نشریه علوم و فناوری پسته
پیاپی 11 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Pistachio, Pistacia vera L., as one of the most important horticultural products and the third export commodity of Iran has special economic importance among agricultural products. In this study, the foliar application effect of five treatments: Spirotratram (Movento®), salicylic acid, Dill seed methanolic extract, spirotetramate + salicylic acid, spirotetramate + Dill seed methanolic extract, and distilled water as a control on was investigated on the pistachio leaf secondary compounds in Mahan region. The type of pistachio leaves secondary metabolites was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MASS). Based on the results of the analysis, the highest percentage of active and important secondary metabolites was observed in Dill seed methanolic extract. Its important constituents were Dillapiole, Dl-Limonene and carvone. Dillapiole (34.14%) was one of the compounds of diol and belongs to derivatives of alkaloids, which has strong antifungal, antimicrobial and antilarval properties. Dl-limonene (24.55%) was a series of cyclic monoterpene compounds that have insecticidal properties and the combination of carvone is composed of cis-dihydrocarvone and d-carvone (35.13%). Carvone was also one of the terpenoid compounds and has a strong pesticidal characteristic. Considering that plant secondary metabolites play an important defense role against biological stresses and act as a source of antibiotics; According to the present research results, plant compounds such as dill seed extract with synthetic pesticides or alone can be considered as a potential solution in pest control.

The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is known as the key pest of pistachio trees in orchards of Semnan province, that annually caused considerable damage to pistachio yield and tree. The use of resistant cultivars is one of the methods of integrated pest management. Therefore, this research was carried out to determine and compare the population density of the common pistachio psylla on three native and two none native pistachio cultivars. For this purpose, psylla-infected orchards were selected in five pistachio plantation areas of Damghan. Samples were taken from each tree as a replication of 20 leaflets every 30 days. In the laboratory, the number of psylla eggs and nymphs on the leaflets was counted, and finally, by statistical analysis of the data, the contamination of each cultivar was determined. The results of this study showed that the population density of the common pistachio psylla in native and non-native cultivars of pistachio is statistically different. Among the cultivars tested, Akbari and Ahmadaghaii cultivars had the lowest population densities with averages of 11.48 ± 0.67 and 14.50 ± 0.73, respectively. The highest density of nymphs and eggs was observed on the Abbasali cultivar with an average of 52.06 ± 3.99 and 34.01 ± 5.46, respectively, which were significantly different from other cultivars. This information can be used in the integrated management of the common pistachio psylla.

Pistachio is an important part of Iran’s non-petroleum exports. Damghan city has special facilities for pistachio production. Therefore, in this research, the relative advantage of pistachio production and export in Damghan city was investigated from two aspects: production and export. In order to calculate the relative advantage in production, indexes such as Domestic resource cost, Net social profit and Regional Relative Advantage were calculated. In order to determine the relative advantage in export, the indexes of Revealed Relative Advantage and the Revealed Symmetric Relative Advantage were calculated.  According to the time of the research project in May 1399, the statistics of Damghan city in the field of pistachio cultivation area, yield of pistachios, pistachios price, amount of pistachio exports and etc. in the year 1398-99 has been used. In order to collect statistics, the information of reputable statistical centers such as the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, FAO, Pistachio Association of Iran, Customs of Iran and Damghan Pistachio Research Center were used. Also, to calculate the production costs, the questionnaire was completed through interviews with 10 major pistachio growers and only exporter of Damghan city. The result show that the production and export of pistachio in Damghan city has a relative advantage. However, in order to increase production and export of the pistachio crop, policies are proposed to increase mechanization,modify the structure of existing pistachio garden such as the using of appropriate rootstocks in garden, determination of male and female transplant in accordance with local conditions and the creation of large pistachio gardens.The result show that the production and export of pistachio in Damghan city has a relative advantage.However, in order to increase production and export of the pistachio crop, policies are proposed to increase mechanization, modify the structure of existing pistachio garden such as the using of appropriate rootstocks in garden, determination of male and female transplant in accordance with local conditions and The creation of large pistachio gardens.

Confidence to internal quality products plays an important role in the prosperity of the economy. So, for the effect of humic acids (external and internal) on the concentration of micro elements and some components of pistachio yield, an experiment was conducted in a complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted of four types of humic acid (ordinary solid, Ferty Plus solid, Iranian liquid and American liquid humic acid (Humax) and subplot different application levels (zero, first level for solid 600 kg and liquid 40 liters and second level for solid 800 kg and liquid 60 Lha-1. In total, 36 ten-year-old pistachio trees of almond cultivar were planted in Mehvalat. The results showed that the highest concentration of soil Fe was obtained from the application of 60 liters of Humax (77.3%) and 60 liters of Iranian liquid (75.5%) and the highest concentration of Zn (82.3%), Cu (15.4%) and Mn (46.5%) was obtained from the application of 60 liters per hectare of Humax. In the plant, the highest yield (74.3%), chlorophyll (17.7%), Zn (73.9%) and Mn (54.5%) concentration of leaves were observed from 60 liters per hectare of Humax and the highest concentration of Cu from 60 liters of Iranian liquid (58.9%) and 800 kg per hectare of solid Ferty Plus (55.5%). According to the findings of this study, internal humic acids are almost as good as external Humax, and by relying on internal knowledge, unnecessary currency outflow can be prevented and high performance can be achieved.

