the impacts. Based on the findings of the study, it can be said that the promotion of ethical marketing in sports manufacturing industry is possible at various levels, dimensions and stages. Hence, by correcting values and norms, we can better adopt strategies, remove challenges and identify remarks in order to achieve desirable outcomes in three areas of customer, company and environment.

Qualitative Analysis of Spectators 's Perceived Value: A Case Study of Iran Football Premier League SpectatorsAbstract:the importance of perceived value in the various scientific and scholarly works of marketing has been considered in recent years. therefore, studies show that perceived value of perceived value can be effective in clarifying consumers' behavioral decisions, including football spectators. the aim of this study was to identify the main components of the perceived value of the iranian football spectators. The methodology of this research was qualitative to reach the level of theoretical saturation through interviews with the professors of sport marketing management, public administration, football executives and a number of spectators ( n=31 ). also three - way coupling technique is used to validate the validity of the findings. the results consist of 213 open codes, which were categorized in 11 effective factors of perceived value of perceived value of the iranian football spectators. the main components of perceived value include benefits and costs. The benefits include: product benefits, services benefits, personal benefits, image benefits, psychological benefits and social benefits and costs: including monetary costs, time costs, energy costs, psychological costs and social costs. according to the importance of spectators for the country 's football, football responsible organizations can plan on these components to achieve positive outcomes of perceived value of spectators, such as increasing the loyalty and prosperity of the country.

Since the CSR of organizations is nowadays widely attended, the object of this research was to investigate football social responsibility. The sample consisted of 13 experts who was selected through purposed and snowball sampling. Research data were extracted through interviewing, reviewing documents and studying theoretical foundations .Data was analyzed through coding in three stages coding include initial, focused and theoretical.According to the results, in coding, 346 codes categorized in 32 concepts, 14 sub categories and 5 main categories. Though, most researches that are done in the field of social responsibility, emphasize the role of economics of football on society's development, the results of this research, showed that before developing the social and cultural role of football in developing societies, economic development in within the framework of football social responsibility is a bit unrealistic. As far as trying this way too, does not fit very well with the realities of such societies.so, thus it is suggested that football organizations in these societies including Iran, within framework of their social responsibilities, emphasize more on social and cultural development. This results challenges current approach of researchers of sports economics, marketing and sociology and managers and officials of football organizations to help economic development and promoting social welfare.Key words: Economy, Marketing, Sociology, Social welfare

The purpose of this study was to investigated the effect of soft and hard-sell appeals on the attitude toward advertising and the purchase intention of sports products. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate and postgraduate students of Physical Education in University of Kurdistan who used sports goods. A sample of 180 students was selected and a simple random sampling method was used for collecting data. The research method was semi experimental and 2 * 2 factorial design. In order to measure the variables of attitude toward advertising and purchase intention of sports products, a questionnaire was used, and descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean) and inferential statistics (Multiple ANOVA) were used for data analysis. The research findings showed that both advertising ads of hard-sell and soft-sell are influence on the attitude toward advertising and the purchase intention of products, but the effect of soft-sell advertising ad is greater. The results also showed that the product type acts as a moderator in this relationship. So that the participants known More suitable hard-sell ad for utilitarian product, and soft-sell ad for hedonic and recreational product. Based on this, it is suggested that the marketing managers of the companies choose the particular advertising appeals of the product, depending on the product type they offer.

Psychological constructs have effective on sport's progress. Hardiness and self-efficacy are effective construct. Individuals with more self-efficacy take heightened goals and more effort to achieve those goals. The purpose of this study was to examine relationship among hardiness, self-efficacy and perception of success of women’s karate in Kermanshah province. The methodology was applied based on purpose and correlation in terms of obtaining data. The population included all women’s karate of Kermanshah in 2017. To select a sample using random cluster sampling, according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 238 of 1000 karate were selected. For data collection, we used three questionnaires, short form of Hardiness (Kobasa, 1979), including 12 items, Perception of Success questionnaire (Tresure & Roberts, 1998), including 12 items and Curls’ exercise self-efficacy (2007), including 10 items. The validity (Contextual, Convergent and Divergent) and reliability (Factor load, Composite reliability coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient) of questionnaires were good. The results of testing hypotheses using t test and path coefficient (β), revealed that hardiness has strong and significant impact on the sport self-efficacy and perception of success of women’s karate with 0.88 and 0.61 impact factor, respectively and exercise self-efficacy can play mediating role in the relationship between hardiness and perception of success. The main purpose of sports championship is sports success. The impact of psychological conditions on the success of athletes, especially athletes of combat, is not overlooked. By reviewing more psychological variables, we can make scientific and targeted planning for success in championship sports.