In order to investigate the effect of organic acids application in saline soil on pistachio yield, this research was carried out in Ardakan city in Chah-Afzal area in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments included: treatment 1 (control), treatment 2 (70% citric acid + 20% calcium + 10%fulvic acid), treatment 3 (70% citric acid + 10% calcium + 10% fulvic acid + 10% polysaccharide), treatment 4 (100% citric acid). The amount of each treatment was 10 kg per hectare, which was used in irrigation water from March to September in four steps (2.5 kg per hectare, each step). At the harvest time, the number of cluster, fresh weight of pistachio, dry weight of pistachio, pistachio nut weight, number of nut per cluster, number of open shell pistachio, number of closed shell and blank nut and leaf area were evaluated in the four branches of each tree. Results showed that among treatments, 100% citric acid improved the fresh weight of pistachio with skin (283.79 %), pistachio dry weight (265.74%), pistachio nut weight (296.43 %), and number of nuts per cluster (220.98 %) compared to the control treatment. And the highest percentage of open shell pistachio (42.16 %) was observed in treatment 2 compared to the control treatment. Regarding the effect of these fertilizers on the pistachio yield in saline soils, increasing use of fertilizers containing organic acids is suggested in areas with saline soil and water.

In order to investigate the effect of methyl cyclopropane (1-MCP) and nitric oxide (NO) on extending storability pistachio, an experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with two factors and four replications. The first factor included treatment application time at three levels (twenty days before harvest, immediately after harvest, before and after harvest) and the second factor included methyl cyclopropane and nitric oxide treatment (1 and 5 (µmol/L), respectively). The results showed that application of methyl cyclopropane in before and after fruit harvesting time cause 20% decreases in fruit weight loss in compare to control. Also the results show that the treatment of methyl cyclopropane and nitric oxide prevents the increase of fruit acidity during storage time. The treatment of methyl cyclopropane increased fruit firmness in compare to control and NO, 48 and 12% respectively. However, experiment show that before and after harvest, the firmness of the fruit increased by 14% compared to the pre-harvest treatment. The results suggested that methyl cyclopropane treatment increased fruit firmness compared to control and nitric oxide treatment, so that methyl cyclopropane treatment increased fruit firmness 48% compared to control and 12% compared to nitric oxide. The results revealed that the amount of soluble carbohydrates in methyl cyclopropane treatment showed a 20% increase compared to the control. Also, carbohydrates in nitric oxide treatment showed a 16% increase compared to the control. The application of nitric oxide treatment before and after harvesting the total phenol at the end of storage was 30% higher than the control. In general, the results show that the application of 1-MCP before and after harvest maintains fruit firmness, soluble carbohydrates and also prevents the increase of acidity and weight loss of fruit.

In this study, 10 selected pistachio genotypes were affected by irrigation treatments. Irrigation treatments included two levels of full irrigation and withholding of irrigation for two weeks, which were applied on three months seedlings. After the stress period, all plants (control and under stress) were irrigated again to the field capacity and their moisture was maintained at the field capacity for two weeks and different parameters were measured. Under water stress conditions, the highest relative water content of leaves (60.29%) belonged to P9 genotype. The P3 genotype also had the lowest ion leakage (41.8%), the lowest malondialdehyde concentration (18.73 μmol/g fresh weight), the highest proline concentration (0.8683 μmol/g fresh weight), and the highest concentration of soluble sugars (12.03 mg/g fresh weight). Under water stress conditions, the lowest relative water content of leaves (54.32%), the highest ion leakage (58.84%), the highest concentration of malondialdehyde (27.19 μmol/g fresh weight), the lowest amount of proline (0.53 μmol/g fresh weight) and the lowest amount of soluble sugars (6.697 mg/g fresh weight) also belonged to P8 genotype. In terms of growth parameters, the results showed that P1, P3 and P9 genotypes under water stress treatments showed less reduction than the control compared to other genotypes. In general, the results showed that P3, and P9 genotypes tolerated drought better than other genotypes and the P8 genotype showed more sensitivity to drought.

Inorder to investigate the role of potassium in quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pistachios cultivars "Ahmad Aghaei" and "Kaleghoochi", an orchard experiment in the form of a randomized complete block designwith three replications and three factors, cultivar (Ahmad Aghaei and Kaleghoochi), different levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 200, 300 and 400 mg of potassium per liter of irrigation water) and year (2017 and 2018) was done. The results showed that the nut potassium content and the fresh weight of the fruit with the hull increased in the second year of the experiment. Fresh weight of the fruit with the hull, nut length and kernel length were higher in Kaleghoochi cultivar than Ahmad Aghaei cultivar. While the percentage of half kernel and nut width was higher in Ahmad Aghaei cultivar. With the application of potassium, the fresh weight of fruit with hull and without hull, fresh weight of kernel, nut length and width and width, thickness of kernel and leaf potassium increased. In Kaleghoochi cultivar, compared to Ahmad Aghaei cultivar, fresh fruit without skin and kernel, nut thickness and width and thickness of kernel increased in both years. Potassium application in both years increased nut thickness and kernel length and significantly reduced half kernel percentage and deformity. The amount of nut potassium in both cultivars increased with the application of potassium.In the first year and in both cultivars Ahmad Aghaei and Kaleghoochi the use of potassium had a significant effect on reducing regular and irregular early splitting.